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  1. Fulltext Comparison of nested and ELISA based polymerase chain reaction assays for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnant women with preterm complications
    Sulaiman S, Chong PP, Mokhtarudin R, Lye MS, Wan Hassan WH
    Trop Biomed, 2014 Mar;31(1):36-45.
    PMID: 24862043 MyJurnal
    Identification of pregnant women infected with Chlamydia trachomatis is essential to allow early antibiotic treatment in order to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. In this study, two nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) namely nested PCR (BioSewoom, Korea) and Amplicor CT/NG (Roche Diagnostic, USA) were evaluated in terms of sensitivity and specificity for the detection of C. trachomatis DNA in pregnant women with preterm complications. A cross-sectional study was carried out in two public hospitals in Southern Selangor, Malaysia. Endocervical swabs obtained were subjected to DNA amplification using nested PCR (BioSewoom, Korea) and Amplicor CT/NG (Roche Diagnostic, USA). A total of 83 endocervical swabs obtained from pregnant women of less than 37 weeks gestation and presented with preterm complications were subjected to chlamydial DNA detection using both assays. The study shows that Amplicor CT/NG assay is more effective in the detection of C. trachomatis DNA from endocervical swabs compared to Biosewoom nested PCR kit. Agreement between the two assays were poor (kappa=0.094) with nested PCR showing a low sensitivity of 10.81% and a 97.83% specificity when compared to Amplicor CT/NG. The results obtained indicated that BioSewoom nested PCR was less sensitive than Amplicor CT/ NG for detecting C. trachomatis in endocervical specimens and that another more reliable test is required for confirmatory result.
  2. Anopheles flavirostris incriminated as a vector of malaria and Bancroftian filariasis in Banggi Island, Sabah, Malaysia
    Hii JL, Kan S, Vun YS, Chin KF, Lye MS, Mak JW, et al.
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1985;79(5):677-80.
    PMID: 3913069
    Seven villages in Banggi Island, Sabah, Malaysia, were surveyed four times to evaluate the roles of local mosquitoes as vectors of malaria and Bancroftian filariasis. 11 species of Anopheles were found biting man. 53.9% of the anophelines caught were An. flavirostris, 27.1% An. balabacensis, 6% An. donaldi and 4.2% An. subpictus. Infective malaria sporozoites, probably of human origin, were found in two of 336 An. flavirostris and 12 of 308 An. balabacensis. Sporozoites, probably of a non-human Plasmodium, were found in An. umbrosus. Nine of 1001 An. flavirostris and four of 365 An. balabacensis harboured L2 or L3 filarial larvae identified as those of Wuchereria bancrofti. This is the first record of An. flavirostris as a natural vector of malaria and W. bancrofti in Sabah.
  3. Serotonergic receptor gene polymorphism and response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in ethnic Malay patients with first episode of major depressive disorder
    Badamasi IM, Lye MS, Ibrahim N, Abdul Razaq NA, Ling KH, Stanslas J
    Pharmacogenomics J, 2021 Aug;21(4):498-509.
    PMID: 33731884 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00228-6
    The polymorphisms of the 5HTR1A and 5HTR2A receptor genes (rs6295C/G and rs6311G/A) have been evaluated for association with SSRI treatment outcome in various populations with different results. The present study was carried out to determine the association between genotypes of HTR1A-rs6295 and HTR2A-rs6311 with SSRI treatment outcome among the ethnic Malay patients diagnosed with first-episode major depressive disorder (MDD). The patients were recruited from four tertiary hospitals in the Klang Valley region of Malaysia. Predefined efficacy phenotypes based on 25% (partial early response) and 50% (clinical efficacy response) reduction in Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale-self Rated score (MADRS-S) were adopted for assessment of treatment efficacy in this study. Self-reporting for adverse effects (AE) was documented using the Patient Rated Inventory of Side Effect (PRISE) after treatment with SSRI for up to 6 weeks. Adjusted binary logistic regression between genotypes of the polymorphism obtained using sequencing technique with the treatment outcome phenotypes was performed. The 142 patients recruited were made up of 96 females (67.6%) and 46 males (32.4%). Clinical efficacy and Partial early response phenotypes were not significantly associated with genotypes of HTR1A and HTR2A polymorphism. The GG genotype of HTR2A polymorphism has decreased odds for dizziness (CNS) and increased odds for poor concentration. The GA genotype increases the odd for excessive sweating, diarrhoea, constipation and blurred vision. The CC genotype of HTR1A-rs6295 decreases the odd for nausea/vomiting and increases the odd for anxiety. Thus, some genotypes of HTR1A and HTR2A polymorphism were associated with SSRI treatment outcomes in ethnic Malay MDD patients.
  4. Fulltext Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among middle aged women in Babol, Iran
    Delavar MA, Lye MS, Khor GL, Hanachi P, Hassan ST
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2009 May;40(3):612-28.
    PMID: 19842450
    Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of interconnected cardiovascular risk factors. This research determined the prevalence of metabolic syndrome by body mass index, sociodemography, and lifestyle habits of women 30-50 years old in Babol Iran. A systematic random sampling was used to select 984 middle aged women from an urban area in Babol, Mazandaran, Iran. Screening was used to select eligible women who fulfilled selection criteria. The Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria were used to classify participants as having metabolic syndrome. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 31.0%. Abdominal obesity was observed in about 76.6% (n = 273) of subjects. The prevalences of hypertension, high fasting blood glucose, high triglycerides and low HDL-cholesterol were 12.1, 12.1, 41.5 and 48.6%, respectively. Older age (OR = 2.07; CI = 1.56-2.75), higher waist circumference (OR = 6.46; 95% CI = 3.48-11.96), higher systolic (OR = 3.84; 95% CI = 2.37-6.22) and diastolic blood pressure (OR = 1.89; 95% CI =1.17-3.05), low education level (OR = 2.780; CI = 1.80-4.31), housekeeping (OR = 3.92; CI = 1.24-12.44) and farming occupation (OR = 20.54; 95% CI = 3.54-119.06) were associated with increased risk for metabolic syndrome. The odds ratio (OR) showed no significant associations between metabolic syndrome and smoking or exposure to smoking. This study showed high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Iranian middle aged women. A larger area and population study is needed to enable broader recommendations for the prevention of metabolic syndrome.
  5. Fulltext Parasitic infections among Orang Asli (aborigine) in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia
    Hakim SL, Gan CC, Malkit K, Azian MN, Chong CK, Shaari N, et al.
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2007 May;38(3):415-9.
    PMID: 17877212
    In April 2004, an outbreak of acute diarrheal illness occurred among the Orang Asli (aborigine) in the Cameron Highlands, Pahang State, Peninsular Malaysia, where rotavirus was later implicated as the cause. In the course of the epidemic investigation, stool samples were collected and examined for infectious agents including parasites. Soil transmitted helminthes (STH), namely Ascaris lumbricoides (25.7%), Trichuris trichiura (31.1%) and hookworm (8.1%), and intestinal protozoa, which included Giardia lamblia (17.6%), Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar (9.4%), Blastocystis hominis (8.1%) and Cryptosporidium parvum (2.7%), were detected. Forty-four (59.5%) were infected with at least one parasite, 24 (32.4%), 12 (16.2%) and 8 (10.8%) had single, double and triple parasitic infections, respectively. STH were prevalent with infections occurring as early as in infancy. Giardia lamblia, though the most commonly found parasite in samples from symptomatic subjects, was within the normally reported rate of giardiasis among the various communities in Malaysia, and was an unlikely cause of the outbreak. However, heavy pre-existing parasitic infections could have contributed to the severity of the rotavirus diarrheal outbreak.
  6. Assessment of Nipah virus transmission among pork sellers in Seremban, Malaysia
    Premalatha GD, Lye MS, Ariokasamy J, Parashar UD, Rahmat R, Lee BY, et al.
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2000 Jun;31(2):307-9.
    PMID: 11127331
    Between September 1998 and May 1999, 265 cases of encephalitis were reported from among those involved in pig rearing. A few cases were also reported among abattoir workers. This raised questions of the risk of transmission among those who handled raw pork. A serosurvey was conducted among pork sellers in Seremban town, which is about 20 km from one of the pig rearing areas which had reported cases of encephalitis. It was found that out of the 28 pork sellers tested, only one tested positive for Nipah virus antibodies and that this pork seller also worked in an abattoir in the same district, removing the urinary bladders from slaughtered pigs. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the risk of transmission of the virus from handling raw pork appeared to be low.
  7. Risk factors for Nipah virus transmission, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia: results from a hospital-based case-control study
    Amal NM, Lye MS, Ksiazek TG, Kitsutani PD, Hanjeet KS, Kamaluddin MA, et al.
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2000 Jun;31(2):301-6.
    PMID: 11127330
    A hospital-based case-control study of viral encephalitis was carried out at Port Dickson Hospital, in the state of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Between March and May 1999, 69 clinically diagnosed viral encephalitis cases and 31 controls were interviewed. Job histories on pig farming activities were assessed by a group of epidemiologists and veterinary surgeons. Results show that among clinical cases of viral encephalitis, 52 (75.4%) cases were diagnosed to have Nipah virus infection based on positive serology for antibodies to the cross-reacting Hendra virus antigen. The Nipah virus encephalitis was significantly associated with a history of working in pig farms (p < 0.001, OR = 196.0, 95% CI = 20.4-4741.6), history of contact with animals (p < 0.001, OR = 38.3, 95% CI = 8.2-209.0) and with history of direct contact with pigs (p = 0.002, OR = 34.4, 95% CI = 2.6-1,024.4). The Nipah virus infection was also significantly associated with history of feeding/cleaning pigs (p < 0.001, OR = 102, 95% CI = 11.9-2,271.5). These results provide evidence that involvement in pig farming activities is significantly associated with the risk of getting Nipah virus infection. They are potential risk factors for Nipah virus transmission in the major pig-producing area of Bukit Pelandok, Port Dickson Negeri Sembilan.
  8. Fulltext Poliomyelitis and measles serosurvey in northern Malaysia
    Saraswathy TS, Sinniah M, Lee WS, Lye MS, Choo KE, Jusoh H
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1994 Sep;25(3):565-8.
    PMID: 7777927
    In 1990 the Institute for Medical Research carried out a serosurvey in the state of Kelantan to study the age stratified immune prevalence rates for measles and poliomyelitis. Our findings indicate that 981 out of 1,097 (89%) of the population screened had measles antibodies and more than 90% (366 out of 400) had antibodies to all three serotypes of poliovirus. The susceptible group for measles was infants below one year of age, of whom 53.3% (8/15) did not have measles antibody. Of 400 subjects, 125 (31.3%) who were either incompletely vaccinated or had not been vaccinated against poliomyelitis, had polio neutralizing antibodies to all three poliovirus serotypes, suggesting herd immunity in the population. No high risk age group could be identified for poliomyelitis.
  9. Fulltext Deaths in children during an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in Peninsular Malaysia--clinical and pathological characteristics
    Shekhar K, Lye MS, Norlijah O, Ong F, Looi LM, Khuzaiah R, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2005 Aug;60(3):297-304.
    PMID: 16379183
    From July through December 1997, 11 previously healthy children in Peninsular Malaysia succumbed to an illness clinically characterised by an acute severe refractory left-ventricular failure, following a brief prodromal illness, in the midst of an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), similar to the reported experience in Sarawak and Taiwan. Retrospective reviews of the clinical features and results of laboratory, pathological and virological investigations of cases were conducted. The median age of the 11 case-patients was 31 months (range, 13 to 49 months); 6 were males. A brief prodromal illness of 3 days (range, 2 to 5 days) was characterised by fever (axillary temperature > 38 degrees C) (100%), oral ulcers (72%), extremity rashes (45%) and significant vomiting (55%). Upon hospitalisation, 7 of 11 case-patients had features suggestive of cardiogenic shock, while 4 of 11 case-patients developed shock during hospitalisation as evidenced by marked sustained tachycardia (heart rate > or = 180 beats per minute), poor peripheral pulses and peripheral perfusion, mottled extremities, pulmonary oedema (haemorrhagic pulmonary secretions in 8 of 11 cases during tracheal intubation, often precipitated by conservative crystalloid boluses, and radiographic evidence of acute pulmonary oedema in 5 of 7 cases) and markedly impaired left ventricular function on echocardiographic examination (7 of 7 cases). Three of 4 case-patients had aseptic meningitis while one case-patient also had an acute flaccid paraparesis. Despite supportive therapy, death occurred within a median of 13.4 hours following hospitalization. Post-mortem findings (all 8 specimens examined) consistently demonstrated brain-stem encephalitis with foci of neuronal necrosis and micro-abscesses. None of the 11 specimens examined revealed histological evidence of myocarditis. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) was detected in 10 of 11 case-patients, many (7) from various sterile tissue sites (5 from central nervous tissues). No other viruses were isolated or identified. Clinical features and pathological studies closely paralleled the reported experience in Sarawak and Taiwan. The uniform necropsy findings of necrotizing brain-stem encephalitis coupled with essentially normal myocardial histology, in concert with the concurrent and consistent detection of EV71 points to a primary EV71 encephalitis; as yet unclear neurogenic mechanisms may account for the cardiovascular manifestations.
  10. Advances in health in Malaysia
    Suleiman AB, Lye MS, Mathews A, Ravindran J
    Med J Malaysia, 1995 May;50 Suppl A:S3-10.
    PMID: 10968005
  11. Fulltext Immunogenicity of a plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine in children and adults
    Sinniah M, Halimah M, Krishnamurthy T, Lye MS, Choo CH, Shamsiah I
    Med J Malaysia, 1994 Dec;49(4):336-40.
    PMID: 7674968
    Immunisation of health care workers and staff working in laboratory and hospital settings has been implemented since 1988. However due to the high cost of currently available HBV vaccine, many health personnel outside the Ministry of Health are not being immunised. This study sought to determine the immunogenicity of three doses of a low cost plasma-derived Korean HBV vaccine on employees of an institute for mentally handicapped and their spouses and children. We found that the Hepatitis B Vaccine-KGCC to be safe and immunogenic. The response to 10 mcg and 20 mcg Hepatitis B Vaccine-KGCC after third dose was good with 100% seroconversion.
  12. Fulltext Side effects of short course tuberculosis chemotherapy
    Simon GK, Lye MS, Ahmad N
    Med J Malaysia, 1991 Mar;46(1):88-94.
    PMID: 1836044
    A retrospective study of 300 tuberculosis patients on short course chemotherapy registered in 1985 at the Chest Clinic, General Hospital Alor Setar, Kedah was carried out with the purpose of identifying patient characteristics, determining incidence of side-effects and modifying treatment regimens in order to minimise these side-effects. One hundred and sixteen (38.7%) patients developed side effects. Twenty seven (9%) had side effects severe enough to warrant a change in treatment regimen. Treatment modifications and ways to minimise or control side effects are discussed.
    Study site: Chest clinic, Hospital Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia
  13. Prevalence and predictors of pediculosis capitis among primary school children in Hulu Langat, Selangor
    Lye MS, Tohit NF, Rampal L
    Med J Malaysia, 2017 02;72(1):12-17.
    PMID: 28255134 MyJurnal
    INTRODUCTION: Pediculosis capitis infestation is endemic in both developing and developed countries leading to various physical, economical and psychological consequences. Our main objective was to determine the prevalence and predictors of pediculosis capitis among primary school children in Hulu Langat District, Malaysia.

    METHODS: An analytic cross-sectional study using cluster random sampling method was carried out in Hulu Langat District, Malaysia. Self-administered pretested questionnaires were used to collect the data. Hair and scalp examination was also carried out. Multivariate logistic regression was used to control for potential confounding and determine the predictors.

    RESULTS: The overall mean age of the 1,336 respondents was 9.3 years. Majority were males (52.8%), Malays (79.5%) and 81.3% of the fathers had secondary or tertiary education as compared to 77.3% for the mothers. The overall prevalence of pediculosis capitis was 15.3%. The prevalence of pediculosis was significantly higher among females (28.4%) than males (3.7%, p=0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age 10 years or more (Odds Ratio (OR) = 2.34, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.673 to 3.272), female gender (OR = 10.26, 95% CI = 6.620 to 15.903), history of contact with an infested person (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.506 to 2.960), Indian compared to Chinese (OR = 3.55, 95% CI = 1.282 to 9.860), Malay to Chinese (OR = 2.59, 95% CI = .994 to 6.774) were associated with pediculosis capitis.

    CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of pediculosis capitis among children aged 7 - 12 years in Hulu Langat District was high. There is a need for screening and treatment of pediculosis capitis in primary schools.

  14. Maternal age-specific incidence of Down's syndrome in Malaysian neonates
    Boo NY, Hoe TS, Lye MS, Poon PK, Mahani MC
    J Singapore Paediatr Soc, 1989;31(3-4):138-42.
    PMID: 2534718
    Over an 18 month period, 34,495 livebirths were delivered in the Kuala Lumpur Maternity Hospital. 36 neonates (1.044 per 1000 livebirths) had Down's syndrome. The observed rates of Down's syndrome per 1000 livebirths by single year intervals of maternal age were calculated. By using the discontinuous slope model, our study showed that the incidence of Down's syndrome among the Malaysian liveborns increased markedly when the maternal age exceeded 35 years. This study also suggested that the Malay mothers had increased risk of producing babies with Down's syndrome at a later age than the Chinese and the Indians. However, a larger number of babies in each racial group needs to be studied to confirm this.
  15. A cohort study of health care workers to assess nosocomial transmissibility of Nipah virus, Malaysia, 1999
    Mounts AW, Kaur H, Parashar UD, Ksiazek TG, Cannon D, Arokiasamy JT, et al.
    J Infect Dis, 2001 Mar 1;183(5):810-3.
    PMID: 11181159 DOI: 10.1086/318822
    During 1998-1999, an outbreak of Nipah virus encephalitis occurred in Malaysia. To assess the possibility of nosocomial transmission, 338 health care workers (HCWs) exposed and 288 HCWs unexposed to outbreak-related patients were surveyed, and their serum samples were tested for anti-Nipah virus antibody. Needlestick injuries were reported by 12 (3%) HCWs, mucosal surface exposure to body fluids by 39 (11%), and skin exposure to body fluids by 89 (25%). No encephalitis occurred in either group. Three exposed and no unexposed HCWs tested positive by EIA for IgG antibodies. It is likely that these 3 were false positives; no IgM response occurred, and the serum samples were negative for anti-Nipah virus neutralizing antibodies. The risk of nosocomial transmission of Nipah virus appears to be low; however, given the high case-fatality rate and the presence of virus in respiratory secretions and urine of some patients, standard and droplet infection-control practices should be maintained with these patients.
  16. An outbreak of acute hepatic encephalopathy due to severe aflatoxicosis in Malaysia
    Lye MS, Ghazali AA, Mohan J, Alwin N, Nair RC
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1995 Jul;53(1):68-72.
    PMID: 7625536
    In October 1988, 13 Chinese children died of acute hepatic encephalopathy in the northwestern state of Perak in peninsular Malaysia. The acuteness of the illness differed from previously reported outbreaks described in Kenya, India, and Thailand. Epidemiologic investigations determined that the children had eaten a Chinese noodle, loh see fun, hours before they died. The attack rates among those who had eaten the noodles were significantly higher than those who had not (P < 0.0001). The cases were geographically scattered in six towns in two districts along the route of distribution of the noodle supplied by one factory in Kampar town. Aflatoxins were confirmed in postmortem samples from patients. This outbreak has important public health implications for many developing countries.
  17. Nonhypercholesterolemic effects of a palm-oil diet in Malaysian volunteers
    Ng TK, Hassan K, Lim JB, Lye MS, Ishak R
    Am J Clin Nutr, 1991 04;53(4 Suppl):1015S-1020S.
    PMID: 2012009 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/53.4.1015S
    The effects on serum lipids of diets prepared with palm olein, corn oil, and coconut oil supplying approximately 75% of the fat calories were compared in three matched groups of healthy volunteers (61 males, 22 females, aged 20-34 y). Group I received a coconut-palm-coconut dietary sequence; group II, coconut-corn-coconut; and group III, coconut oil during all three 5-wk dietary periods. Compared with entry-level values, coconut oil raised the serum total cholesterol concentration greater than 10% in all three groups. Subsequent feeding of palm olein or corn oil significantly reduced the total cholesterol (-19%, -36%), the LDL cholesterol (-20%, -42%%) and the HDL cholesterol (-20%, -26%) concentrations, respectively. Whereas the entry level of the ratio of LDL to HDL was not appreciably altered by coconut oil, this ratio was decreased 8% by palm olein and 25% by corn oil. Serum triglycerides were unaffected during the palm-olein period but were significantly reduced during the corn-oil period.
  18. Fulltext Postpartum mental health in relation to sociocultural practices
    Abdollahi F, Etemadinezhad S, Lye MS
    Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol, 2016 Feb;55(1):76-80.
    PMID: 26927254 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2015.12.008
    OBJECTIVES: Cultural practices have been found to positively impact the mothering experience. This study sought to identify the relationship between sociocultural practices and postpartum depression (PPD) in a cohort of Iranian women for the first time.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a longitudinal cohort design, 2279 pregnant women attending primary health centers of Mazandaran province in Iran were recruited using stratified random sampling method. Data were collected using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and researchers developed validated cultural practices questionnaire at 3 months after delivery. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression models.
    RESULTS: The prevalence of PPD was 19% among 1910 women who were followed postdelivery in this study. Cultural practices were not associated with lower odds of PPD in multiple logistic regression model after adjustment for all sociodemographic factors. The results of this study do not also provide any evidence to support that sex of baby is associated with the greater risk of PPD.
    CONCLUSIONS: Cultural practices could not be perceived as protective mechanisms that protect women from PPD in this traditional society. However, health professionals should be familiar with postpartum beliefs and practices that could support mothers in the postpartum period.
    KEYWORDS: culture; depression; postpartum; practices
  19. Modelling the effect of intervention on the transmission of malaria in East Malaysia
    Collett D, Lye MS
    Stat Med, 1987 10 1;6(7):853-61.
    PMID: 3321316
    To assess the public health importance of malaria on Banggi Island, Sabah, baseline epidemiological and entomological data were obtained in a study of three villages. These data were used to model the transmission of malaria using a non-seasonal version of the deterministic model of Dietz, Molineaux and Thomas. The model provided a satisfactory description of prevalence rates of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia. Modifications to the basic model enable the effects of mass chemotherapy with various combinations of schizonticidal and gametocidal drugs to be simulated. In this way, the relative merits of different procedures of mass drug administration can be compared. The fitted model is also used to examine the relationship between the overall prevalence of infection and the vectorial capacity, and to predict the consequences of a reduction in the size of the vector population.
  20. Fulltext Social impact of nasopharyngeal carcinoma on Chinese households in Selangor, Malaysia
    Armstrong RW, Armstrong MJ, Lye MS
    Singapore Med J, 2000 Dec;41(12):582-7.
    PMID: 11296783
    With a five-year survival rate of 20% in 1970 and 40-45% in 1990, and highest incidence and mortality in early and middle adult years, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) may have a severe social impact on families and households. The aim of this study was to measure the social impact of NPC in the Chinese population of Selangor, Malaysia.
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