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  1. Mohtor NH, Othman MHD, Bakar SA, Kurniawan TA, Dzinun H, Norddin MNAM, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2018 Oct;208:595-605.
    PMID: 29890498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.159
    Hydrothermal method has been proven to be an effective method to synthesise the nanostructured titanium dioxide (TiO2) with good morphology and uniform distribution at low temperature. Despite of employing a well-known and commonly used glass substrate as the support to hydrothermally synthesise the nanostructured TiO2, this study emphasised on the application of kaolin hollow fibre membrane as the support for the fabrication of kaolin/TiO2 nanorods (TNR) membrane. By varying the hydrothermal reaction times (2 h, 6 h, and 10 h), the different morphology, distribution, and properties of TiO2 nanorods on kaolin support were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was found that the well-dispersed of TiO2 nanorods have improved the surface affinity of kaolin/TNR membrane towards water, allowing kaolin/TNR membrane prepared from 10 h of hydrothermal reaction to exhibit the highest water permeation of 165 L/h.m2.bar. In addition, this prepared membrane also showed the highest photocatalytic activity of 80.3% in the decolourisation of reactive black 5 (RB5) under UV irradiation. On top of that, the kaolin/TNR membrane prepared from 10 h of hydrothermal reaction also exhibited a good resistance towards photocorrosion, enabling the reuse of this membrane for three consecutive cycles of photocatalytic degradation of RB5 without showing significant reduction in photocatalytic efficiency towards the decolourisation of RB5.
  2. Jalil AA, Triwahyono S, Razali NA, Hairom NH, Idris A, Muhid MN, et al.
    J Hazard Mater, 2010 Feb 15;174(1-3):581-5.
    PMID: 19864065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.091
    Electrochemical dechlorination of chlorobenzenes in the presence of various arene mediators such as naphthalene, biphenyl, phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene, was studied. The amount of mediator required was able to be reduced to 0.01 equiv. for all mediators except for anthracene, with the complete dechlorination of mono-, 1,3-di- and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene still achieved. This catalytic amount of mediator plays an important role in accelerating the dechlorination through the rapid formation of radical anions prior to reduction of the chlorobenzenes.
  3. Dzinun H, Othman MHD, Ismail AF
    Chemosphere, 2019 Aug;228:241-248.
    PMID: 31035161 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.118
    Comparison studies in suspension and hybrid photocatalytic membrane reactor (HPMR) system was investigated by using Reactive Black 5 (RB5) as target pollutant under UVA light irradiation. To achieve this aim, hybrid TiO2/clinoptilolite (TCP) photocatalyst powder was prepared by solid-state dispersion (SSD) methods and embedded at the outer layer of dual layer hollow fiber (DLHF) membranes fabricated via single step co-spinning process. TiO2 and CP photocatalyst were also used as control samples. The samples were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersion of X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses. The result shows that TCP was actively functioned as photocatalyst in suspension system and 86% of RB5 photocatalytic degradation achieved within 60 min; however the additional step is required to separate the catalyst with treated water. In the HPMR system, even though the RB5 photocatalytic degradation exhibits lower efficiency however the rejection of RB5 was achieved up to 95% under UV irradiation due to the properties of photocatalytic membranes. The well dispersed of TCP at the outer layer of DLHF membrane have improved the surface affinity of DL-TCP membrane towards water, exhibit the highest pure water flux of 41.72 L/m2.h compared to DL-TiO2 membrane. In general, CP can help on improving photocatalytic activity of TiO2 in suspension, increased the RB5 removal and the permeability of DLHF membrane in HPMR system as well.
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