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  1. Mohd Shakri N, Mat Baki M, Mohamed AS, Azman M
    J Voice, 2023 Sep;37(5):803.e11-803.e21.
    PMID: 34176683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.04.020
    BACKGROUND: Communication adjustment from patients' perspective is paramount to ensure optimization of voice rehabilitation post laryngectomy. Very few specific self-rating tools exist with the Self-Evaluation of Communication Experiences after Laryngectomy (SECEL) having the most evidence regarding validity, reliability and clinical utility.

    OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to translate and validate a Bahasa Malaysia version of SECEL (mSECEL) using a validated framework of transcultural adaptation.

    METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre from February 2019 to May 2020. The mSECEL was produced following a rigorous forward and backward translation. Eighty-three laryngectomees (78 male, five female) using various methods of alaryngeal communication (47 voice prosthesis, 29 electrolarynx, three esophageal speech and four pen and paper), completed the mSECEL and mVHI-10 before head and neck and flexible laryngoscopic examinations. The mSECEL was repeated in 2 weeks via telephone interview or clinic visit. Its reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation. The Pearson product-moment correlation test was used to analyze correlation between the mSECEL and mVHI-10.

    RESULTS: The mSECEL questionnaire showed strong internal consistency with the Cronbach alpha of >0.90 for total score, Environmental and Attitude subscale. The test-retest reliability for total mSECEL score was high with the intraclass correlation of 0.97. There was a highly significant positive correlation between the mSECEL total score and mVHI-10 (P < 0.001). Items in the General subscale showed poorer internal consistency with Cronbach alpha ranging 0.55-0.46 and poor correlation with mVHI-10.

    CONCLUSIONS: The Bahasa Malaysia version of the SECEL measure is a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate communication perception after laryngectomy. Future studies should consider subscale validation and further abbreviation of its items to make this measure clinically relevant.

  2. Chen IHK, Remli R, Azman M, Ubaidah MA, Mohamed AS, Baki MM
    Auris Nasus Larynx, 2021 Dec;48(6):1140-1149.
    PMID: 33896673 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2021.03.028
    OBJECTIVE: Laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) is used to confirm neuropathy; traditionally, it is evaluated qualitatively. This study aimed to develop normative values for the thyroarytenoid-lateral cricoarytenoid (TA-LCA) muscle complex by determining the mean turns (MT) and mean amplitudes (MA) using the opposite normal mobile vocal fold in unilateral vocal fold paralysis (VFP). This study also compared the MT and MA of the paralyzed vocal fold with that of the normal side and analyzed their correlations.

    METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study in which 77 patients (18 males, 59 females, mean age of 48) with unilateral VFP with an opposite normal mobile vocal fold underwent LEMG with a standardized protocol. Koufman gradings and MT and MA were used for the qualitative and quantitative evaluations. Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare the median of the turns and amplitudes between the opposite normal mobile vocal fold and the paralyzed side. A linear-scale graphical "cloud" of the normal TA-LCA muscle complex was generated using logarithmic regression analysis. The qualitative and quantitative parameters were analyzed using multiple analysis of variance and Kruskall-Wallis test. Post-hoc analysis was performed to further determine the differences of the significance between both parameters. The correlation between the qualitative and quantitative parameters was analyzed using Spearman correlation.

    RESULTS: The MT and MA were significantly higher for the normal TA-LCA muscle complex than the paralyzed side (582 vs. 336; 412 vs. 296, respectively) and the median of the turns and amplitudes were significantly lower in the paralyzed side with p-values <0.001. A significant difference was observed between the Koufman grading and the combination of MT and MA [F (8,144) = 73.254] and between the Koufman grading and MT and MA individually [H (4, 72) = 18.3 and H (4, 72) =33.4], in which both had p-values <0.001. A moderate negative linear relationship was seen between the Koufman grading and MT and MA. On further analysis, it was revealed that only certain pairs of Koufman grading were statistical significant.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study was the first to present the quantitative normative values and "cloud" of the TA-LCA muscle complex using the opposite normal mobile vocal fold in patients with unilateral VFP in which it is comparable to healthy controls. We concluded that quantitative LEMG supports the qualitative Koufman grading method however it cannot be used independently to determine the severity of neuropathy.

  3. Gendeh HS, Azman M, Mat Baki M, Mohamed AS
    J Laryngol Otol, 2021 Nov 25.
    PMID: 34819184 DOI: 10.1017/S0022215121003820
    BACKGROUND: Post-laryngectomy tracheostomal stenosis is common and often results in an inadequate airway. Several techniques have been described to minimise tracheostomal stenosis. The star technique involves an 'X' incision with four flaps sutured into the trachea. The petal technique involves two inferior flaps on either side being sutured into the trachea. The authors combined the star and petal techniques, resulting in an innovative fish mouth technique.

    METHODS AND RESULTS: This innovation involves two lateral skin flaps being sutured into an incision on either side of the lateral wall of the trachea. This results in an elongated, broadened and elliptical tracheostoma, mimicking that of a fish mouth.

    CONCLUSION: Benefits of the fish mouth technique include adequate stoma size for respiration, easier clearing of secretions, self-sufficiency without a stent, easier cleaning of a tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis, and stoma occlusion for voice production. The fish mouth technique is easily reproducible and suitable for those with a voice prosthesis.

  4. Nasir ZM, Azman M, Baki MM, Mohamed AS, Kew TY, Zaki FM
    Surg Radiol Anat, 2021 Aug;43(8):1225-1233.
    PMID: 33388863 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-020-02639-9
    PURPOSE: This study aims to determine laryngeal dimension in relation to all three transcutaneous injection laryngoplasty (TIL) approaches (thyrohyoid, transthyroid and cricothyroid) using three-dimensionally reconstructed Computed Tomography (CT) scan and compare the measurements between sex, age group and ethnicity.

    METHODS: CT scans of the neck of two hundred patients were analysed by two groups of raters. For thyrohyoid approach, mean distance from the superior border of the thyroid cartilage to the laryngeal cavity (THd) and mean angle from the superior border of the thyroid cartilage to mid-true cords (THa) were measured. For transthyroid approach, mean distance from mid-thyroid cartilage to mid-true cords (TTd) and Hounsfield unit (HU) at mid-thyroid cartilage (TTc) were measured. For cricothyroid approach, mean distance from the inferior border of the thyroid cartilage to the laryngeal cavity (CTd) and mean angle from the inferior border of the thyroid cartilage to mid-true cords (CTa) were measured.

    RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between males and females for all measurements except for CTa (p  0.05). There was a significant fair positive correlation between age and TTc (p = 0.0002). For all measurements obtained, there were moderate to excellent inter-group consistency and intra-rater reliability.

    CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated a significant sex dimorphism that may influence the three TIL approaches except for needle angulation in the cricothyroid approach. The knowledge of laryngeal dimension is important to increase success in TIL procedure.

  5. Qualickuz Zanan NH, Azman M, Zainuddin K, Wan Puteh SE, Mohamed AS, Mat Baki M
    Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital, 2021 Aug;41(4):348-355.
    PMID: 34533538 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100X-N1202
    Objective: This study aimed to describe the sound frequency of snoring in relation to the site of upper airway vibration among snorers.

    Methods: 383 snores from 40 participants who complained of snoring were digitally recorded during natural and induced sleep using a level III polysomnography monitor with a built-in microphone. During drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE), the real-time site of upper airway obstruction was assessed, and the sound frequency of snoring was recorded synchronously.

    Results: The mean peak of snoring frequency for unilevel palatal, oropharynx and epiglottis obstruction were 522.5, 482.4 and 300.0 Hz, respectively. Most participants showed multilevel obstruction at the palate and oropharynx, in which the mean for bi-peak snoring frequency were 402.90 Hz and 1086.96 Hz, respectively. Severity of OSA was significantly associated with multilevel obstruction.

    Conclusions: There was a significant association between the snoring sound frequency and site of unilevel obstruction. Palatal or oropharyngeal obstruction produced sound at mid-frequency range, while the epiglottis produced a low frequency range. Multilevel obstruction documented a bi-peak snoring frequency.

  6. Johari SF, Azman M, Mohamed AS, Baki MM
    J Laryngol Otol, 2020 Dec;134(12):1085-1093.
    PMID: 33308327 DOI: 10.1017/S0022215120002558
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate voice intensity as the primary outcome measurement when treating unilateral vocal fold paralysis patients.

    METHODS: This prospective observational study comprised 34 newly diagnosed unilateral vocal fold paralysis patients undergoing surgical interventions: injection laryngoplasty or medialisation thyroplasty. Voice assessments, including maximum vocal intensity and other acoustic parameters, were performed at baseline and at one and three months post-intervention. Maximum vocal intensity was also repeated within two weeks before any surgical interventions were performed. The results were compared between different time points and between the two intervention groups.

    RESULTS: Maximum vocal intensity showed high internal consistency. Statistically significant improvements were seen in maximum vocal intensity, Voice Handicap Index-10 and other acoustic analyses at one and three months post-intervention. A significant moderate negative correlation was demonstrated between maximum vocal intensity and Voice Handicap Index-10, shimmer and jitter. There were no significant differences in voice outcomes between injection laryngoplasty and medialisation thyroplasty patients at any time point.

    CONCLUSION: Maximum vocal intensity can be applied as a treatment outcome measure in unilateral vocal fold paralysis patients; it can demonstrate the effectiveness of treatment and moderately correlates with self-reported outcome measures.

  7. Sairin ME, Mat Baki M, Manap RA, Puteh SEW, Azman M, Mohamed AS
    Auris Nasus Larynx, 2020 Oct;47(5):842-848.
    PMID: 32273190 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2020.03.004
    OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the reliability of body plethysmography in comparison to spirometry in objectively measuring upper airway functions.

    METHODS: The study population consisted of 53 participants, 23 patients with BVFI after endolaryngeal laser posterior cordectomy and 30 healthy volunteers. All of them had body plethysmography (airway resistance, Raw), spirometry (ratio of forced expiratory flow at 50% to forced inspiratory flow at 50%, FEF50/FIF50 and peak inspiratory flow, PIF), 6 min-walking-test (6MWT) and Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale measurements. The tests were repeated and reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation (ICC) and Spearman correlation.

    RESULTS: The reliability of Raw was high with ICC of 0.92, comparable to the spirometry measurements: FEF50/FIF50(ICC = 0.72) and PIF (ICC = 0.97). The mean of Raw was significantly higher in patient group. A strong significant correlation between Raw and MRC dyspnea scale (r = 0.79; p<0.05) and a moderate negative correlation between Raw and 6MWT (r = 0.4; p<0.05) was demonstrated.

    CONCLUSION: Body plethysmography (Raw) is a reliable tool in objective measurement of upper airway resistance that reflects the patient's perception of breathlessness. A larger number of participants are necessary to confirm this finding.

  8. Al-Yahya SN, Muhammad R, Suhaimi SNA, Azman M, Mohamed AS, Baki MM
    J Voice, 2020 Sep;34(5):811.e13-811.e20.
    PMID: 30612893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.12.003
    OBJECTIVES: Selective laryngeal examination for patients undergoing thyroidectomy is recommended for patients with voice alterations, history of prior cervical or chest surgery, and patients with proven or suspected thyroid malignancy. The study objective is to measure the sensitivity of surgeons in detecting voice abnormalities in patients undergoing thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy complicated with laryngeal nerve paralysis, or patients with known vocal cords palsy (VCP) due to other neck surgeries.

    DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive cross-sectional study in a tertiary center.

    PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: The subjects are 274 audio files of voices of patients undergoing thyroid, parathyroid surgeries, and known VCP due to other neck surgeries. Voice assessments were done by three endocrine surgeons (A, B, and C) with 20, 12, and 4 years of surgical experience.

    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sensitivity and specificity of surgeon documented voice assessment in patients with underlying VCP. Subjects' acoustic analysis and Voice Handicap Index (VHI-10) were analyzed.

    RESULTS: Raters A, B, and C have sensitivity of 63.6%, 78.8%, and 66.7%, respectively. Inter-rater reliability shows substantial agreement (ƙ = 0.67). VHI-10 has sensitivity of 75.8% and strong correlation of 0.707 (p value <0.001) to VCP. Subjects with VCP have notably higher jitter, shimmer, and noise-to-harmonic ratio compared to normal subjects with sensitivity of 74.2%, 71.2%, and 72.7%, respectively.

    CONCLUSIONS: The results for surgeons documented voice assessment did not reach the desired sensitivity for a screening tool for patients with underlying VCP. Other tools such as VHI-10 and acoustic analysis may not be used as standalone tools in screening patients with underlying VCP. Routine preoperative laryngeal examination may be recommended for all patients undergoing thyroid, parathyroid, or other surgeries that places the laryngeal nerves at risk.

  9. Mohamed Daud A, Mat Baki M, Azman M, Kamaruzaman E, Mohamed AS
    Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2019 Oct;71(Suppl 1):118-120.
    PMID: 31741945 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-017-1146-x
    Respiratory distress after thyroidectomy and thymectomy can be challenging. We encountered a 70-year-old lady with a long-standing goiter with concomitant thymoma. She underwent the surgery and developed respiratory distress upon extubation with loss of laryngeal sensation causing severe aspiration. She was diagnosed myasthenia gravis and symptoms resolved with MG treatments.
  10. Mohamed AS, Hanafi NI, Sheikh Abdul Kadir SH, Md Noor J, Abdul Hamid Hasani N, Ab Rahim S, et al.
    Cell Biochem Funct, 2017 Oct;35(7):453-463.
    PMID: 29027248 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3303
    In hepatocytes, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) activates cell signalling pathways such as p53, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+ ]i ), and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-receptor via Gαi -coupled-receptor. Recently, UDCA has been shown to protect the heart against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. However, it is not clear whether UDCA cardioprotection against hypoxia acts through a transcriptional mediator of cells stress, HIF-1α and p53. Therefore, in here, we aimed to investigate whether UDCA could protect cardiomyocytes (CMs) against hypoxia by regulating expression of HIF-1α, p53, [Ca2+ ]i , and S1P-Gαi -coupled-receptor. Cardiomyocytes were isolated from newborn rats (0-2 days), and hypoxia was induced by using cobalt chloride (CoCl2 ). Cardiomyocytes were treated with UDCA and cotreated with either FTY720 (S1P-receptor agonist) or pertussis toxin (PTX; Gαi inhibitor). Cells were subjected for proliferation assay, beating frequency, QuantiGene Plex assay, western blot, immunofluorescence, and calcium imaging. Our findings showed that UDCA counteracted the effects of CoCl2 on cell viability, beating frequency, HIF-1α, and p53 protein expression. We found that these cardioprotection effects of UDCA were similar to FTY720, S1P agonist. Furthermore, we observed that UDCA protects CMs against CoCl2 -induced [Ca2+ ]i dynamic alteration. Pharmacological inhibition of the Gαi -sensitive receptor did not abolish the cardioprotection of UDCA against CoCl2 detrimental effects, except for cell viability and [Ca2+ ]i . Pertussis toxin is partially effective in inhibiting UDCA protection against CoCl2 effects on CM cell viability. Interestingly, PTX fully inhibits UDCA cardioprotection on CoCl2 -induced [Ca2+ ]i dynamic changes. We conclude that UDCA cardioprotection against CoCl2 -induced hypoxia is similar to FTY720, and its actions are not fully mediated by the Gαi -coupled protein sensitive pathways. Ursodeoxycholic acid is the most hydrophilic bile acid and is currently used to treat liver diseases. Recently, UDCA is shown to have a cardioprotection effects; however, the mechanism of UDCA cardioprotection is still poorly understood. The current data generated were the first to show that UDCA is able to inhibit the activation of HIF-1α and p53 protein during CoCl2 -induced hypoxia in cardiomyocytes. This study provides an insight of UDCA mechanism in protecting cardiomyocytes against hypoxia.
  11. Hanafi NI, Mohamed AS, Md Noor J, Abdu N, Hasani H, Siran R, et al.
    Genet. Mol. Res., 2016 Jun 17;15(2).
    PMID: 27323195 DOI: 10.4238/gmr.15028150
    Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is used to treat liver diseases and demonstrates cardioprotective effects. Accumulation of the plasma membrane sphingolipid sphingomyelin in the heart can lead to atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Sphingomyelinases (SMases) break down sphingomyelin, producing ceramide, and inhibition of SMases activity can promote cell survival. We hypothesized that UDCA regulates activation of ERK and Akt survival signaling pathways and SMases in protecting cardiac cells against hypoxia. Neonatal cardiomyocytes were isolated from 0- to 2-day-old Sprague Dawley rats, and given 100 μM CoCl2, 150 μM H2O2, or placed in a hypoxia chamber for 24 h. The ameliorative effects of 100-μM UDCA treatment for 12 h were then assessed using MTS, QuantiGene Plex (for Smpd1 and Smpd2), and SMase assays, beating rate assessment, and western blotting (for ERK and Akt). Data were analyzed by the paired Student t-tests and one-way analyses of variance. Cell viability decreased significantly after H2O2 (85%), CoCl2 (50%), and hypoxia chamber (52%) treatments compared to the untreated control (100%). UDCA significantly counteracted the effects of chamber- and CoCl2- induced hypoxia on viability and beating rate. However, no significant differences were observed in acid SMase gene and protein expression between the untreated, CoCl2, and UDCA-CoCl2 groups. In contrast, neutral SMase gene and protein expression did significantly differ between the latter two groups. ERK and Akt phosphorylation was higher in hypoxic cardiomyocytes treated with UDCA than those given CoCl2 alone. In conclusion, UDCA regulates the activation of survival signaling proteins and SMases in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes during hypoxia.
  12. Zainal A, Goh BS, Mohamed AS
    Asian J Surg, 2011 Apr;34(2):92-6.
    PMID: 21723473 DOI: 10.1016/S1015-9584(11)60026-2
    Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of neonatal and infantile stridor. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of surgical intervention in children with laryngomalacia.
  13. Mat MC, Mohamed AS, Hamid SS
    Lipids Health Dis, 2011;10:216.
    PMID: 22104447 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511X-10-216
    Oxidized low density lipoprotein plays an important role in development of foam cells in atherosclerosis. The study was focused on regulation of primary human monocyte growth and CD11b expression in presence of Nigella sativa oil.
  14. Yusoff MF, Baki MM, Mohamed N, Mohamed AS, Yunus MR, Ami M, et al.
    Traffic Inj Prev, 2010 Dec;11(6):594-9.
    PMID: 21128189 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2010.505255
    Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been identified as one of the significant risk factors for motor vehicle crashes (MVCs). In the interest of public safety, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of OSA and its associated factors among express bus drivers in Malaysia. Identifying factors or conditions related with OSA is very important because they can be used as indicators to subject a person to a confirmatory diagnosis using polysomnography testing.
  15. Gendeh BS, Murad S, Razi AM, Abdullah N, Mohamed AS, Kadir KA
    Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2000 May;122(5):758-62.
    PMID: 10793361
    The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of food and house dust mite (HDM) allergy in patients with nasal congestion and rhinorrhea attending the Otorhinolaryngology Clinic, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. This was a prospective matched, controlled study of patients skin prick tested with commercial food and common aeroallergens. The participants were 148 Malaysian adults with symptoms of nasal congestion and rhinorrhea and 113 adult Malaysian control subjects without rhinitis symptoms. The skin prick test (SPT) was used to evaluate 11 foods common to the Malaysian diet and 3 HDM inhalants. Forty-eight percent of the patients with rhinitis had positive SPT results to foods, compared with 4.4% of control subjects (P < 0.05). The most commonly implicated foods were shrimp (48%) and rice (30%), which are common in the Malaysian diet. Seventy-two percent of rhinitis patients had positive SPT results to HDM, compared with 22.2% of control subjects (P < 0.05). Patients with rhinitis also had significantly more gastrointestinal problems than control subjects (P < 0.05). The incidences of HDM and food allergy are significantly greater in Malaysian adults with rhinitis symptoms than in control subjects without rhinitis. The effect of avoidance or immunotherapy awaits further study.
    Study site: Otorhinolaryngology Clinic, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  16. Mukari SZ, Vandort S, Ahmad K, Saim L, Mohamed AS
    Med J Malaysia, 1999 Mar;54(1):87-95.
    PMID: 10972010
    We surveyed parents of school-aged hearing impaired children to investigate their awareness and knowledge of the special needs of their child, especially in the area of the usage of hearing aids and methods of communication. Questionnaires were distributed to parents of hearing impaired children at 13 special schools for the deaf in Malaysia. Out of 1,267 questionnaires given out, 787 (62.1%) were completed and returned. Results of the survey indicated the majority of parents (68.6%) suspected hearing loss late, that is after their child's first birthday, and there was a significant time lag before the suspicion was confirmed. Over 82.8% of the children were diagnosed only after 1 year of age, with 41.3% being diagnosed after 3 years of age. Hearing aids were fitted late (mean = 5.32 years; SD = 2.66). Hearing aid ownership was influenced by the factors of socio-economic level and ethnic group (p < 0.01) whereas knowledge of use and proper care of the aids was influenced by socio-economic level (p < 0.01). Communication methods were generally inappropriate with 41.3% of the mothers and 48.5% of the fathers reporting ignorance of Bahasa Malaysia Kod Tangan, the sign language that is commonly used by their children. The parents' choice of communication method was not significantly influenced by socio-economic level or ethnic group. The study revealed the present inadequate state of services available for the rehabilitation of children with congenital hearing impairment.
  17. Said H, Cheah F, Mohamed AS, Hadi AR
    Med J Malaysia, 1993 Jun;48(2):222-4.
    PMID: 8350800
    The transseptal transsphenoidal hypophysectomy has become a relatively frequent procedure in recent years. We performed 20 such procedures between January 1984 and December 1987 for various pituitary disorders. Significant complications such as CSF rhinorrhea, meningitis, diabetes insipidus, haemorrhage and septal perforation are discussed. The mortality rate for the series was 5%. In analysing the data, we feel that this technique of hypophysectomy is a safe procedure.
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