Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 33 in total

Abstract:
Sort:
  1. Fulltext RNA purification-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP)
    Lai MY, Suppiah J, Thayan R, Ismail I, Mustapa NI, Soh TST, et al.
    Trop Med Health, 2022 Jan 04;50(1):2.
    PMID: 34980275 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00396-y
    BACKGROUND: Current diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection relies on RNA purification prior to amplification. Typical extraction methods limit the processing speed and turnaround time for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing.

    METHODS: Here, we applied reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification directly onto human clinical swabs samples to amplify the RNA from SARS-CoV-2 swab samples after processing with chelating resin.

    RESULTS: By testing our method on 64 samples, we managed to develop an RT-LAMP assay with 95.9% sensitivity (95% CI 86 to 99.5%) and 100% specificity (95% CI 78.2-100%).

    CONCLUSION: The entire process including sample processing can be completed in approximately 50 min. This method has promising potential to be applied as a fast, simple and inexpensive diagnostic tool for the detection of SARS-CoV-2.

  2. Correction: RNA purification-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP)
    Lai MY, Suppiah J, Thayan R, Ismail I, Mustapa NI, Soh TST, et al.
    Trop Med Health, 2023 Nov 22;51(1):66.
    PMID: 37993919 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00555-3
  3. Fulltext Simultaneous detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by multiplex PCR
    Thong KL, Lai MY, Teh C SJ, Chua KH
    Trop Biomed, 2011 Apr;28(1):21-31.
    PMID: 21602765 MyJurnal
    A PCR-based assay that can simultaneously detect and differentiate five different types of nosocomial bacterial pathogens was developed. Six pairs of selected primers targeting femA (132 bp) and mecA (310 bp) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, gltA (722 bp) of Acinetobacter baumannii, phoA (903 bp) of Escherichia coli, mdh (364 bp) of Klebsiella pneumoniae and oprL (504 bp) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used in this study. The conditions were optimized for the multiplex PCR to ensure specific amplification of the selected targets. Sensitivity and specificity tests were also carried out using a blind test approach on 50 bacterial cultures and resulted in 100% for both positive and negative predictive values.
  4. High incidence of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria compared to other human malaria species in several hospitals in Malaysia
    Lai MY, Rafieqin N, Lee PYL, Amir Rawa MS, Dzul S, Yahaya N, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2021 Sep 01;38(3):248-253.
    PMID: 34362867 DOI: 10.47665/tb.38.3.065
    Through the regional control programme, Malaysia has been successfully reducing the incidence of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections. However, the incidence of zoonotic malaria Plasmodium knowlesi infection is increasing and now has been the major cause of malaria in Malaysia especially Malaysian Borneo. The emergence of knowlesi infection has threatened the malaria elimination programme which the government aims to reduce the overall malaria infections by 2020. Unlike other benign human Plasmodium spp., P. knowlesi can cause fatal infections. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and distribution of five human malaria parasites including P. knowlesi in Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. A total of 112 blood samples were collected from seven states and district hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo from year 2015 to 2016. The samples were examined by microscopy and further confirmed by nested PCR assay targeting 18S rRNA gene of Plasmodium spp. Following the nested PCR assays, a total of 54 (48.2%) samples were positive for P. knowlesi infections, 12 (10.7%) cases were positive for P. vivax infections, followed by 7 (6.3%) cases of P. falciparum and 4 (3.5%) cases of P. malariae. There were 3 cases (2.7%) of mixed infections (P. knowlesi/P. vivax). However, no cases were identified as P. ovale. A total of 32 (28.6%) cases were found as negative infections. LoopMediated Isothermal Amplification Assay (LAMP) was performed to confirm inconclusive results produced by microscopy and nested PCR. P. knowlesi showed the highest prevalence in Sarawak (n= 30), Sabah (n=13), Pulau Pinang (n=5) and Pahang (n=6). PCR and LAMP was not able to detect a large number of microscopy positive samples due to DNA degradation during storage and shipping. Among all the states involved in this study, the highest prevalence of P. knowlesi infection was found in Sabah and Sarawak.
  5. Elimination of contamination in loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of human malaria
    Zen LPY, Lai MY, Lau YL
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Dec 01;37(4):1124-1128.
    PMID: 33612764 DOI: 10.47665/tb.37.4.1124
    The LAMP assay, amplifies the target DNA rapidly, with 10-fold greater sensitivity than conventional PCR. The greater sensitivity also comes with greater risks of contamination. To overcome this issue, the current project includes either uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) or a mineral oil overlay in the LAMP assay. Our results indicated that UDG or a mineral oil overlay can effectively prevent carryover contamination in the LAMP assay for the detection of human malaria. By incorporating these preventative methods, contamination can be eliminated and LAMP can potentially be used in the field; and point of care diagnosis for human malaria.
  6. Experimental Study on Plasmodium knowlesi Normocyte Binding Protein Xa Region II (PkNBPXaII) for Erythrocyte Binding
    Wong KC, Lai MY, De Silva JR, Cheong FW, Fong MY, Lau YL
    Trop Biomed, 2021 Jun 01;38(2):143-148.
    PMID: 34172703 DOI: 10.47665/tb.38.2.051
    Normocyte binding protein Xa (NBPXa) has been implied to play a significant role in parasite invasion of human erythrocytes. Previous phylogenetic studies have reported the existence of three types of NBPXa for Plasmodium knowlesi (PkNBPXa). PkNBPXa region II (PkNBPXaII) of type 1, type 2 and type 3 were expressed on mammalian cell surface and interacted with human and macaque (Macaca fascicularis) erythrocytes. The binding activities of PkNBPXaII towards human and macaque erythrocytes were evaluated using erythrocyte-binding assay (EBA). Three parameters were evaluated to achieve the optimal protein expression of PkNBPXaII and erythrocyte binding activity in EBA: types of mammalian cells, post transfection time and erythrocyte incubation time. COS-7, HEK-293, and CHO-K1 cells showed successful expression of PkNBPXaII, despite the protein expression is weak compared to the positive control. COS-7 was used in EBA. All three types of PkNBPXaII showed rosette formation with macaque erythrocytes but not with human erythrocytes. Future studies to enhance the PkNBPXaII expression on surface of mammalian cells is indeed needed in order to elucidate the specific role of PkNBPXaII in erythrocytes invasion.
  7. Case report: recurrence of Plasmodium vivax malaria due to defective cytochrome P450 2D6 function in Pos Lenjang, Pahang, Malaysia
    Mat Salleh NH, Rahman MFA, Samsusah S, De Silva JR, Ng DC, Ghozali AH, et al.
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 2020 Sep 01;114(9):700-703.
    PMID: 32511702 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa042
    Five children in Pos Lenjang, Pahang, Malaysia were PCR-positive for vivax malaria and were admitted to the hospital from 5 to 26 July 2019. One of the patients experienced three episodes of recurrence of vivax malaria. Microsatellite analysis showed that reinfection is unlikely. Drug resistance analysis indicated that Riamet (artemether-lumefantrine) is effective. Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) testing showed that this patient has defective CYP2D6 function. Primaquine failure to clear the Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites may be the cause of recurring infections in this patient. This report highlights the need for the development of liver-stage curative antimalarials that do not require metabolism by the CYP2D6 enzyme.
  8. Fulltext Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Identification of Five Human Plasmodium Species in Malaysia
    Lau YL, Lai MY, Fong MY, Jelip J, Mahmud R
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2016 Feb;94(2):336-339.
    PMID: 26598573 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0569
    The lack of rapid, affordable, and accurate diagnostic tests represents the primary hurdle affecting malaria surveillance in resource- and expertise-limited areas. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a sensitive, rapid, and cheap diagnostic method. Five species-specific LAMP assays were developed based on 18S rRNA gene. Sensitivity and specificity of LAMP results were calculated as compared with microscopic examination and nested polymerase chain reaction. LAMP reactions were highly sensitive with the detection limit of one copy for Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, and Plasmodium malariae and 10 copies for Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium ovale. LAMP positively detected all human malaria species in all positive samples (N = 134; sensitivity = 100%) within 35 minutes. All negative samples were not amplified by LAMP (N = 67; specificity = 100%). LAMP successfully detected two samples with very low parasitemia. LAMP may offer a rapid, simple, and reliable test for the diagnosis of malaria in areas where malaria is prevalent.
  9. Fulltext Comparison of three molecular methods for the detection and speciation of five human Plasmodium species
    Lau YL, Lai MY, Anthony CN, Chang PY, Palaeya V, Fong MY, et al.
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2015 Jan;92(1):28-33.
    PMID: 25385862 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0309
    In this study, three molecular assays (real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction [PCR], merozoite surface antigen gene [MSP]-multiplex PCR, and the PlasmoNex Multiplex PCR Kit) have been developed for diagnosis of Plasmodium species. In total, 52 microscopy-positive and 20 malaria-negative samples were used in this study. We found that real-time multiplex PCR was the most sensitive for detecting P. falciparum and P. knowlesi. The MSP-multiplex PCR assay and the PlasmoNex Multiplex PCR Kit were equally sensitive for diagnosing P. knowlesi infection, whereas the PlasmoNex Multiplex PCR Kit and real-time multiplex PCR showed similar sensitivity for detecting P. vivax. The three molecular assays displayed 100% specificity for detecting malaria samples. We observed no significant differences between MSP-multiplex PCR and the PlasmoNex multiplex PCR kit (McNemar's test: P = 0.1489). However, significant differences were observed comparing real-time multiplex PCR with the PlasmoNex Multiplex PCR Kit (McNemar's test: P = 0.0044) or real-time multiplex PCR with MSP-multiplex PCR (McNemar's test: P = 0.0012).
  10. Fulltext A Sensitive Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Direct Visual Detection of SARS-CoV-2
    Lau YL, Ismail IB, Izati Binti Mustapa N, Lai MY, Tuan Soh TS, Hassan AH, et al.
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2020 Dec;103(6):2350-2352.
    PMID: 33098286 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1079
    A simple and rapid reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The RT-LAMP assay was highly specific for SARS-CoV-2 and was able to detect one copy of transcribed SARS-CoV-2 RNA within 24 minutes. Assay validation performed using 50 positive and 32 negative clinical samples showed 100% sensitivity and specificity. The RT-LAMP would be valuable for clinical diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection in resource-limited areas as it does not require the use of sophisticated and costly equipment.
  11. Fulltext Evaluation of WarmStart Colorimetric Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Diagnosis of Malaria
    Lai MY, Ooi CH, Jaimin JJ, Lau YL
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2020 06;102(6):1370-1372.
    PMID: 32228783 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0001
    The incidence of zoonotic malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi, infection is increasing and now is the major cause of malaria in Malaysia. Here, we describe a WarmStart colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of Plasmodium spp. The detection limit for this assay was 10 copies/µL for P knowlesi and Plasmodium ovale and 1 copy/µL for Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium malariae. To test clinical sensitivity and specificity, 100 microscopy-positive and 20 malaria-negative samples were used. The WarmStart colorimetric LAMP was 98% sensitive and 100% specific. Amplification products were visible for direct observation, thereby eliminating the need for post-amplification processing steps. Therefore, WarmStart colorimetric LAMP is suitable for use in resource-limited settings.
  12. Fulltext Development of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification-Based Lateral Flow Device Method for the Detection of Malaria
    Mallepaddi PC, Lai MY, Podha S, Ooi CH, Liew JW, Polavarapu R, et al.
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2018 09;99(3):704-708.
    PMID: 29943720 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0177
    The present study aims to develop a method for rapid diagnosis of malaria using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) combined with a lateral flow device (LFD). By adding the biotin-labeled and fluorescein amidite-labeled loop primers to the LAMP reaction solution, the end product can be visualized on a LFD. The entire procedure takes approximately 42 minutes to complete, LAMP assay exhibited high sensitivity, as the detection limit was 0.01 pg/μL for all five Plasmodium species. It was demonstrated that all Plasmodium knowlesi (N = 90) and Plasmodium vivax (N = 56) were positively amplified by LAMP-LFD assay, whereas healthy donor samples (N = 8) were negative. However, not all mixed infections were positive, and other infected nonmalaria samples were negative. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification-LFD represents a robust approach with potential suitability for use in resource-constrained laboratories. We believe that LAMP-LFD has a potential to be developed as point-of-care diagnostic tool in future.
  13. Fulltext Colorimetric Reverse Transcription-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2
    Lai MY, Tang SN, Lau YL
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2021 Jun 15;105(2):375-377.
    PMID: 34129521 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0150
    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been spreading rapidly all over the world. In the absence of effective treatments or a vaccine, there is an urgent need to develop a more rapid and simple detection technology of COVID-19. We describe a WarmStart colorimetric reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The detection limit for this assay was 1 copy/µL SARS-CoV-2. To test the clinical sensitivity and specificity of the assay, 37 positive and 20 negative samples were used. The WarmStart colorimetric RT-LAMP had 100% sensitivity and specificity. End products were detected by direct observation, thereby eliminating the need for post-amplification processing steps. WarmStart colorimetric RT-LAMP provides an opportunity to facilitate virus detection in resource-limited settings without a sophisticated diagnostic infrastructure.
  14. Fulltext Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Combined with a Lateral Flow Strip for the Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi
    Lai MY, Ooi CH, Lau YL
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2018 03;98(3):700-703.
    PMID: 29260656 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0738
    The aim of this study was to develop a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with a lateral flow (LF) strip method for specific diagnosis of Plasmodium knowlesi. With incubation at 37°C, the 18S rRNA gene of P. knowlesi was successfully amplified within 12 minutes. By adding a specifically designed probe to the reaction solution, the amplified RPA product can be visualized on a LF strip. The RPA assay exhibited high sensitivity with limits of detection down to 10 parasites/μL of P. knowlesi. Nonetheless, it was demonstrated that all P. knowlesi (N = 41) and other Plasmodium sp. (N = 25) were positive while negative samples (N = 8) were negative. Therefore, a combination of RPA and LF strip detection is a highly promising approach with the potential to be suitable for use in resource-limited settings.
  15. Lateral Flow Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assays for the Detection of Human Plasmodium Species
    Lai MY, Abdul Hamid M, Jelip J, Mudin RN, Lau YL
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2023 Mar 13.
    PMID: 36913921 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0657
    This study highlights the development of two lateral flow recombinase polymerase amplification assays for the diagnosis of human malaria. The lateral flow cassettes contained test lines that captured biotin-, 6-carboxyfluorescein, digoxigenin-, cyanine 5-, and dinitrophenyl-labeled amplicons. The overall process can be completed in 30 minutes. Recombinase polymerase amplification coupled with lateral flow had a detection limit of 1 copy/µL for Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium falciparum. No cross-reactivity was observed among nonhuman malaria parasites such as Plasmodium coatneyi, Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium brasilanium, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium fragile, Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp., Brugia spp., and 20 healthy donors. It is rapid, highly sensitive, robust, and easy to use. The result can be read without the need for special equipment and thus has the potential to serve as an effective alternative to polymerase chain reaction methods for the diagnosis of malaria.
  16. Fulltext Two-Stage Detection of Plasmodium spp. by Combination of Recombinase Polymerase Amplification and Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay
    Lai MY, Lau YL
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2022 Oct 12;107(4):815-819.
    PMID: 35970289 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0136
    We developed a combination of recombinase polymerase and loop-mediated isothermal amplification methods (RAMP) for rapid screening of five human Plasmodium spp. simultaneously. RAMP is a two-stage isothermal amplification method, which consists of a first-stage recombinase polymerase amplification and a second-stage loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Under these two isothermal conditions, five Plasmodium spp. were amplified in less than 40 minutes. We demonstrated RAMP assay with 10-fold better limit of detection than a single (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) LAMP. As compared with microscopy, RAMP assay showed 100% sensitivity (95% CI: 95.65-100.00%) and 100% specificity (95% CI: 69.15-100.00%). The end products were inspected by the color changes of neutral red. Positive reactions were indicated by pink while the negative reactions remained yellow. The combination assay established in this study can be used as a routine diagnostic method for malaria.
  17. Fulltext Rapid Detection of Plasmodium knowlesi by Isothermal Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay
    Lai MY, Ooi CH, Lau YL
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2017 Nov;97(5):1597-1599.
    PMID: 28820700 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0427
    In this study, we developed a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay for specific diagnosis of Plasmodium knowlesi. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples using a commercial kit. With incubation at 37°C, the samples were successfully amplified within 20 minutes. The end product of RPA was further examined by loading onto agarose gel and a specific band was observed with a size of 128 bp. The RPA assay exhibited high sensitivity with limits of detection down to one copy of the plasmid. From the specificity experiments, it was demonstrated that all P. knowlesi samples (N = 45) were positive while other Plasmodium spp. (N = 42) and negative samples (N = 6) were negative. Therefore, the RPA assay is a highly promising approach with the potential to be used in resource-limited settings. This assay can be further optimized for bedside and on field application.
  18. Recombinase-Aided Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification on Human Plasmodium knowlesi
    Lai MY, Abdul Hamid MH, Jelip J, Mudin RN, Lau YL
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2024 Apr 03;110(4):648-652.
    PMID: 38412548 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0572
    Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a nucleic acid amplification technique that can amplify specific nucleic acids at a constant temperature (63-65°C) within a short period (<1 hour). In this study, we report the utilization of recombinase-aided LAMP to specifically amplify the 18S sRNA of Plasmodium knowlesi. The method was built on a conventional LAMP assay by inclusion of an extra enzyme, namely recombinase, into the master mixture. With the addition of recombinase into the LAMP assay, the assay speed was executed within a time frame of less than 28 minutes at 65°C. We screened 55 P. knowlesi samples and 47 non-P. knowlesi samples. No cross-reactivity was observed for non-P. knowlesi samples, and the detection limit for recombinase-aided LAMP was one copy for P. knowlesi after LAMP amplification. It has been reported elsewhere that LAMP can be detected through fluorescent readout systems. Although such systems result in considerable limits of detection, the need for sophisticated equipment limits their use. Hence, we used here a colorimetric detection platform for the evaluation of the LAMP assay's performance. This malachite green-based recombinase-aided LAMP assay enabled visualization of results with the naked eye. Negative samples were observed by a change in color from green to colorless, whereas positive samples remained green. Our results demonstrate that the LAMP assay developed here is a convenient, sensitive, and useful diagnostic tool for the rapid detection of knowlesi malaria parasites. This method is suitable for implementation in remote healthcare settings, where centralized laboratory facilities, funds, and clinicians are in short supply.
  19. Fulltext Colorimetric Detection of Dengue by Single Tube Reverse-Transcription-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
    Lau YL, Lai MY, Teoh BT, Abd-Jamil J, Johari J, Sam SS, et al.
    PLoS One, 2015;10(9):e0138694.
    PMID: 26384248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138694
    Dengue is usually diagnosed by isolation of the virus, serology or molecular diagnostic methods. Several commercial kits for the diagnosis of dengue are existing, but concerns have arisen regarding to the affordability and performance characteristics of these kits. Hence, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is potentially ideal to be used especially in resource limited environments. Serum was collected from healthy donors and patients diagnosed with dengue infection. RNA extracted from the serum samples were tested by reverse-transcription-LAMP assay developed based on 3'-NCR gene sequences for DENV 1-4. Results were interpreted by a turbidity meter in real time or visually at the end of the assay. Sensitivity and specificity of RT-LAMP results were calculated and compared to qRT-PCR and ELISA. RT-LAMP is highly sensitive with the detection limit of 10 RNA copies for all serotypes. Dengue virus RNA was detected in all positive samples using RT-LAMP and none of the negative samples within 30-45 minutes. With continuing efforts in the optimization of this assay, RT-LAMP may provide a simple and reliable test for detecting DENV in areas where dengue is prevalent.
  20. Fulltext Development of a reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid and direct visual detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
    Lau YL, Ismail IB, Mustapa NIB, Lai MY, Tuan Soh TS, Haji Hassan A, et al.
    PLoS One, 2021;16(1):e0245164.
    PMID: 33406112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245164
    Rapid diagnosis is an important intervention in managing the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak. Real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) remains the primary means for diagnosing the new virus strain but it is time consuming and costly. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is an isothermal amplification assay that does not require a PCR machine. It is an affordable, rapid, and simple assay. In this study, we developed and optimized a sensitive reverse transcription (RT)-RPA assay for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 using SYBR Green I and/or lateral flow (LF) strip. The analytical sensitivity and specificity of the RT-RPA assay were tested by using 10-fold serial diluted synthetic RNA and genomic RNA of similar viruses, respectively. Clinical sensitivity and specificity of the RT-RPA assay were carried out using 78 positive and 35 negative nasopharyngeal samples. The detection limit of both RPA and RT-qPCR assays was 7.659 and 5 copies/μL RNA, respectively with no cross reactivity with other viruses. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of RT-RPA were 98% and 100%, respectively. Our study showed that RT-RPA represents a viable alternative to RT-qPCR for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, especially in areas with limited infrastructure.
Related Terms
Filters
Contact Us

Please provide feedback to Administrator (afdal@afpm.org.my)

External Links