Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 183 in total

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  1. Hamidah HN, Cheong SK, Ainoon O
    Acta Haematol., 1993;89(1):50-1.
    PMID: 8480488
    All-trans retinoic acid therapy induces maturation in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. We document in vivo evidence of differentiation by all-trans retinoic acid in a case of acute promyelocytic leukaemia which was characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolations.
  2. Choong ML, Ton SH, Cheong SK
    Ann. Clin. Biochem., 1995 Nov;32 ( Pt 6):532-9.
    PMID: 8579284
    The lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of healthy Malaysian adults (212 subjects, age 18-71 years) were analysed using a flow cytometer FACScan in an effort to establish a reference range for the lymphocyte subsets. The lymphocyte subsets studied were T cells (CD3), B cells (CD19), natural killer (NK) cells (CD3- CD16+/CD56+), helper/inducer cells (CD4), cytotoxic/suppressor cells (CD8) and the helper/suppressor ratio (CD4/CD8). The distributions of T cells, CD4 cells and CD8 cells were symmetric about their means while B cells, NK cells and CD4/CD8 ratio followed a skewed distribution. Differences in race were observed for T cells, NK cells, CD4 cells and CD4/CD8 ratio where the Indians were significantly different from the Malays and the Chinese (higher T cells, CD4 cells and CD4/CD8 ratio and lower NK cells). The B cells were significantly lower in the Chinese than the Malays and the Indians. Age differences were seen only in the Chinese where increased CD4 cells and CD4/CD8 ratio, and decreased CD8 cells were observed. A sex difference was observed only in the Chinese where the CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly higher in females than males.
  3. Choong ML, Ton SH, Cheong SK
    Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol, 1996 Jun;14(1):19-24.
    PMID: 8980796
    The percentage of lymphocyte subsets from the peripheral blood of healthy adults and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers were analyzed by flow cytometry. The five lymphocyte subsets studied were:- T (CD3) cells, B (CD19) cells, CD4 cells, CD8 cells, Natural Killer (CD3- CD16+/CD56+) cells (NK cells) and the CD4/CD8 ratio. The percentage (mean +/- SD) for the five lymphocyte subsets from the healthy adults were (67.5 +/- 8.5)%, (12.4 +/- 4.5)%, (35.5 +/- 7.8)%, (36.8 +/- 8.5)%, (17.9 +/- 8.1)% and 1.1 +/- 0.6, respectively. HBsAg carriers positive for HBV-DNA had a lower CD4/CD8 ratio than the healthy population (P = 0.030). The percentage of CD8 cells in HBsAg carriers increased significantly (r = 0.28; P = 0.019) with an increase in ALT levels but the values remained within normal range. The percentage of NK cells and CD4/CD8 ratio in HBsAg carriers positive for anti-HBe were higher than HBsAg carriers negative for anti-HBe (92% of which are HBeAg positive) (P = 0.045 and P = 0.035, respectively). The CD4/CD8 ratio in HBsAg carriers negative for anti-HBe (92% positive for HBeAg) was also lower than in the healthy population (P = 0.042). HBsAg carriers positive for HBV-DNA, HBeAg and raised ALT levels had a lower CD4/ CD8 ratio than did the healthy population. The lower ratio was due to an increase in the percentage of CD8 cells. This suggests an activated immune response triggered by the infection in an attempt to clear the virus. HBsAg carriers with normal ALT levels and who are negative for HBV-DNA may be in a state of tolerance.
  4. Wong CY, Chang YM, Tsai YS, Ng WV, Cheong SK, Chang TY, et al.
    BMC Genomics, 2020 Jul 07;21(1):467.
    PMID: 32635896 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06868-5
    BACKGROUND: Mesangial cells play an important role in the glomerulus to provide mechanical support and maintaine efficient ultrafiltration of renal plasma. Loss of mesangial cells due to pathologic conditions may lead to impaired renal function. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can differentiate into many cell types, including mesangial cells. However transcriptomic profiling during MSC differentiation into mesangial cells had not been studied yet. The aim of this study is to examine the pattern of transcriptomic changes during MSC differentiation into mesangial cells, to understand the involvement of transcription factor (TF) along the differentiation process, and finally to elucidate the relationship among TF-TF and TF-key gene or biomarkers during the differentiation of MSC into mesangial cells.

    RESULTS: Several ascending and descending monotonic key genes were identified by Monotonic Feature Selector. The identified descending monotonic key genes are related to stemness or regulation of cell cycle while ascending monotonic key genes are associated with the functions of mesangial cells. The TFs were arranged in a co-expression network in order of time by Time-Ordered Gene Co-expression Network (TO-GCN) analysis. TO-GCN analysis can classify the differentiation process into three stages: differentiation preparation, differentiation initiation and maturation. Furthermore, it can also explore TF-TF-key genes regulatory relationships in the muscle contraction process.

    CONCLUSIONS: A systematic analysis for transcriptomic profiling of MSC differentiation into mesangial cells has been established. Key genes or biomarkers, TFs and pathways involved in differentiation of MSC-mesangial cells have been identified and the related biological implications have been discussed. Finally, we further elucidated for the first time the three main stages of mesangial cell differentiation, and the regulatory relationships between TF-TF-key genes involved in the muscle contraction process. Through this study, we have increased fundamental understanding of the gene transcripts during the differentiation of MSC into mesangial cells.

  5. Ramalingam V, Cheong SK, Lee PF
    BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil, 2023 Nov 15;15(1):155.
    PMID: 37968738 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00758-5
    BACKGROUND: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is the most common injury in youth sports, which leads to psychological stress from doubting their performance. Cost effective and easy to access tool to reduce the stress among this target group are desired. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adding on intervention with short-duration deep breathing (SDDB) alongside with conventional physiotherapy (CP) among young adults with chronic ankle instability (CAI).

    METHODS: Total of 30 CAI participants attended physiotherapy, who were randomly assigned into control and experimental groups. The participants in the experimental group received combined intervention (SDDB + CP), and the control group received CP for 6 weeks. The effectiveness of interventions was assessed at 3 intervals with a battery of questionnaires (Visual Analog Score, Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire) at the end of week 3, week 6, and week 12 as follow-up. A two-way repeated measures of ANOVA was applied to report the statistical significance at p 

  6. Radhakrishnan AK, Sim GC, Cheong SK
    Biores Open Access, 2012 Oct;1(5):239-46.
    PMID: 23515111 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0229
    Repetitive vaccinations with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines over long periods of time can break pre-existing tolerance to tumors and achieve clinically relevant immune response. This requires a large number of DCs to be generated under good manufacturing protocol, which is time- and cost intensive. Thus, producing a large numbers of DCs at one time point and cryopreserving these cells in ready-for-use aliquots for clinical application may overcome this constraint. This could also reduce batch-to-batch variations. In this study, we generated DCs from bone marrow obtained from BALB/c mice. Some of the generated DCs were cryopreserved before conducting various tests. There were no significant differences in the morphology and phenotype between cryopreserved and freshly generated DCs. Both types of DCs pulsed with tumor lysate (TL) from 4T1 murine mammary cancer cells (DC+TL) possessed a similar capacity to stimulate the proliferation of T-cells. In addition, cryopreserved and fresh DC pulsed with TL showed similar tumor growth inhibition patterns. Both DCs induced initial retardation of tumor growth (p<0.05) and prolonged the survival (p<0.05) of tumor-bearing mice treated with DC+TL as compared with nontreated control mice. Cryopreserved DCs shared similar therapeutic efficacy to fresh DCs, and this finding lends supports the routine use of cryopreserved DCs in future clinical trials.
  7. Kwa EK, Cheong SK, Ong LK, Lee PF
    Biomed Tech (Berl), 2024 Apr 25;69(2):141-150.
    PMID: 37856824 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2023-0410
    OBJECTIVES: Numerous studies indicate that deep breathing (DB) enhances wellbeing. Multiple deep breathing methods exist, but few employ audio to reach similar results. This study developed audio-guided DB and evaluated its immediate impacts on healthy population via self-created auditory Go/No-Go task, tidal volume changes, and psychological measures.

    METHODS: Audio-guided DB with natural sounds to guide the DB was developed. Meanwhile, audio-based Go/No-Go paradigm with Arduino was built to measure the attention level. Thirty-two healthy young adults (n=32) were recruited. Psychological questionnaires (Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)), objective measurements with tidal volume and attention level with auditory Go/No-Go task were conducted before and after 5 min of DB.

    RESULTS: Results showed a significant increment in tidal volume and task reaction time from baseline (p=0.003 and p=0.033, respectively). Significant correlations were acquired between (1) task accuracy with commission error (r=-0.905), (2) CAMS-R with task accuracy (r=-0.425), commission error (r=0.53), omission error (r=0.395) and PSS (r=-0.477), and (3) RSES with task reaction time (r=-0.47), task accuracy (r=-0.362), PSS (r=-0.552) and CAMS-R (r=0.591).

    CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study suggests a link between it and young adults' wellbeing and proposes auditory Go/No-Go task for assessing attention across various groups while maintaining physical and mental wellness.

  8. Tay SP, Cheong SK, Boo NY
    Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 2003 Feb;14(2):125-9.
    PMID: 12632021
    The investigation of many hemostatic defects in newborns is restricted by the lack of normal reference values. The coagulation system of the neonate differs in many ways from that of the adult. The present study was designed to compare the concentrations of tissue factor (TF), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and D-dimer (DD) in the umbilical cord blood of healthy newborns and in adult plasma. TF antigen was quantified using an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas TFPI and DD levels were measured with commercial kits. The mean TF level in cord blood (mean standard deviation, 183.94 103.63 pg/ml) was significantly higher ( = 0.008) than that in adults (136.64 65.09 pg/ml). Cord blood exhibited enhanced fibrinolysis, as was reflected by a significantly higher level of DD (924.57 733.87 ng/ml, 0.001) than that in adults (45.57 17.21 ng/ml). Conversely, cord blood (30.88 10.16 ng/ml) demonstrated significantly lower ( 0.001) TFPI levels than that in adults (55.77 21.16 ng/ml). However, no significant differences of these three hemostatic markers were noted between both gender groups in newborns and adults. Our findings indicate that an active and dynamic state of hemostasis exists in cord blood, as the fluidity of cord blood remains preserved in the presence of birth injury.
  9. Gan G, Teh A, Chan L, Cheong S, Chang K, Ibrahim H
    Bone Marrow Transplant, 2008 Aug;42 Suppl 1:S103-S105.
    PMID: 18724278 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2008.129
    Malaysia conducted the first BMT in the country in 1987. Since then, there have been 1155 transplantations performed in a total of eight transplant centres. A majority of the transplantations were allogeneic, including myeloablative and nonmyeloablative. A vast majority of donors are HLA identical siblings. The mean age of transplanted patients was 26 years. The major reason for transplantation was hematological malignancies. The overall survival was 60% for allogeneic transplantation and 52% for autologous transplantation. The most common cause of death in transplanted patients was the underlying disease followed by infection-related complications. Currently, the government is expanding the existing public cord blood bank as well as the local donor registry.
  10. Wong SW, Tiong KH, Kong WY, Yue YC, Chua CH, Lim JY, et al.
    Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2011 Jul;128(2):301-13.
    PMID: 20686837 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1055-0
    Recent gene expression profiling studies have identified five breast cancer subtypes, of which the basal-like subtype is the most aggressive. Basal-like breast cancer poses serious clinical challenges as there are currently no targeted therapies available to treat it. Although there is increasing evidence that these tumors possess specific sensitivity to cisplatin, its success is often compromised due to its dose-limiting nephrotoxicity and the development of drug resistance. To overcome this limitation, our goal was to maximize the benefits associated with cisplatin therapy through drug combination strategies. Using a validated kinase inhibitor library, we showed that inhibition of the mTOR, TGFβRI, NFκB, PI3K/AKT, and MAPK pathways sensitized basal-like MDA-MB-468 cells to cisplatin treatment. Further analysis demonstrated that the combination of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and cisplatin generated significant drug synergism in basal-like MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231, and HCC1937 cells but not in luminal-like T47D or MCF-7 cells. We further showed that the synergistic effect of rapamycin plus cisplatin on basal-like breast cancer cells was mediated through the induction of p73. Depletion of endogenous p73 in basal-like cells abolished these synergistic effects. In conclusion, combination therapy with mTOR inhibitors and cisplatin may be a useful therapeutic strategy in the treatment of basal-like breast cancers.
  11. Wong CY, Tan EL, Cheong SK
    Cell Biol Int, 2014 Apr;38(4):497-501.
    PMID: 24375917 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10231
    Mesangial cells are one of the three major cell types of the kidney glomerulus that provide physical support for the glomerular capillary lumen of the kidney. Loss of mesangial cells due to pathologic conditions, such as glomerulonephritis and diabetic nephropathy, can impair renal function. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are attractive candidates for kidney repair therapy since they can enhance recovery and protect against kidney failure. MSC can differentiate into mesangial cells in vivo. We have investigated the ability of MSC to differentiate into mesangial cells in vitro; they were co-cultured with oxidant-injured mesangial cells before being analysed by flow cytometry and for contractility. MSC co-cultured with injured mesangial cells had a mesangial cell-like morphology and contracted in response to angiotensin II. They expressed CD54(-) CD62E(+) in direct contrast to the CD54(+) CD62E(-) of pure MSC. In conclusion, MSC can differentiate into mesangial cells in vitro when co-cultured with injured mesangial cells.
  12. Govindasamy V, Rajendran A, Lee ZX, Ooi GC, Then KY, Then KL, et al.
    Cell Biol Int, 2021 Oct;45(10):1999-2016.
    PMID: 34245637 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11652
    Ageing and age-related diseases share some basic origin that largely converges on inflammation. Precisely, it boils down to a common pathway characterised by the appearance of a fair amount of proinflammatory cytokines known as inflammageing. Among the proposed treatment for antiageing, MSCs gained attention in recent years. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate itself into a myriad of terminal cells, previously it was believed that these cells migrate to the site of injury and perform their therapeutic effect. However, with the more recent discovery of huge amounts of paracrine factors secreted by MSCs, it is now widely accepted that these cells do not engraft upon transplantation but rather unveil their benefits through excretion of bioactive molecules namely those involved in inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Conversely, the true function of these paracrine changes has not been thoroughly investigated all these years. Hence, this review will describe in detail on ways MSCs may capitalize its paracrine properties in modulating antiageing process. Through a comprehensive literature search various elements in the antiageing process, we aim to provide a novel treatment perspective of MSCs in antiageing related clinical conditions.
  13. Tan BS, Tiong KH, Choo HL, Chung FF, Hii LW, Tan SH, et al.
    Cell Death Dis, 2015;6:e1826.
    PMID: 26181206 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.191
    p53 is the most frequently mutated tumor-suppressor gene in human cancers. Unlike other tumor-suppressor genes, p53 mutations mainly occur as missense mutations within the DNA-binding domain, leading to the expression of full-length mutant p53 protein. Mutant p53 proteins not only lose their tumor-suppressor function, but may also gain new oncogenic functions and promote tumorigenesis. Here, we showed that silencing of endogenous p53-R273H contact mutant, but not p53-R175H conformational mutant, reduced AKT phosphorylation, induced BCL2-modifying factor (BMF) expression, sensitized BIM dissociation from BCL-XL and induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells. Importantly, cancer cells harboring endogenous p53-R273H mutant were also found to be inherently resistant to anoikis and lack BMF induction following culture in suspension. Underlying these activities is the ability of p53-R273H mutant to suppress BMF expression that is dependent on constitutively active PI3K/AKT signaling. Collectively, these findings suggest that p53-R273H can specifically drive AKT signaling and suppress BMF expression, resulting in enhanced cell survivability and anoikis resistance. These findings open the possibility that blocking of PI3K/AKT will have therapeutic benefit in mutant p53-R273H expressing cancers.
  14. Roslan FF, Yu Y, Wang M, Mohd Yusof NAN, Ooi GC, Then KL, et al.
    Cell Reprogram, 2024 Nov 27.
    PMID: 39602209 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2024.0073
    Cord blood (CB) is widely stored as a source of hematopoietic stem cells for potential future use, though its application for autologous purposes remains limited. Repurposing CB into human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can broaden its utility beyond hematological conditions. This study investigated the effects of umbilical cord-mesenchymal stromal cell (UC-MSC) co-culture on CB CD34+ cells and the characteristics of the resulting hiPSCs. CD34+ cells were isolated, expanded in UC-MSC co-culture for 3 days, and reprogrammed into hiPSCs using episomal vectors. Results showed that UC-MSC co-culture significantly increased CD34+ cell numbers (p < 0.0001, n = 6), with a reduced population doubling time of 25.1 ± 2.1 hours compared with the control (p < 0.0004, n = 6). The yield of CD34+ cells was substantially higher in the UC-MSC co-culture group. The hiPSCs exhibited comparable reprogramming efficiency, pluripotency marker expression, trilineage differentiation potential, and genomic stability to CD34+ cells expanded under standard culture conditions. These findings suggest that CD34+ cells from CB, expanded in UC-MSC co-culture, can be reprogrammed into functional hiPSCs without compromising cell quality or genetic stability.
  15. Wong RS, Cheong SK
    Clin Exp Med, 2014 Aug;14(3):235-48.
    PMID: 23794030 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-013-0247-4
    Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have captured the attention of researchers today due to their multipotent differentiation capacity. Also, they have been successfully applied clinically, in the treatment of various diseases of the heart and musculoskeletal systems, with encouraging results. Their supportive role in haematopoiesis and their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties have enhanced their contribution towards the improvement of engraftment and the treatment of graft-versus-host disease in patients receiving haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, there is a growing body of research that supports the involvement of MSCs in leukaemogenesis with several genetic and functional abnormalities having been detected in the MSCs of leukaemia patients. MSCs also exert leukaemia-enhancing effects and induce chemotherapy resistance in leukaemia cells. This paper addresses the key issues in the therapeutic value as well as the harmful effects of the MSCs in leukaemia with a sharp focus on the recent updates in the published literature.
  16. Zainina S, Cheong SK
    Clin Lab Haematol, 2006 Aug;28(4):282-3.
    PMID: 16898972
    Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is recognized as a preleukaemic disorder with a variable risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukaemia. Usually the blast cells in leukaemia are transformed after MDS displays a myeloid phenotype. Even though lymphoid progression had been reported previously, most displayed myeloid-lymphoid hybrid or early B phenotype. We report a case of an elderly man who had MDS transformed into Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL:L3) which is a rare lymphoid transformation.
  17. Gan QF, Lim YT, Foo CN, Yu CW, Woon CK, Cheong SK, et al.
    Curr Stem Cell Res Ther, 2023;18(2):202-215.
    PMID: 35392790 DOI: 10.2174/1574888X17666220407085901
    BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the world's leading causes of increased morbidity and mortality. Current interventions for CVD, including percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), carry certain risks and complications, which may also affect the patient's quality of life. It is important to minimize those risks and complications while speeding up the recovery. Insulin Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) is a growth factor responsible for cellular migration, proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis, which supports cardiovascular regeneration.

    METHODS: In light of the current trend of regenerative medicine, the present review aims to pool data relating to the incorporation of IGF-1 in regenerative medicine and provide input on the current research gaps and concerns arising on translating this approach from benchwork into clinical settings.

    RESULTS: Using the keywords IGF-1 'OR' Insulin Growth Factor 1 'AND' Mesenchymal Stem Cells 'AND' Tissue Healing from 2009 to 2020, we identified 160 and 52 from Medline and PubMed, screening out 202 articles due to non-fulfilment of the inclusion criteria.

    CONCLUSION: Incorporating IGF-1 into regenerative and personalized medicine may be promising for treating CVD; however, the concerns include the role of IGF-1 in inducing cancer growth and its ability to migrate to the specific site of injury, especially for those who present with multiple pathologies should be addressed prior to its translation from bench work into clinical settings.

  18. Mok PL, Cheong SK, Leong CF, Chua KH, Ainoon O
    Cytotechnology, 2012 Mar;64(2):203-16.
    PMID: 22160354 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9413-2
    Human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) is a potential target for cell and gene therapy-based approaches against a variety of different diseases. Whilst cationic lipofection has been widely experimented, the Nucleofector technology is a relatively new non-viral transfection method designed for primary cells and hard-to-transfect cell lines. Herein, we compared the efficiency and viability of nucleofection with cationic lipofection, and used the more efficient transfection method, nucleofection, to deliver a construct of minimalistic, immunologically defined gene expression encoding the erythropoietin (MIDGE-EPO) into hMSC. MIDGE construct is relatively safer than the viral and plasmid expression systems as the detrimental eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene and sequences have been eliminated. Using a plasmid encoding the luciferase gene, we demonstrated a high transfection efficiency using the U-23 (21.79 ± 1.09%) and C-17 (5.62 ± 1.09%) pulsing program in nucleofection. The cell viabilities were (44.93 ± 10.10)% and (21.93 ± 5.72)%, respectively 24 h post-nucleofection. On the other hand, lipofection treatment only yielded less than 0.6% efficiencies despite showing higher viabilities. Nucleofection did not affect hMSC renewability, immunophenotype and differentiation potentials. Subsequently, we nucleofected MIDGE-EPO using the U-23 pulsing program into hMSC. The results showed that, despite a low nucleofection efficiency with this construct, the EPO protein was stably expressed in the nucleofected cells up to 55 days when determined by ELISA or immunocytochemical staining. In conclusion, nucleofection is an efficient non-viral transfection approach for hMSC, which when used in conjunction with a MIDGE construct, could result in extended and stable transgene expression in hMSC.
  19. Chin SP, Poey AC, Wong CY, Chang SK, Tan CS, Ng MT, et al.
    Cytotherapy, 2011 Aug;13(7):814-21.
    PMID: 21526902 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.574118
    BACKGROUND AIMS: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) may improve cardiac function following myocardial infarction. MSC can differentiate into cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells while exerting additional paracrine effects. There is limited information regarding the efficacy of route for MSC treatment of severe dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The aim of this study was to demonstrate the clinical safety, feasibility and efficacy of direct intramyocardial and intracoronary administration of autologous bone marrow-derived MSC treatment for no-option patients with chronic severe refractory DCM.

    METHODS: Ten symptomatic patients with DCM and refractory cardiac function, despite maximum medical therapy, were selected. Five had ischemic DCM deemed unlikely to benefit from revascularization alone and underwent bypass operations with concurrent intramyocardial MSC injection (group A). Two patients had previous revascularization and three had non-ischemic DCM and received intracoronary MSC injection (group B).

    RESULTS: Group A and B patients received 0.5-1.0 × 10(6) and 2.0-3.0 × 10(6) MSC/kg body weight, respectively. All patients remained alive at 1 year. There were significant improvements from baseline to 6 and 12 months in left ventricular ejection fraction and other left ventricular parameters. Scar reduction was noted in six patients by 12 months.

    CONCLUSIONS: Autologous bone marrow MSC treatment is safe and feasible for treating chronic severe refractory DCM effectively, via intracoronary or direct intramyocardial administration at prescribed doses.

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