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Role of Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) as a Mediator of Inflammatory Diseases and Preterm Delivery

Wahid HH, Anahar FN, Isahak NH, Zoharodzi JM, Mohammad Khoiri SNL, Mohamad Zainal NH, et al.

Am J Pathol, 2024 Feb 23.
PMID: 38403163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.01.018

Nearly 70% of preterm deliveries occur spontaneously, and the clinical pathways involved include preterm labor (PTL) and preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM). Prediction of preterm delivery is considered crucial due to the significant effects of preterm birth on health and the economy at both the personal and community levels. Although similar inflammatory processes occur in both term and preterm delivery, the premature activation of these processes or exaggerated inflammatory response triggered by infection or sterile factors leads to preterm delivery. Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a phosphoglycerylether lipid mediator of inflammation that is implicated in infections, cancers, and various chronic diseases and disorders including cardiovascular, renal, cerebrovascular, and central nervous system diseases. In gestational tissues, PAF is proposed to mediate the inflammatory pathways that stimulate the effector mechanisms of labor, including myometrial contraction, cervical dilation, and fetal membrane rupture. Studies have shown that women with PTL and pPROM have increased levels of PAF in their amniotic fluid. In mice, the intrauterine or intraperitoneal administration of carbamyl PAF (cPAF) activates inflammation in gestational tissues, thereby eliciting preterm delivery. In this review, we aim to summarize recent research on PAF as an important inflammatory mediator in preterm delivery and in other inflammatory disorders, highlighting its potential value for prediction, intervention, and prevention of these diseases.
Fulltext Cross-sectional study of influenza trends and costs in Malaysia between 2016 and 2018

Wan Puteh SE, Aazmi MS, Aziz MN, Kamarudin N', Sam JI, Thayan R, et al.

PLoS One, 2024;19(3):e0301068.
PMID: 38517867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301068

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: While influenza circulates year-round in Malaysia, research data on its incidence is scarce. Yet, this information is vital to the improvement of public health through evidence-based policies. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to determine the trends and financial costs of influenza.
METHODS: Data for the years 2016 through 2018 were gathered retrospectively from several sources. These were existing Ministry of Health (MOH) influenza sentinel sites data, two teaching hospitals, and two private medical institutions in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Expert consensus determined the final estimates of burden for laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI). Economic burden was estimated separately using secondary data supplemented by MOH casemix costing.
RESULTS: Altogether, data for 11,652 cases of ILI and 5,764 cases of SARI were extracted. The influenza B subtype was found to be predominant in 2016, while influenza A was more prevalent in 2017 and 2018. The distribution timeline revealed that the highest frequency of cases occurred in March and April of all three years. The costs of influenza amounted to MYR 310.9 million over the full three-year period.
CONCLUSIONS: The study provides valuable insights into the dynamic landscape of influenza in Malaysia. The findings reveal a consistent year-round presence of influenza with irregular seasonal peaks, including a notable influenza A epidemic in 2017 and consistent surges in influenza B incidence during March across three years. These findings underscore the significance of continuous monitoring influenza subtypes for informed healthcare strategies as well as advocate for the integration of influenza vaccination into Malaysia's national immunization program, enhancing overall pandemic preparedness.
Optimizing timber transportation planning for timber harvesting using bees algorithm in Malaysia

Jamaluddin J, Kamarudin N, Ismail MH, Ahmad SA

J Environ Manage, 2023 Apr 20;340:117977.
PMID: 37086558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117977

Suitable extraction technique and the least cost while reducing the environmental impact is the primary concern in timber transportation planning in undulate topography. Two types of extraction machines with unique characteristics to be applied in timber harvest area in Malaysia is combined for timber harvesting with the aim each machine will extract timber suitable to their ability. A Bees Algorithm (BA) was proposed to find an optimum TTP for timber extraction, forest road, and landing locations with grid cell-sized 10 m × 10 m and attributed with fixed and variable costs. The result shows the log fisher (1351 timbers) as a preferable extraction technique with total cost of RM 86,551.73 than the crawler tractor (206 timbers); the timber extraction route is 2630 m for the log fisher and 9860 m for the crawler tractor with total cost of RM 10,453.03. The model finds a suitable timber extraction technique and estimates the extraction costs. Further studies are required to compare the BA with other optimization methods for better results.
Fulltext Draft Genome Sequences of Four Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains (M080_2017, M106_2017, M181_2017, and M191_2017), Isolated from a Malaysian Teaching Hospital

Ang MY, Binti Mohamad Farook NA, Kamarudin N, Lam SD, Di Gregorio S, Tengku Jamaluddin TZM, et al.

Microbiol Resour Announc, 2022 Dec 15;11(12):e0086722.
PMID: 36413024 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00867-22

Draft genome sequences were obtained for four methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from various wards of the Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz (HCTM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in 2017. Using different bioinformatics tools, we annotated the draft genomes and identified multiple antimicrobial resistance genes.
Effect of COVID-19 on tuberculosis notification in Johor Bahru, Malaysia

Tok PSK, Kamarudin N', Jamaludin M, Ab Razak MF, Ahmad MAS, Abu Bakar FA, et al.

Infect Dis (Lond), 2022 Mar;54(3):235-237.
PMID: 34772327 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2021.2000636
Fulltext Whole genome sequence analysis showing unique SARS-CoV-2 lineages of B.1.524 and AU.2 in Malaysia

Zainulabid UA, Mat Yassim AS, Hussain M, Aslam A, Soffian SN, Mohd Ibrahim MS, et al.

PLoS One, 2022;17(2):e0263678.
PMID: 35213571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263678

SARS-CoV-2 has spread throughout the world since its discovery in China, and Malaysia is no exception. WGS has been a crucial approach in studying the evolution and genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in the ongoing pandemic. Despite considerable number of SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences have been submitted to GISAID and NCBI databases, there is still scarcity of data from Malaysia. This study aims to report new Malaysian lineages of the virus, responsible for the sustained spikes in COVID-19 cases during the third wave of the pandemic. Patients with nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal swabs confirmed COVID-19 positive by real-time RT-PCR with CT value < 25 were chosen for WGS. The selected SARS-CoV-2 isolates were then sequenced, characterized and analyzed along with 986 sequences of the dominant lineages of D614G variants currently circulating throughout Malaysia. The prevalence of clade GH and G formed strong ground for the presence of two Malaysian lineages of AU.2 and B.1.524 that has caused sustained spikes of cases in the country. Statistical analysis on the association of gender and age group with Malaysian lineages revealed a significant association (p <0.05). Phylogenetic analysis revealed dispersion of 41 lineages, of these, 22 lineages are still active. Mutational analysis showed presence of unique G1223C missense mutation in transmembrane domain of the spike protein. For better understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 evolution in Malaysia especially with reference to the reported lineages, large scale studies based on WGS are warranted.
Stromal expression of CD10 in invasive breast carcinoma and its association with tumour stage, grade, ER, PR and HER2 status

Kamarudin NA, Abd Shukor N, Farouk WI, Muhammad Hanapi NA, Mohammed F

Malays J Pathol, 2021 Dec;43(3):389-396.
PMID: 34958060

INTRODUCTION: Tumour microenvironment (TME) has been postulated to be involved in cancer development and disease progression. Studies have shown CD10 expressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) within TME is associated with aggressive biological behaviour and poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate stromal CD10 expression in invasive breast cancer and its correlation with tumour stage, grade, Estrogen receptor (ER), Progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2 status.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 226 invasive breast carcinoma cases were selected and assembled into tissue microarrays (TMAs). The stromal expression of CD10 was immunohistochemically analysed.
RESULTS: Stromal CD10 was positive in 67 (29.6%) cases of invasive breast carcinoma. The frequency of positive stromal staining was significantly higher in the cases with ER-negative (P=0.000). CD10 stromal negativity was significantly higher in luminaltype cases (P=0.001). However, there was no correlation between stromal CD10 expression with tumour grade, stage, PR and HER2 status.
CONCLUSION: Positive CD10 stromal expression correlates with ER-negative invasive breast carcinomas, while negative CD10 stromal expression correlates with luminal type invasive breast carcinomas. This demonstrates that stromal CD10 expression within the TME constitutes a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target. Future studies are necessary to evaluate other stromal markers within the TME immunohistochemically as well as its molecular basis in order to confirm the definite role of stromal CD10.
Fulltext Near-Complete Genome Sequences of Nine SARS-CoV-2 Strains Harboring the D614G Mutation in Malaysia

Zainulabid UA, Kamarudin N, Zulkifly AH, Gan HM, Tay DD, Siew SW, et al.

Microbiol Resour Announc, 2021 Aug 05;10(31):e0065721.
PMID: 34351228 DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00657-21

Here, we report the nearly complete genome sequences of nine severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with the D614G mutation. These viruses were detected from various infected individuals with different levels of severity from Pahang, Malaysia. In addition, this study described the presence of lineage B.1.351 as a type of variant of concern (VOC) and lineages B.1.466.2 and B.1.524 as local variants.
Fulltext Higher mortality rates for large- and medium-sized mammals on plantation roads compared to highways in Peninsular Malaysia

Jamhuri J, Edinoor MA, Kamarudin N, Lechner AM, Ashton-Butt A, Azhar B

Ecol Evol, 2020 Nov;10(21):12049-12058.
PMID: 33209269 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6827

The fragmentation of forests by agricultural expansion, urbanization, and road networks is an ongoing global biodiversity crisis. In Southeast Asia and other tropical regions, wildlife populations are being isolated into pockets of natural habitat surrounded by road networks and monoculture plantations. Mortality from wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs) is contributing to a decline in many species of conservation priority in human-modified landscapes. This study is the first in Malaysia to investigate factors affecting the occurrence of WVCs. We assessed roadkill data gathered by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks on small-, medium-, and large-sized mammals in Peninsular Malaysia. We examined the relationship between wildlife road accidents and several environmental factors. We found a total of 605 roadkill animals, involving 21 species, which included three species classified as Endangered. Road type (plantation road or highway), year, and distance of the road from continuous and fragmented forests were significant in determining mammal mortality. Unexpectedly, the majority of road mortality occurred on palm oil plantation roads compared to highways. Mortality of small- and medium-sized mammals was greater at locations further from continuous forest than those closer to fragmented forests. Segmentation of continuous forest by roads should be avoided wherever possible to reduce the threat of roads on crossing wildlife.
Fulltext Rheological Study of Phenol Formaldehyde Resole Resin Synthesized for Laminate Application

Kamarudin N, Awang Biak DR, Zainal Abidin Z, Cardona F, Sapuan SM

Materials (Basel), 2020 Jun 05;13(11).
PMID: 32516968 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112578

Heat explosions are sometimes observed during the synthesis of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin. This scenario can be attributed to the high latent heat that was released and not dissipated leading to the occurrence of a runaway reaction. The synthesis temperature and time played important roles in controlling the heat release, hence preventing the resin from hardening during the synthesis process. This study aims to assess the rheological and viscoelasticity behaviors of the PF resin prepared using paraformaldehyde. The prepared PF resin was designed for laminate applications. The rheological behavior of the PF resin was assessed based on the different molar ratios of phenol to paraformaldehyde (P:F) mixed in the formulation. The molar ratios were set at 1.00:1.25, 1.00:1.50 and 1.00:1.75 of P to F, respectively. The rheological study was focused at specific synthesis temperatures, namely 40, 60, 80 and 100 °C. The synthesis time was observed for 240 min; changes in physical structure and viscosity of the PF resins were noted. It was observed that the viscosity values of the PF resins prepared were directly proportional to the synthesis temperature and the formaldehyde content. The PF resin also exhibited shear thickening behavior for all samples synthesized at 60 °C and above. For all PF resin samples synthesized at 60 °C and above, their viscoelasticity results indicated that the storage modulus (G'), loss modulus(G″) and tan δ are proportionally dependent on both the synthesis temperature and the formaldehyde content. Heat explosions were observed during the synthesis of PF resin at the synthesis temperature of 100 °C. This scenario can lead to possible runaway reaction which can also compromise the safety of the operators.
Antinociceptive Activity of Asiaticoside in Mouse Models of Induced Nociception

Ayumi RR, Shaik Mossadeq WM, Zakaria ZA, Bakhtiar MT, Kamarudin N, Hisamuddin N, et al.

Planta Med, 2020 May;86(8):548-555.
PMID: 32294786 DOI: 10.1055/a-1144-3663

The antinociceptive property of Centella asiatica extracts is known but the analgesic activity of its bioactive constituent asiaticoside has not been reported. We evaluated the antinociceptive activity of orally (p. o.) administered asiaticoside (1, 3, 5, and 10 mg/kg) in mice using the 0.6% acetic acid-induced writhing test, the 2.5% formalin-induced paw licking test, and the hot plate test. The capsaicin- and glutamate-induced paw licking tests were employed to evaluate the involvement of the vanilloid and glutamatergic systems, respectively. Asiaticoside (3, 5, and 10 mg/kg, p. o.) reduced the rate of writhing (p
Erratum: Antinociceptive Activity of Asiaticoside in Mouse Models of Induced Nociception

Ayumi RR, Shaik Mossadeq WM, Zakaria ZA, Bakhtiar MT, Kamarudin N, Hisamuddin N, et al.

Planta Med, 2020 May;86(8):e6.
PMID: 32384548 DOI: 10.1055/a-1170-9487
Synergistic effect of probe sonication and ionic liquid for extraction of phenolic acids from oak galls

Sukor NF, Jusoh R, Kamarudin NS, Abdul Halim NA, Sulaiman AZ, Abdullah SB

Ultrason Sonochem, 2020 Apr;62:104876.
PMID: 31796331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104876

Phenolic acids of oak gall were extracted using ultrasonic-probe assisted extraction (UPAE) method in the presence of ionic liquid. It was compared with classical ultrasonic-bath assisted extraction (CUBAE) and conventional aqueous extraction (CAE) method, with and without the presence of ionic liquid. Remarkably, the UPAE method yielded two-fold higher extraction yield with the presence of ionic liquid, resulting 481.04 mg/g for gallic acids (GA) and 2287.90 mg/g for tannic acids (TA), while a decreased value of 130.36 mg/g for GA and 1556.26 mg/g for TA were resulted with the absence of ionic liquid. Intensification process resulted the highest yield of 497.34 mg/g and 2430.48 mg/g for GA and TA, respectively, extracted at temperature 50 °C with sonication intensity of 8.66 W/cm2 and 10% duty cycle, diluted in ionic liquid, 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [Bmim][Tf2N] at concentration of 0.10 M with sample-to-solvent ratio 1:10 for 8 h. Peleg's model successfully predicted the UPAE process confirming that extraction capacity is the controlling factor in extracting phenolic acids. Hence, it can be concluded that UPAE method and ionic liquid have synergistic effect as it effectively enhanced the extraction efficiency to increase the bioactive constituents yield.
Cellulitis due to Shewanella algae: Crucial diagnostic clues from basic microbiological tests

Ding CH, Wahab AA, Muttaqillah NAS, Kamarudin N, Saarah WR

Trop Biomed, 2019 Dec 01;36(4):883-887.
PMID: 33597461

Shewanella spp. are infrequently implicated in human infections but they are emerging pathogens with particular significance in regions with warm climates, such as Southeast Asia. This is a case of a middle-aged diabetic and hypertensive man who presented with worsening congestive heart failure symptoms associated with fever and a painful right leg. His right leg had numerous scabs and was tender, warm and erythematous. He was provisionally diagnosed with decompensated heart failure precipitated by cellulitis and uncontrolled hypertension. His blood grew non-fermentative, oxidase-positive and motile gram-negative bacilli which produced hydrogen sulfide on triple sugar iron agar. When cultured on blood agar, mucoid and weakly β-haemolytic colonies were observed after 48 hours. API 20 NE named the isolate as Shewanella putrefaciens but 16S rRNA sequence analysis identified the organism as Shewanella algae. The patient was treated with a 10-day course of ceftazidime, which resulted in the resolution of the cellulitis.
Fulltext Anti-Edematogenic and Anti-Granuloma Activity of a Synthetic Curcuminoid Analog, 5-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)penta-2,4-dien-1-one, in Mouse Models of Inflammation

Hisamuddin N, Shaik Mossadeq WM, Sulaiman MR, Abas F, Leong SW, Kamarudin N, et al.

Molecules, 2019 Jul 18;24(14).
PMID: 31323775 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142614

Curcumin, derived from the rhizome Curcuma longa, has been scientifically proven to possess anti-inflammatory activity but is of limited clinical and veterinary use owing to its low bioavailability and poor solubility. Hence, analogs of curcuminoids with improved biological properties have been synthesized to overcome these limitations. This study aims to provide the pharmacological basis for the use of 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)penta-2,4-dien-1-one (DHHPD), a synthetic curcuminoid analog, as an anti-edematogenic and anti-granuloma agent. The carrageenan-induced paw edema and the cotton pellet-induced granuloma assays were used to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of DHHPD in mice. The effects of DHHPD on the histaminergic, serotonergic, and bradykininergic systems were determined by the histamine-, serotonin-, and bradykinin-induced paw edema tests, respectively. DHHPD (0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) evoked significant reductions (p < 0.05) in carrageenan-induced paw edema at different time intervals and granuloma formation (p < 0.0001) by 22.08, 32.57, 37.20, and 49.25%, respectively. Furthermore, DHHPD significantly reduced paw edema (p < 0.05) induced by histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin. The present study suggests that DHHPD exerts anti-edematogenic activity, possibly by inhibiting the synthesis or release of autacoid mediators of inflammation through the histaminergic, serotonergic, and bradykininergic systems. The anti-granuloma effect may be attributed to the suppression of transudative, exudative, and proliferative activities associated with inflammation.
Fulltext How to develop a comprehensive Mangrove Quality Index?

Ibrahim FH, Mohd Yusoff F, Fitrianto A, Nuruddin AA, Gandaseca S, Samdin Z, et al.

MethodsX, 2019;6:1591-1599.
PMID: 31321213 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.06.014

Currently, the available indices to measure mangrove health are not comprehensive. An integrative ecological-socio economic index could give a better picture of the mangrove ecosystem health. This method explored all key biological, hydrological, ecological and socio-economic variables to form a comprehensive mangrove quality index. A total of 10 out of 43 variables were selected based on principal component analysis (PCA). They are aboveground biomass, crab abundance, soil carbon, soil nitrogen, number of phytoplankton species, number of diatom species, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, education level and fishing time spent by fishers. Two types of indices were successfully developed to indicate the health status viz., (1) Mangrove quality index for a specific category (MQISi ) and, (2) Overall mangrove quality index (MQI) to reflect the overall health status of the ecosystem. The indices for the five different categories were mangrove biotic integrity index ( M Q I S 1 ), mangrove soil index ( M Q I S 2 ), marine-mangrove index ( M Q I S 3 ), mangrove-hydrology index ( M Q I S 4 ) and mangrove socio-economic index ( M Q I S 5 ). The quality of the mangroves was classified from 1 to 5 viz. 1 (worst), 2 (bad), 3 (moderate), 4 (good), 5 (excellent). These MQI class could reflect the quality of mangrove forest which could be managed with the objective of improving its quality. Advantages of this method include: •PCA to select metrics from ecological-socioeconomic variables•Formulation of MQI based on selected metrics•Comprehensive index to classify mangrove ecosystem health.
Fulltext Urban forest fragmentation impoverishes native mammalian biodiversity in the tropics

Tee SL, Samantha LD, Kamarudin N, Akbar Z, Lechner AM, Ashton-Butt A, et al.

Ecol Evol, 2018 Dec;8(24):12506-12521.
PMID: 30619561 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4632

Urban expansion has caused major deforestation and forest fragmentation in the tropics. The impacts of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity are understudied in urban forest patches, especially in the tropics and little is known on the conservation value of the patches for maintaining mammalian biodiversity. In this study, camera trapping was used to determine the species composition and species richness of medium- and large-sized mammals in three urban forest patches and a contiguous forest in Peninsular Malaysia. We identified the key vegetation attributes that predicted mammal species richness and occurrence of herbivores and omnivores in urban forest patches. A total number of 19 mammal species from 120 sampling points were recorded. Contiguous forest had the highest number of species compared to the urban forest patches. Sunda Pangolin and Asian Tapir were the only conservation priority species recorded in the urban forest patches and contiguous forest, respectively. Top predators such as Malayan Tiger and Melanistic Leopard were completely absent from the forest patches as well as the contiguous forest. This was reflected by the abundance of wild boars. We found that mammal species richness increased with the number of trees with DBH less than 5 cm, trees with DBH more than 50 cm, and dead standing trees. In the future, the remaining mammal species in the urban forest patches are expected to be locally extinct as connecting the urban forest patches may be infeasible due to land scarcity. Hence, to maintain the ecological integrity of urban forest patches, we recommend that stakeholders take intervention measures such as reintroduction of selected species and restocking of wild populations in the urban forest patches to regenerate the forest ecosystems.
Pharmaceuticals residues in selected tropical surface water bodies from Selangor (Malaysia): Occurrence and potential risk assessments

Praveena SM, Shaifuddin SNM, Sukiman S, Nasir FAM, Hanafi Z, Kamarudin N, et al.

Sci Total Environ, 2018 Nov 15;642:230-240.
PMID: 29902621 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.058

This study investigated the occurrence of nine pharmaceuticals (amoxicillin, caffeine, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, dexamethasone, diclofenac, nitrofurazone, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan) and to evaluate potential risks (human health and ecotoxicological) in Lui, Gombak and Selangor (Malaysia) rivers using commercial competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit assays. Physicochemical properties of these rivers showed the surface samples belong to Class II of Malaysian National Water Quality Standards which requires conventional treatment before consumption. All the pharmaceuticals were detected in all three rivers except for triclosan, dexamethasone and diclofenac which were not detected in few of sampling locations in these three rivers. Highest pharmaceutical concentrations were detected in Gombak river in line of being as one of the most polluted rivers in Malaysia. Ciprofloxacin concentrations were detected in all the sampling locations with the highest at 299.88 ng/L. While triclosan, dexamethasone and diclofenac concentrations were not detected in a few of sampling locations in these three rivers. All these nine pharmaceuticals were within the levels reported previously in literature. Pharmaceutical production, wastewater treatment technologies and treated sewage effluent were found as the potential sources which can be related with pharmaceuticals occurrence in surface water samples. Potential human risk assessment showed low health risk except for ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone. Instead, ecotoxicological risk assessment indicated moderate risks were present for these rivers. Nevertheless, results confirmation using instrumental techniques is needed for higher degree of specificity. It is crucial to continuously monitor the surface water bodies for pharmaceuticals using a cost-effective prioritisation approach to assess sensitive sub-populations risk.
Fulltext Analgesic Effect of 5-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)penta-2,4-dien-1-one in Experimental Animal Models of Nociception

Kamarudin N, Hisamuddin N, Ong HM, Ahmad Azmi AF, Leong SW, Abas F, et al.

Molecules, 2018 Aug 21;23(9).
PMID: 30134576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092099

Curcuminoids derived from turmeric rhizome have been reported to exhibit antinociceptive, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. We evaluated the peripheral and central antinociceptive activities of 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)penta-2,4-dien-1-one (DHHPD), a novel synthetic curcuminoid analogue at 0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg (intraperitoneal), through chemical and thermal models of nociception. The effects of DHHPD on the vanilloid and glutamatergic systems were evaluated through the capsaicin- and glutamate-induced paw licking tests. Results showed that DHHPD significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated the writhing response produced by the 0.8% acetic acid injection. In addition, 1 and 3 mg/kg of DHHPD significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the licking time spent by each mouse in both phases of the 2.5% formalin test and increased the response latency of mice on the hot-plate. However, the effect produced in the latter was not reversed by naloxone, a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist. Despite this, DHHPD decreased the licking latency of mice in the capsaicin- and glutamate-induced paw licking tests in a dose response manner. In conclusion, DHHPD showed excellent peripheral and central antinociceptive activities possibly by attenuation of the synthesis and/or release of pro-inflammatory mediators in addition to modulation of the vanilloid and glutamatergic systems without an apparent effect on the opioidergic system.
Variation of the crystal growth of mesoporous silica nanoparticles and the evaluation to ibuprofen loading and release

Kamarudin NH, Jalil AA, Triwahyono S, Artika V, Salleh NF, Karim AH, et al.

J Colloid Interface Sci, 2014 May 1;421:6-13.
PMID: 24594025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.01.034

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were synthesized with variable microwave power in the range of 100-450 W, and the resulting enhancement of MSN crystal growth was evaluated for the adsorption and release of ibuprofen. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the MSN prepared under the highest microwave power (MSN450) produced the most crystallized and prominent mesoporous structure. Enhancement of the crystal growth improved the hexagonal order and range of silica, which led to greater surface area, pore width and pore volume. MSN450 exhibited higher ibuprofen adsorption (98.3 mg/g), followed by MSN300(81.3 mg/g) and MSN100(74.1 mg/g), confirming that more crystallized MSN demonstrated higher adsorptivity toward ibuprofen. Significantly, MSN450 also contained more hydroxyl groups that provided more adsorption sites. In addition, MSN450 exhibited comparable ibuprofen adsorption with conventionally synthesized MSN, indicating the potential of microwave treatment in the synthesis of related porous materials. In vitro drug release was also investigated with simulated biological fluids and the kinetics was studied under different pH conditions. MSN450 showed the slowest release rate of ibuprofen, followed by MSN300 and MSN100. This was due to the wide pore diameter and longer range of silica order of the MSN450. Ibuprofen release from MSN450 at pH 5 and 7 was found to obey a zero-order kinetic model, while release at pH 2 followed the Kosmeyer-Peppas model.

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