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Three-Dimensional (3-D) Printing Technology Exploited for the Fabrication of Drug Delivery Systems

Zeeshan F, Madheswaran T, Pandey M, Gorain B

Curr Pharm Des, 2018;24(42):5019-5028.
PMID: 30621558 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190101111525

BACKGROUND: The conventional dosage forms cannot be administered to all patients because of interindividual variability found among people of different race coupled with different metabolism and cultural necessities. Therefore, to address this global issue there is a growing focus on the fabrication of new drug delivery systems customised to individual needs. Medicinal products printed using 3-D technology are transforming the current medicine business to a plausible alternative of conventional medicines.
METHODS: The PubMed database and Google scholar were browsed by keywords of 3-D printing, drug delivery, and personalised medicine. The data about techniques employed in the manufacturing of 3-D printed medicines and the application of 3-D printing technology in the fabrication of individualised medicine were collected, analysed and discussed.
RESULTS: Numerous techniques can fabricate 3-D printed medicines however, printing-based inkjet, nozzle-based deposition and laser-based writing systems are the most popular 3-D printing methods which have been employed successfully in the development of tablets, polypills, implants, solutions, nanoparticles, targeted and topical dug delivery. In addition, the approval of Spritam® containing levetiracetam by FDA as the primary 3-D printed drug product has boosted its importance. However, some drawbacks such as suitability of manufacturing techniques and the available excipients for 3-D printing need to be addressed to ensure simple, feasible, reliable and reproducible 3-D printed fabrication.
CONCLUSION: 3-D printing is a revolutionary in pharmaceutical technology to cater the present and future needs of individualised medicines. Nonetheless, more investigations are required on its manufacturing aspects in terms cost effectiveness, reproducibility and bio-equivalence.
Fulltext Tocotrienols-rich naringenin nanoemulgel for the management of diabetic wound: Fabrication, characterization and comparative in vitro evaluations

Yeo E, Yew Chieng CJ, Choudhury H, Pandey M, Gorain B

Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov, 2021;2:100019.
PMID: 34909654 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100019

The present research had been attempted to formulate and characterize tocotrienols-rich naringenin nanoemulgel for topical application in chronic wound conditions associated with diabetes. In due course, different phases of the nanoemulsion were chosen based on the solubility study, where combination of Capryol 90 and tocotrienols, Solutol HS15, and Transcutol P were selected as oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. The nanoemulsions were formulated using the spontaneous emulsification method. Subsequently, Carbopols were incorporated to develop corresponding nanoemulgels of the optimized nanoemulsions. Thermodynamically stable optimized nanoemulgels were evaluated for their globule size, polydispersity index (PDI), surface charge, viscosity, mucoadhesive property, spreadability, in vitro release and release mechanism. Further, increasing polymer concentration in the nanoemulgels was reflected with the increased mucoadhesive property with corresponding decrease in the release rate of the drug. The optimized nanoemulgel (NG1) consisted of uniform dispersion (PDI, 0.452 ± 0.03) of the nanometric globules (145.58 ± 12.5) of the dispersed phase, and negative surface charge (-21.1 ± 3.32 mV) with viscosity 297,600 cP and good spreadability. In vitro release of naringenin in phosphate buffer saline revealed a sustained release profile up to a maximum of 74.62 ± 4.54% from the formulated nanoemulgel (NG1) within the time-frame of 24 h. Alternatively, the release from the nanoemulsion was much higher (89.17 ± 2.87%), which might be due to lack of polymer coating on the dispersed oil droplets. Moreover, the in vitro release kinetics from the nanoemulgel followed the first-order release and Higuchi model with non-Fickian diffusion. Therefore, encouraging results in this research is evident in bringing a promising future in wound management, particularly associated with diabetes complications.
Fulltext Development of In-Situ Spray for Local Delivery of Antibacterial Drug for Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Investigation of Alternative Formulation

Wong YL, Pandey M, Choudhury H, Lim WM, Bhattamisra SK, Gorain B

Polymers (Basel), 2021 Aug 18;13(16).
PMID: 34451309 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162770

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) has been considered an orphan disease with limited treatments available. The available topical treatment for this condition is clindamycin lotion; however, short retention and frequent application are the main setbacks. Thus, the present study aimed to attain an optimized antibacterial in situ spray formulation for the hidradenitis suppurativa skin condition, which gels once in contact with the skin surface at around 37 °C and possesses bioadhesion as well as sustained-release properties of the incorporated drug. Different concentrations of thermo-reversible gelling polymer, Pluronic F-127, were investigated along with the selected bioadhesive polymers, HPMC and SA. The optimized formulation F3 consisting of 18% Pluronic F-127 with 0.2% HPMC and 0.2% SA was characterized based on various physicochemical properties. The gelation temperature of F3 was found to be 29.0 ± 0.50 °C with a gelation time of 1.35 ± 0.40 min and a pH of 5.8. F3 had the viscosity of 178.50 ± 5.50 cP at 25 °C and 7800 ± 200 cP at 37 °C as the gel set. The optimized formulation was found to be bioadhesive and cytocompatible. Cumulative drug release was 65.05% within the time-frame of 8 h; the release pattern of the drug followed zero-order kinetics with the Higuchi release mechanism. The average zone of inhibition was found to be 43.44 ± 1.34 mm. The properties of F3 formulation reflect to improve residence time at the site of application and can enhance sustained drug release. Therefore, it could be concluded that optimized formulation has better retention and enhanced antimicrobial activity for superior efficacy against HS.
An insight into the role of Artificial Intelligence in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease

Verma RK, Pandey M, Chawla P, Choudhury H, Mayuren J, Bhattamisra SK, et al.

CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, 2021 May 11.
PMID: 33982657 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210512014505

BACKGROUND: The complication of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has made the development of its therapeutic a challenging task. Even after decades of research, we have achieved no more than a few years of symptomatic relief. The inability to diagnose the disease early is the foremost hurdle behind its treatment. Several studies have aimed to identify potential biomarkers that can be detected in body fluids (CSF, blood, urine, etc) or assessed by neuroimaging (i.e., PET and MRI). However, the clinical implementation of these biomarkers is incomplete as they cannot be validated.
METHOD: To overcome the limitation, the use of artificial intelligence along with technical tools has been extensively investigated for AD diagnosis. For developing a promising artificial intelligence strategy that can diagnose AD early, it is critical to supervise neuropsychological outcomes and imaging-based readouts with a proper clinical review.
CONCLUSION: Profound knowledge, a large data pool, and detailed investigations are required for the successful implementation of this tool. This review will enlighten various aspects of early diagnosis of AD using artificial intelligence.
Current updates on pharmacological roles of glucagon-like peptide 1 in obesity

Verma RK, Sriramaneni R, Pandey M, Chaudhury H, Gorain B, Gupta G

Panminerva Med, 2018 Dec;60(4):224-225.
PMID: 29856185 DOI: 10.23736/S0031-0808.18.03479-1
Recent Advances in Self-Assembled Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery

Varma LT, Singh N, Gorain B, Choudhury H, Tambuwala MM, Kesharwani P, et al.

Curr Drug Deliv, 2020;17(4):279-291.
PMID: 32039683 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200210122340

The collection of different bulk materials forms the nanoparticles, where the properties of the nanoparticle are solely different from the individual components before being ensembled. Selfassembled nanoparticles are basically a group of complex functional units that are formed by gathering the individual bulk components of the system. It includes micelles, polymeric nanoparticle, carbon nanotubes, liposomes and niosomes, etc. This self-assembly has progressively heightened interest to control the final complex structure of the nanoparticle and its associated properties. The main challenge of formulating self-assembled nanoparticle is to improve the delivery system, bioavailability, enhance circulation time, confer molecular targeting, controlled release, protection of the incorporated drug from external environment and also serve as nanocarriers for macromolecules. Ultimately, these self-assembled nanoparticles facilitate to overcome the physiological barriers in vivo. Self-assembly is an equilibrium process where both individual and assembled components are subsisting in equilibrium. It is a bottom up approach in which molecules are assembled spontaneously, non-covalently into a stable and welldefined structure. There are different approaches that have been adopted in fabrication of self-assembled nanoparticles by the researchers. The current review is enriched with strategies for nanoparticle selfassembly, associated properties, and its application in therapy.
Fulltext Dendrimer entrapped microsponge gel of dithranol for effective topical treatment

Tripathi PK, Gorain B, Choudhury H, Srivastava A, Kesharwani P

Heliyon, 2019 Mar;5(3):e01343.
PMID: 30957038 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01343

Dithranol is one of the important topical agents for the treatment of psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease with aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes. However, its application is troublesome and inconvenient because of its associated side effects, including staining, burning sensation, irritation, and necrotizing effect on the diseased cells as well as on the normal cells. The purpose of the current investigation was to explore the potential of poly(amido) amine (PAMAM) dendrimers in the topical delivery of dithranol through a novel microsponge based gel. Generation-4 (G4) dendrimers were incorporated into the microsponge based gel formulation by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method with varying concentration of polymers, and evaluated for the morphology of the formulation, encapsulation efficiency and skin irritation potential. Percentage yield of the formulation was found to be 66.28%, whereas encapsulation efficiency was ranged between 71.33% to 49.21%, and an average particle size was ranged between 28 ± 1.12 μm to 130 ± 1.01 μm. Surface morphology of developed microsponge was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, revealed micro-porous nature. The optimized microsponge formulation was found to be stable and recorded non-irritant during cutaneous application of the experimental animals. Further, the pharmacokinetic outcomes of study were showed prolong penetration of the drug through the skin, equivalent to the marketed formulation of dithranol. Therefore, it could be conferred that the microsponge formulation of the PAMAM entrapped dithranol can produce prolonged efficacy without producing toxicities to the skin, and thus can effectively be projected in the treatment of diseases like psoriasis.
Exploring the role of mesoporous silica nanoparticle in the development of novel drug delivery systems

Stephen S, Gorain B, Choudhury H, Chatterjee B

Drug Deliv Transl Res, 2022 Jan;12(1):105-123.
PMID: 33604837 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00935-4

The biocompatible nature of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) attracted researchers' attention to deliver therapeutic agents in the treatment of various diseases, where their porous nature, high drug loading efficiency, and suitability to functionalize with a specific ligand of MSN helped to obtain the desired outcome. The application of MSN has been extended to deliver small chemicals to large-sized peptides or proteins to fight against complex diseases. Recently, formulation researches with MSN have been progressed for various non-conventional drug delivery systems, including liposome, microsphere, oro-dispersible film, 3D-printed formulation, and microneedle. Low bulk density, retaining mesoporous structure during downstream processing, and lack of sufficient in vivo studies are some of the important issues towards the success of mesoporous silica-based advanced drug delivery systems. The present review has aimed to evaluate the application of MSN in advanced drug delivery systems to critically analyze the role of MSN in the respective formulation over other functionalized polymers. Finally, an outlook on the future direction of MSN-based advanced drug delivery systems has been drawn against the existing challenges with this platform.
Nano-enabled strategies to combat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Singh S, Numan A, Somaily HH, Gorain B, Ranjan S, Rilla K, et al.

Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2021 Oct;129:112384.
PMID: 34579903 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112384

The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a threat to global health because of limited treatments. MRSA infections are difficult to treat due to increasingly developing resistance in combination with protective biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Nanotechnology-based research revealed that effective MRSA treatments could be achieved through targeted nanoparticles (NPs) that withstand biological films and drug resistance. Thus, the principal aim towards improving MRSA treatment is to advance drug delivery tools, which successfully address the delivery-related problems. These potential delivery tools would also carry drugs to the desired sites of therapeutic action to overcome the adverse effects. This review focused on different types of nano-engineered carriers system for antimicrobial agents with improved therapeutic efficacy of entrapped drugs. The structural characteristics that play an essential role in the effectiveness of delivery systems have also been addressed with a description of recent scientific advances in antimicrobial treatment, emphasizing challenges in MRSA treatments. Consequently, existing gaps in the literature are highlighted, and reported contradictions are identified, allowing for the development of roadmaps for future research.
Fulltext Understanding the role of ACE-2 receptor in pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease: a potential approach for therapeutic intervention

Shirbhate E, Pandey J, Patel VK, Kamal M, Jawaid T, Gorain B, et al.

Pharmacol Rep, 2021 Dec;73(6):1539-1550.
PMID: 34176080 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00303-6

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and its homologue, ACE2, are commonly allied with hypertension, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system pathway, and other cardiovascular system disorders. The recent pandemic of COVID-19 has attracted the attention of numerous researchers on ACE2 receptors, where the causative viral particle, SARS-CoV-2, is established to exploit these receptors for permitting their entry into the human cells. Therefore, studies on the molecular origin and pathophysiology of the cell response in correlation to the role of ACE2 receptors to these viruses are bringing novel theories. The varying level of manifestation and importance of ACE proteins, underlying irregularities and disorders, intake of specific medications, and persistence of assured genomic variants at the ACE genes are potential questions raising nowadays while observing the marked alteration in response to the SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Therefore, the present review has focused on several raised opinions associated with the role of the ACE2 receptor and its impact on COVID-19 pathogenesis.
Formulation development and characterization of lumefantrine nanosuspension for enhanced antimalarial activity

Shah R, Soni T, Shah U, Suhagia BN, Patel MN, Patel T, et al.

J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2021 05;32(7):833-857.
PMID: 33380264 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1870378

Variable and low oral bioavailability (4-11%) of lumefantrine (LUF), an anti-malarial agent, is characterized by very low solubility in aqueous vehicle. Thus, the present study was intended to formulate lyophilized nanosuspensions of LUF to resolve its solubility issues for the improvement of oral bioavailability. A three level 32 factorial design was applied to analyze the influence of independent variables, concentration of polysorbate 80 (X1) and sonication time (X2) on the responses for dependent variables, particle size (Y1) and time to 90% release of LUF (t90) (Y2). Optimized formulation (F3) has shown to possess lowest particle size (95.34 nm) with minimum t90 value (⁓3 mins), which was lyophilized to obtain the dry powder form of the nanosuspension. The characterization parameters confirmed the amorphous form of LUF with good stability and no chemical interactions of the drug with the incorporated components. Further, saturation solubility study revealed increased solubility of the LUF nanosuspension (1670 µg/mL) when compared to the pure drug (212.33 µg/mL). Further, rate of dissolution of LUF from the nanosuspension formulations were found to be significantly (p
Fulltext Development and validation of a high throughput LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantitation of pioglitazone and telmisartan in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study

Sengupta P, Chatterjee B, Mandal UK, Gorain B, Pal TK

J Pharm Anal, 2017 Dec;7(6):381-387.
PMID: 29404063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2017.05.004

Management of cardiovascular risk factors in diabetes demands special attention due to their co-existence. Pioglitazone (PIO) and telmisartan (TLM) combination can be beneficial in effective control of cardiovascular complication in diabetes. In this research, we developed and validated a high throughput LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantitation of PIO and TLM in rat plasma. This developed method is more sensitive and can quantitate the analytes in relatively shorter period of time compared to the previously reported methods for their individual quantification. Moreover, till date, there is no bioanalytical method available to simultaneously quantitate PIO and TLM in a single run. The method was validated according to the USFDA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. A linear response of the analytes was observed over the range of 0.005-10 µg/mL with satisfactory precision and accuracy. Accuracy at four quality control levels was within 94.27%-106.10%. The intra- and inter-day precision ranged from 2.32%-10.14 and 5.02%-8.12%, respectively. The method was reproducible and sensitive enough to quantitate PIO and TLM in rat plasma samples of a preclinical pharmacokinetic study. Due to the potential of PIO-TLM combination to be therapeutically explored, this method is expected to have significant usefulness in future.
Chitosan and hyaluronic acid-based nanocarriers for advanced cancer therapy and intervention

Rohtagi P, Garg U, Triveni, Jain N, Pandey M, Amin MCIM, et al.

Biomater Adv, 2024 Feb;157:213733.
PMID: 38118207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213733

Cancer has become a major public health issue leading to one of the foremost causes of morbidity and death in the world. Despite the current advances in diagnosis using modern technologies and treatment via surgery or chemo- and radio-therapies, severe side effects or after-effects limit the application of these treatment modalities. Novel drug delivery systems have shown the potential to deliver chemotherapeutics directly to cancer cells, thus minimizing unnecessary exposure to healthy cells. Concurrently, to circumvent difficulties associated with conventional deliveries of cancer therapeutics, natural polysaccharides have gained attention for the fabrication of such deliveries owing to biocompatibility, low toxicity, and biodegradability. It has been exhibited that natural polysaccharides can deliver high therapeutic concentrations of the entrapped drug to the target cells by sustained and targeted release. Considering the immense potential of natural polymers, the present work focuses on naturally generated biopolymer carriers based on chitosan and hyaluronic acid. This review delineated on the role of chitosan and its derivation from renewable resources as a biocompatible, biodegradable, nonimmunogenic material with notable antitumor activity as a drug delivery carrier in oncotherapy. Moreover, hyaluronic acid, itself by its structure or when linked with other molecules contributes to developing promising pharmaceutical delivery systems to setback the restrictions related to conventional cancer treatment.
Recent update of toxicity aspects of nanoparticulate systems for drug delivery

Patnaik S, Gorain B, Padhi S, Choudhury H, Gabr GA, Md S, et al.

Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 2021 Apr;161:100-119.
PMID: 33639254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.02.010

Potential research outcomes on nanotechnology-based novel drug delivery systems since the past few decades attracted the attention of the researchers to overcome the limitations of conventional deliveries. Apart from possessing enhanced solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs, the targeting potential of the carriers facilitates longer circulation and site-specific delivery of the entrapped therapeutics. The practice of these delivery systems, therefore, helps in maximizing bioavailability, improving pharmacokinetics profile, pharmacodynamics activity and biodistribution of the entrapped drug(s). In addition to focusing on the positive side, evaluation of nanoparticulate systems for toxicity is a crucial parameter for its biomedical applications. Due to the size of nanoparticles, they easily traverse through biological barriers and may be accumulated in the body, where the ingredients incorporated in the formulation development might accumulate and/or produce toxic manifestation, leading to cause severe health hazards. Therefore, the toxic profile of these delivery systems needs to be evaluated at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organ level. This review offers a comprehensive presentation of toxicity aspects of the constituents of nanoparticular based drug delivery systems, which would be beneficial for future researchers to develop nanoparticulate delivery vehicles for the improvement of delivery approaches in a safer way.
Fulltext Budesonide-Loaded Pectin/Polyacrylamide Hydrogel for Sustained Delivery: Fabrication, Characterization and In Vitro Release Kinetics

Pandey M, Choudhury H, D/O Segar Singh SK, Chetty Annan N, Bhattamisra SK, Gorain B, et al.

Molecules, 2021 May 05;26(9).
PMID: 34062995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092704

A single ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation of the colonic mucosa at the distal colon and rectum. The mainstay therapy involves anti-inflammatory immunosuppression based on the disease location and severity. The disadvantages of using systemic corticosteroids for UC treatment is the amplified risk of malignancies and infections. Therefore, topical treatments are safer as they have fewer systemic side effects due to less systemic exposure. In this context, pH sensitive and enzymatically triggered hydrogel of pectin (PC) and polyacrylamide (PAM) has been developed to facilitate colon-targeted delivery of budesonide (BUD) for the treatment of UC. The hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), swelling ratio, and drug release. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the grafting as well loading of BUD in hydrogel. XRD showed the amorphous nature of hydrogel and increment in crystallinity after drug loading. On the other hand, SEM showed that the hydrogels exhibited a highly porous morphology, which is suitable for drug loading and also demonstrated a pH-responsive swelling behaviour, with decreased swelling in acidic media. The in-vitro release of BUD from the hydrogel exhibited a sustained release behaviour with non-ficken diffusion mechanism. The model that fitted best for BUD released was the Higuchi kinetic model. It was concluded that enzyme/pH dual-sensitive hydrogels are an effective colon-targeted delivery system for UC.
3D printing for oral drug delivery: a new tool to customize drug delivery

Pandey M, Choudhury H, Fern JLC, Kee ATK, Kou J, Jing JLJ, et al.

Drug Deliv Transl Res, 2020 08;10(4):986-1001.
PMID: 32207070 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00737-0

The involvement of recent technologies, such as nanotechnology and three-dimensional printing (3DP), in drug delivery has become the utmost importance for effective and safe delivery of potent therapeutics, and thus, recent advancement for oral drug delivery through 3DP technology has been expanded. The use of computer-aided design (CAD) in 3DP technology allows the manufacturing of drug formulation with the desired release rate and pattern. Currently, the most applicable 3DP technologies in the oral drug delivery system are inkjet printing method, fused deposition method, nozzle-based extrusion system, and stereolithographic 3DP. In 2015, the first 3D-printed tablet was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and since then, it has opened up more opportunities in the discovery of formulation for the development of an oral drug delivery system. 3DP allows the production of an oral drug delivery device that enables tailor-made formulation with customizable size, shape, and release rate. Despite the advantages offered by 3DP technology in the drug delivery system, there are challenges in terms of drug stability, safety as well as applicability in the clinical sector. Nonetheless, 3DP has immense potential in the development of drug delivery devices for future personalized medicine. This article will give the recent advancement along with the challenges of 3DP techniques for the development of oral drug delivery. Graphical abstract.
Recent Updates on Novel Approaches in Insulin Drug Delivery: A Review of Challenges and Pharmaceutical Implications

Pandey M, Choudhury H, Yi CX, Mun CW, Phing GK, Rou GX, et al.

Curr Drug Targets, 2018;19(15):1782-1800.
PMID: 29792143 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180523092100

Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder of glucose metabolism, is mainly associated with insulin resistance to the body cells, or impaired production of insulin by the pancreatic β-cells. Insulin is mainly required to regulate glucose metabolism in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients; however, many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus also require insulin, especially when their condition cannot be controlled solely by oral hypoglycemic agents. Hence, major research is ongoing attempting to improve the delivery of insulin in order to make it more convenient to patients who experience side effects from the conventional treatment procedure or non-adherence to insulin regimen due to multiple comorbid conditions. Conventionally, insulin is administered via subcutaneous route which is also one of the sole reasons of patient's non-compliance due to the invasiveness of this method. Several attempts have been done to improve patient compliance, reduce side effects, improve delivery adherence, and to enhance the pharmaceutical performance of the insulin therapy. Despite facing substantial challenges in developing efficient delivery systems for insulin, vast research studies have been carried out for the development of smart delivery systems to deliver insulin via ocular, buccal, pulmonary, oral, transdermal, as well as rectal routes. Therefore, the present review was aimed to overview the challenges encountered with the current insulin delivery systems and to summarize recent advancements in technology of various novel insulin delivery systems being discovered and introduced in the current market.
Perspectives of Nanoemulsion Strategies in The Improvement of Oral, Parenteral and Transdermal Chemotherapy

Pandey M, Choudhury H, Yeun OC, Yin HM, Lynn TW, Tine CLY, et al.

Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2018;19(4):276-292.
PMID: 29874994 DOI: 10.2174/1389201019666180605125234

BACKGROUND: Targeting chemotherapeutic agents to the tumor tissues and achieving accumulation with ideal release behavior for desired therapy requires an ideal treatment strategy to inhibit division of rapid growing cancerous cells and as an outcome improve patient's quality of life. However, majority of the available anticancer therapies are well known for their systemic toxicities and multidrug resistance.
METHODS: Application of nanotechnology in medicine have perceived a great evolution during past few decades. Nanoemulsion, submicron sized thermodynamically stable distribution of two immiscible liquids, has gained extensive importance as a nanocarrier to improve chemotherapies seeking to overcome the limitations of drug solubilization, improving systemic delivery of the chemotherapeutics to the site of action to achieve a promising inhibitory in tumor growth profile with reduced systemic toxicity.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: This review has focused on potential application of nanoemulsion in the translational research and its role in chemotherapy using oral, parenteral and transdermal route to enhance systemic availability of poorly soluble drug. In summary, nanoemulsion is a multifunctional nanocarrier capable of enhancing drug delivery potential of cytotoxic agents, thereby, can improve the outcomes of cancer treatment by increasing the life-span of the patient and quality of life, however, further clinical research and characterization of interactive reactions should need to be explored.
Nanoparticles Based Intranasal Delivery of Drug to Treat Alzheimer's Disease: A Recent Update

Pandey M, Choudhury H, Verma RK, Chawla V, Bhattamisra SK, Gorain B, et al.

CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, 2020;19(9):648-662.
PMID: 32819251 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319999200819095620

Alzheimer Association Report (2019) stated that the 6th primary cause of death in the USA is Alzheimer's Disease (AD), which leads to behaviour and cognitive impairment. Nearly 5.8 million peoples of all ages in the USA have suffered from this disease, including 5.6 million elderly populations. The statistics of the progression of this disease is similar to the global scenario. Still, the treatment of AD is limited to a few conventional oral drugs, which often fail to deliver an adequate amount of the drug in the brain. The reduction in the therapeutic efficacy of an anti-AD drug is due to poor solubility, existence to the blood-brain barrier and low permeability. In this context, nasal drug delivery emerges as a promising route for the delivery of large and small molecular drugs for the treatment of AD. This promising pathway delivers the drug directly into the brain via an olfactory route, which leads to the low systemic side effect, enhanced bioavailability, and higher therapeutic efficacy. However, few setbacks, such as mucociliary clearance and poor drug mucosal permeation, limit its translation from the laboratory to the clinic. The above stated limitation could be overcome by the adaption of nanoparticle as a drug delivery carrier, which may lead to prolong delivery of drugs with better permeability and high efficacy. This review highlights the latest work on the development of promising Nanoparticles (NPs) via the intranasal route for the treatment of AD. Additionally, the current update in this article will draw the attention of the researcher working on these fields and facing challenges in practical applicability.
Fulltext Site-Specific Vesicular Drug Delivery System for Skin Cancer: A Novel Approach for Targeting

Pandey M, Choudhury H, Gorain B, Tiong SQ, Wong GYS, Chan KX, et al.

Gels, 2021 Nov 16;7(4).
PMID: 34842689 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040218

Skin cancer, one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, has demonstrated an alarming increase in prevalence and mortality. Hence, it is a public health issue and a high burden of disease, contributing to the economic burden in its treatment. There are multiple treatment options available for skin cancer, ranging from chemotherapy to surgery. However, these conventional treatment modalities possess several limitations, urging the need for the development of an effective and safe treatment for skin cancer that could provide targeted drug delivery and site-specific tumor penetration and minimize unwanted systemic toxicity. Therefore, it is vital to understand the critical biological barriers involved in skin cancer therapeutics for the optimal development of the formulations. Various nanocarriers for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs have been developed and extensively studied to overcome the limitations faced by topical conventional dosage forms. A site-specific vesicular drug delivery system appears to be an attractive strategy in topical drug delivery for the treatment of skin malignancies. In this review, vesicular drug delivery systems, including liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, and transfersomes in developing novel drug delivery for skin cancer therapeutics, are discussed. Firstly, the prevalence statistics, current treatments, and limitations of convention dosage form for skin cancer treatment are discussed. Then, the common type of nanocarriers involved in the research for skin cancer treatment are summarized. Lastly, the utilization of vesicular drug delivery systems in delivering chemotherapeutics is reviewed and discussed, along with their beneficial aspects over other nanocarriers, safety concerns, and clinical aspects against skin cancer treatment.

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