Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 90 in total

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  1. Ali HM, Mohamed Mustafa MI, Rizal MR, Ng SW
    PMID: 21202395 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536808011185
    The title Schiff base, C(17)H(15)N(3)O(3), exists in the zwitterionic form with the phenol H atom transferred to the imine group. Adjacent zwitterions are linked into a linear chain running along the a axis by an indole-hydr-oxy N-H⋯O hydrogen bond [3.100 (2) Å].
  2. Maeno H, Wong PF, AbuBakar S, Yang M, Sam SS, Jamil-Abd J, et al.
    Micromachines (Basel), 2021 Nov 30;12(12).
    PMID: 34945351 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121503
    Serum is commonly used as a specimen in immunoassays but the presence of heterophilic antibodies can potentially interfere with the test results. Previously, we have developed a microfluidic device called: 3D Stack for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). However, its evaluation was limited to detection from a single protein solution. Here, we investigated the sensitivity of the 3D Stack in detecting a severe dengue biomarker-soluble CD163 (sCD163)-within the serum matrix. To determine potential interactions with serum matrix, a spike-and-recovery assay was performed, using 3D Stacks with and without surface modification by an EDC-NHS (N-ethyl-N'-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide) coupling. Without surface modification, a reduced analyte recovery in proportion to serum concentration was observed because of the Vroman effect, which resulted in competitive displacement of coated capture antibodies by serum proteins with stronger binding affinities. However, EDC-NHS coupling prevented antibody desorption and improved the sensitivity. Subsequent comparison of sCD163 detection using a 3D Stack with EDC-NHS coupling and conventional ELISA in dengue patients' sera revealed a high correlation (R = 0.9298, p < 0.0001) between the two detection platforms. Bland-Altman analysis further revealed insignificant systematic error between the mean differences of the two methods. These data suggest the potentials of the 3D Stack for further development as a detection platform.
  3. Mustafa M, Chan WM, Lee C, Harijanto E, Loo CM, Van Kinh N, et al.
    Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2014 Apr;43(4):353-60.
    PMID: 24636429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.017
    Doripenem is approved in the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region for treating nosocomial pneumonia (NP) including ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs) and complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs). Clinical usage of doripenem (500mg intravenously, infused over 1h or 4h every 8h for 5-14 days) in APAC was evaluated in a prospective, open-label, non-comparative, multicentre study of inpatients (≥18 years) with NP, VAP, cIAI or cUTI. A total of 216 [intention-to-treat (ITT)] patients received doripenem: 53 NP (24.5%); 77 VAP (35.6%); 67 cIAI (31.0%); and 19 cUTI (8.8%). Doripenem MIC90 values for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 32, 32, 0.094 and 0.64μg/mL, respectively. Doripenem was used most commonly as monotherapy (86.6%) and as second-line therapy (62.0%). The clinical cure rate in clinically evaluable patients was 86.7% at the end of therapy (EOT) and 87.1% at test of cure (TOC) (7-14 days after EOT). In the ITT population, overall clinical cure rates were 66.2% at EOT and 56.5% at TOC. The median duration of hospital stay, intensive care unit (ICU) stay and mechanical ventilation was 20, 12 and 10 days, respectively. Of 146 discharged patients, 7 were re-admitted within 28 days of EOT; 1 VAP patient was re-admitted to the ICU. The all-cause mortality rate was 22.7% (49/216). The most common treatment-related adverse events were diarrhoea (1.4%) and vomiting (1.4%). Doripenem is a viable option for treating APAC patients with NP, VAP, cIAI or cUTI. [ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT 00986102].
  4. Lavanya Priya KP, Gill S, Banik A, Marvaniya J, Marella K, Anusha Y, et al.
    J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2023 Jul;15(Suppl 1):S132-S136.
    PMID: 37654297 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_436_22
    INTRODUCTION: The best treatment for the deeply carious tooth that cannot be restored is by the root canal therapy. This method has saved many patients from the loss of tooth. The common practice is either to deliver a full crown or close the access cavity with restoration. Hence in this study, the clinical longevity of the routine practice is tested for by analyzing the fracture toughness and the survival of the teeth that were restored endodontically with various materials.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The hospital records were retrospectively evaluated from 2000 to 2010 for a decade. The demographics as well as the survival and the failure rates noted and compared for the various types of the restorations. The number of the walls of the teeth was also compared.

    RESULTS: Thousand teeth were considered in the study. Less than 7% of teeth had coronal fractures. Of the 93% teeth that had survived, the most common restoration was Individual post (+ crown) followed by GIC, amalgams, and crowns. The mean survival of the crown+ bridge & gold restoration was highest. The mean survival was 10 ± 2 years for the restored teeth without any fractures at the coronal level. The failure was greatest for the GIC followed by amalgam, and the variations when compared with other restorations were significant. There was no significant difference for the number of the walls on the crown; however, the number of walls present was proportional to the survival rate.

    CONCLUSION: The teeth that were covered with a crown were comparatively fracture resistant and had a better survival rate compared to other restorations. GIC showed highest fracture, and the post core with crown had the best survival. Restoration of the lost crown architecture and the reinforcement are the best methods that can be followed for the survivals.

  5. Haridan US, Mokhtar U, Machado LR, Abdul Aziz AT, Shueb RH, Zaid M, et al.
    PLoS One, 2015;10(1):e0116791.
    PMID: 25594501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116791
    The FCGR3 locus encoding the low affinity activating receptor FcγRIII, plays a vital role in immunity triggered by cellular effector and regulatory functions. Copy number of the genes FCGR3A and FCGR3B has previously been reported to affect susceptibility to several autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory conditions. However, such genetic association studies often yield inconsistent results; hence require assays that are robust with low error rate. We investigated the accuracy and efficiency in estimating FCGR3 CNV by comparing Sequenom MassARRAY and paralogue ratio test-restriction enzyme digest variant ratio (PRT-REDVR). In addition, since many genetic association studies of FCGR3B CNV were carried out using real-time quantitative PCR, we have also included the evaluation of that method's performance in estimating the multi-allelic CNV of FCGR3B. The qPCR assay exhibited a considerably broader distribution of signal intensity, potentially introducing error in estimation of copy number and higher false positive rates. Both Sequenom and PRT-REDVR showed lesser systematic bias, but Sequenom skewed towards copy number normal (CN = 2). The discrepancy between Sequenom and PRT-REDVR might be attributed either to batch effects noise in individual measurements. Our study suggests that PRT-REDVR is more robust and accurate in genotyping the CNV of FCGR3, but highlights the needs of multiple independent assays for extensive validation when performing a genetic association study with multi-allelic CNVs.
  6. Fiyadh SS, Alardhi SM, Al Omar M, Aljumaily MM, Al Saadi MA, Fayaed SS, et al.
    Heliyon, 2023 Apr;9(4):e15455.
    PMID: 37128319 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15455
    Water is the most necessary and significant element for all life on earth. Unfortunately, the quality of the water resources is constantly declining as a result of population development, industry, and civilization progress. Due to their extreme toxicity, heavy metals removal from water has drawn researchers' attention. A lot of scientific applications use artificial neural networks (ANNs) because of their excellent ability to map nonlinear relationships. ANNs shown excellent modelling capabilities for the water treatment remediation. The adsorption process uses a variety of variables, making the interaction between them nonlinear. Selecting the best technique can produce excellent results; the adsorption approach for removing heavy metals is highly effective. Different studies show that the ANNs modelling approach can accurately forecast the adsorbed heavy metals and other contaminants in order to remove them.
  7. Ab Halim MH, Nor Anuar A, Azmi SI, Jamal NS, Wahab NA, Ujang Z, et al.
    Bioresour Technol, 2015 Jun;185:445-9.
    PMID: 25851807 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.024
    With inoculum sludge from a conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plant, three sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) fed with synthetic wastewater were operated at different high temperatures (30, 40 and 50±1°C) to study the formation of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) for simultaneous organics and nutrients removal with a complete cycle time of 3h. The AGS were successfully cultivated with influent loading rate of 1.6CODg(Ld)(-1). The COD/N ratio of the influent wastewater was 8. The results revealed that granules developed at 50°C have the highest average diameter, (3.36mm) with 98.17%, 94.45% and 72.46% removal efficiency observed in the system for COD, ammonia and phosphate, respectively. This study also demonstrated the capabilities of AGS formation at high temperatures which is suitable to be applied for hot climate conditions.
  8. Bilgrami A, Alam MK, Qazi FUR, Maqsood A, Basha S, Ahmed N, et al.
    Polymers (Basel), 2022 Jan 24;14(3).
    PMID: 35160456 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030466
    A vital feature of conservative dentistry is the adhesion of the restorative material to the tooth structure for restoration of the tooth substance lost due to dental decay, trauma, or dental imperfections. In a perfect world, a restorative material should generate a lasting adhesion by bonding the restoration with tooth tissues. The ingress of micro-organisms, oral fluids, molecules, and ions through microscopic spaces due to faulty adhesion between restoration and tooth structure is known as microleakage. This study is focuses on the evaluation of adhesive failures between the restorative materials. In the past, studies have focused more on the bonding potential of a restorative material with the tooth surface. Therefore, there is need to carry out a study that compares the microleakage between resin-based restorative materials in a sandwich manner with and without the intermediate bonding layer after immersion in 2% methylene blue dye at different time intervals. The restorative materials used were composite Ceram X Mono plus (DENTSPLY) and Z350 (3M ESPE), Vitremer resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) (3M ESPE), smart dentine replacement SDR (3M ESPE), Bond NT (DENTSPLY), and Universal Bond (3M ESPE). A light emitting diode (LED) was used to cure the specimens. Artificial saliva was used as a storage medium for the specimens. Thermocycling of specimens was carried out at 500 cycles/30 s and 1000 cycles/30 s. The world health organization (WHO) grading tool for microleakage was used to analyze fluid ingress in the specimens through disclosing by 2% methylene blue dye. The statistical analysis was carried out with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test, keeping the level of significance at p ≤ 0.05. In Grade 0 = 85 samples, Grade 1 = 10 samples, Grade 2 = 7 samples, Grade 3 = 16 samples, and in Grade 4 = 2 samples were identified. This study describes that no microleakage was observed in SDR and resin composite groups as compared to Vitremer and resin composite groups.
  9. Zakaria Z, Zainordin NA, Sim BL, Zaid M, Haridan US, Aziz AT, et al.
    J Infect Dev Ctries, 2014 Jul;8(7):869-75.
    PMID: 25022297 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.4283
    INTRODUCTION: The latest revised version of the World Health Organization's dengue classification was released in 2009. A handful of studies have taken initiatives to evaluate the old and revised guidelines to determine early signs and symptoms of severe dengue. This retrospective study aimed to compare the classification of dengue using both the 1997 and 2009 guidelines in a selected cohort of dengue patients from Peninsular Malaysia between 2008 and 2012.
    METHODOLOGY: Adult dengue patients were recruited from tertiary hospitals in two different states, Selangor and Kelantan, in Peninsular Malaysia. Their clinical manifestations were assessed.
    RESULTS: A total of 281 confirmed dengue patients were enrolled; the mean duration of illness at admission was five days. Of these, 88.6%, 10.7%, and 0.7% were classified according to the 1997 guidelines as having dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS), respectively. When the WHO 2009 guidelines were applied, 17.1%, 78.3%, and 4.6% were classified as dengue without warning signs, dengue with warning signs, and severe dengue, respectively.
    CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggests that the revised WHO 2009 guidelines stratify a much larger proportion of patients into a category that requires a higher level of medical and nursing care.
  10. Lau YS, Kwan CY, Ku TC, Hsieh WT, Wang HD, Nishibe S, et al.
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2012 Sep 28;143(2):565-71.
    PMID: 22835814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.012
    The leaves extract of Apocynum venetum (AVLE), also known as "luobuma", have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat hypertension and depression in parts of China and it has been shown to possess anti-oxidant and anti-lipid peroxidation effects. AVLE (10 μg/ml) has been reported to have a long-lasting endothelium-dependent relaxant effect and this effect has been proposed to be due to its nitric oxide(NO)-releasing and superoxide anion(SOA)-scavenging properties.
  11. Mohan S, Abdelwahab SI, Cheah SC, Sukari MA, Syam S, Shamsuddin N, et al.
    PMID: 23573145 DOI: 10.1155/2013/689865
    Murraya koenigii Spreng has been traditionally claimed as a remedy for cancer. The current study investigated the anticancer effects of girinimbine, a carbazole alkaloid isolated from Murraya koenigii Spreng, on A549 lung cancer cells in relation to apoptotic mechanistic pathway. Girinimbine was isolated from Murraya koenigii Spreng. The antiproliferative activity was assayed using MTT and the apoptosis detection was done by annexin V and lysosomal stability assays. Multiparameter cytotoxicity assays were performed to investigate the change in mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c translocation. ROS, caspase, and human apoptosis proteome profiler assays were done to investigate the apoptotic mechanism of cell death. The MTT assay revealed that the girinimbine induces cell death with an IC50 of 19.01  μ M. A significant induction of early phase of apoptosis was shown by annexin V and lysosomal stability assays. After 24 h treatment with 19.01  μ M of girinimbine, decrease in the nuclear area and increase in mitochondrial membrane potential and plasma membrane permeability were readily visible. Moreover the translocation of cytochrome c also was observed. Girinimbine mediates its antiproliferative and apoptotic effects through up- and downregulation of apoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins. There was a significant involvement of both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Moreover, the upregulation of p53 as well as the cell proliferation repressor proteins, p27 and p21, and the significant role of insulin/IGF-1 signaling were also identified. Moreover the caspases 3 and 8 were found to be significantly activated. Our results taken together indicated that girinimbine may be a potential agent for anticancer drug development.
  12. Ali A, Wee Pheng T, Mustafa MA
    J Appl Microbiol, 2015 Jun;118(6):1456-64.
    PMID: 25727701 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12782
    To evaluate the potential use of lemongrass essential oil vapour as an alternative for synthetic fungicides in controlling anthracnose of papaya.
  13. Mustafa M, Batul R, Karobari MI, Alamri HM, Abdulwahed A, Almokhatieb AA, et al.
    BMC Oral Health, 2024 Mar 16;24(1):343.
    PMID: 38493123 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04101-3
    INTRODUCTION: Root canal treatment procedures require a thorough understanding of root and canal anatomy. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the morphological differences of teeth root and their canals assessed using cone-beam computed and micro-computed tomography in Saudi Arabian population.

    METHODOLOGY: An electronic search was conducted in PubMed / Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases until January 2023 to retrieve related studies. "Root canal morphology," "Saudi Arabia," "Micro-CT," and "cone-beam computed tomography" were used as keywords. A modified version of previously published risk of bias assessment tool was used to determine the quality assessment of included studies.

    RESULTS: The literature search revealed 47 studies that matched the criteria for inclusion, out of which 44 studies used cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and three were micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) studies. According to the modified version of risk of bias assessment tool, the studies were categorized as low, moderate, and high risk of bias. A total of 47,612 samples were included which comprised of either maxillary teeth (5,412), or mandibular teeth (20,572), and mixed teeth (21,327). 265 samples were used in micro-CT studies while 47,347 teeth samples were used in CBCT studies. Among the CBCT studies, except for three, all the studies were retrospective studies. Frequently used imaging machine and software were 3D Accuitomo 170 and Morita's i-Dixel 3D imaging software respectively. Minimum and maximum voxel sizes were 75 and 300 μm, Vertucci's classification was mostly used to classify the root canal morphology of the teeth. The included micro-CT studies were in-vitro studies where SkyScan 1172 X-ray scanner was the imaging machine with pixel size ranging between 13.4 and 27.4 μm. Vertucci, Ahmed et al. and Pomeranz et al. classifications were applied to classify the root canal morphology.

    CONCLUSION: This systematic review revealed wide variations in root and canal morphology of Saudi population using high resolution imaging techniques. Clinicians should be aware of the common and unusual root and canal anatomy before commencing root canal treatment. Future micro-CT studies are needed to provide additional qualitative and quantitative data presentations.

  14. Hussein MZ, Azmin WH, Mustafa M, Yahaya AH
    J Inorg Biochem, 2009 Aug;103(8):1145-50.
    PMID: 19577306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.05.016
    Currently the development of green chemistry approach with the use of biomaterial-based activities of microbial cells in the synthesis of various nanostructures has attracted a great attention. In this study, we report on the use of bacterium, Bacillus cereus as a biotemplating agent for the formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles with raspberry- and plate-like structures through a simple thermal decomposition of zinc acetate by maintaining the original pH of the reaction mixtures. Possible mechanism on the formation of the nanostructures is proposed based on the surface chemistry and biochemistry processes involved organic-inorganic interactions between zinc oxide and the microbial cells.
  15. Tan XL, Azam-Ali S, Goh EV, Mustafa M, Chai HH, Ho WK, et al.
    Front Nutr, 2020;7:601496.
    PMID: 33363196 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.601496
    Rapid population growth, climate change, intensive monoculture farming, and resource depletion are among the challenges that threaten the increasingly vulnerable global agri-food system. Heavy reliance on a few major crops is also linked to a monotonous diet, poor dietary habits, and micronutrient deficiencies, which are often associated with diet-related diseases. Diversification-of both agricultural production systems and diet-is a practical and sustainable approach to address these challenges and to improve global food and nutritional security. This strategy is aligned with the recommendations from the EAT-Lancet report, which highlighted the urgent need for increased consumption of plant-based foods to sustain population and planetary health. Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.), an underutilized African legume, has the potential to contribute to improved food and nutrition security, while providing solutions for environmental sustainability and equity in food availability and affordability. This paper discusses the potential role of Bambara groundnut in diversifying agri-food systems and contributing to enhanced dietary and planetary sustainability, with emphasis on areas that span the value chain: from genetics, agroecology, nutrition, processing, and utilization, through to its socioeconomic potential. Bambara groundnut is a sustainable, low-cost source of complex carbohydrates, plant-based protein, unsaturated fatty acids, and essential minerals (magnesium, iron, zinc, and potassium), especially for those living in arid and semi-arid regions. As a legume, Bambara groundnut fixes atmospheric nitrogen to improve soil fertility. It is resilient to adverse environmental conditions and can yield on poor soil. Despite its impressive nutritional and agroecological profile, the potential of Bambara groundnut in improving the global food system is undermined by several factors, including resource limitation, knowledge gap, social stigma, and lack of policy incentives. Multiple research efforts to address these hurdles have led to a more promising outlook for Bambara groundnut; however, there is an urgent need to continue research to realize its full potential.
  16. Othman R, Ibrahim H, Mohd MA, Mustafa MR, Awang K
    Phytomedicine, 2006 Jan;13(1-2):61-6.
    PMID: 16360934
    Bioassay-guided fractionation was performed on a crude dichloromethane extract of Kaempferia galanga L. using chromatography techniques. Screening of the extract for biological activity started with the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, followed by the study of its antihypertensive activity on anaesthetized rats, which involved monitoring of the extract's effect on mean arterial blood pressure. The components of the fractions obtained from the separation procedures were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). The yield of the CH(2)Cl(2) extract was 0.29% of the crude plant extract. Analysis of the data for brine shrimp lethality test using the Finney computer program showed that this extract exhibited potent bioactivity with an ED(50) value of 7.92+/-0.13 microgml(-1). Intravenous administration of the extract induced a dose-related reduction of basal mean arterial pressure (MAP) (130+/-5 mmHg) in the anaesthetized rat, with maximal effects seen after 5-10 min of injection. The gas chromatogram showed that the common compound in the active fractions obtained from the bioassay-guided fractionation of the CH(2)Cl(2) extract was ethyl cinnamate. This vasorelaxant active compound, ethyl cinnamate, was isolated as a colorless oil. Ethyl p-methoxycinnamic acid was also isolated as white needles but did not exhibit any relaxant effect on the precontracted thoracic rat aorta.
  17. Mustafa MG, Rajaee AH, Hamli H, A Rahim KA
    PeerJ, 2021;9:e12183.
    PMID: 34721960 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12183
    The length-weight relationships (LWRs), condition factor (Kn), growth, mortality and exploitation status of three polynemid fishes, i.e., Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes, 1831), Polynemus melanochir (Valenciennes, 1831) and Polynemus paradiseus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Batang Lassa River estuary were estimated. Fish samples were caught during April 2019 to September 2020 using the ESBN (locally called Gnian) having 1.25 to 4.00 cm mesh size. The total length (TL) and body weight of each individual fish was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm and 0.01 g respectively. The growth coefficients (b) for F. xanthonema, P. melanochir and P. paradiseus, were 2.880, 2.717 and 2.724 with the R 2 values 0.956, 0.972 and 0.936 respectively. Estimated growth coefficients indicated a negative allometric growth pattern for all three threadfin fishes. To date, information regarding length-weight relationships for F. xanthonema and P. melanochir is insufficient whereas the information is available for P. paradiseus. About 40-48% of fishes exhibited flat or thin body shape (Kn < 1), 48-50% were rounded or fat (Kn > 1) and only 1-3% of fishes showed proportional body shape (Kn = 1). The growth parameters L∞ , K and ϕ' were estimated at 15.75 cm, 0.95 yr-1 and 2.37 for F. xanthonema; 27.61 cm 0.87 yr-1 and 2.82 for P. melanochir; and 27.30 cm, 0.58 yr-1 and 2.64 for P. paradiseus; respectively. The estimated natural mortality (M) included 2.10, 1.69 and 1.30 yr-1; the fishing mortality (F) 0.57, 0.67 and 0.60 yr-1; and exploitation ratio (E) 0.21, 0.28 and 0.31 for F. xanthonema, P. melanochir and P. paradiseus respectively. The study concluded that the stocks are still under exploitation (E < 0.5) condition. However, the studied Batang Lassa estuary could be a potential nursery ground considering the minimum lengths of 5.0, 3.8 and 4.0 cm for F. xanthonema, P. melanochir and P. paradiseus respectively. Therefore, management initiatives are needed to escape juvenile catches.
  18. Ali HM, Mohamed Mustafa MI, Rizal MR, Ng SW
    PMID: 21201365 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536808002213
    The Zn atom in the title compound, [Zn(C(17)H(14)ClN(2)O)(2)], is N,O-chelated by two deprotonated Schiff base monoanionic ligands in a tetra-hedral coordination geometry. The Zn atom lies on a special position of site symmetry 2.
  19. Chimonyo VGP, Govender L, Nyathi M, Scheelbeek PFD, Choruma DJ, Mustafa M, et al.
    Front Nutr, 2023;10:1060246.
    PMID: 36793925 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1060246
    INTRODUCTION: Intercropping cereals with legumes can intensify rainfed cereal monocropping for improved household food and nutritional security. However, there is scant literature confirming the associated nutritional benefits.

    METHODOLOGY: A systematic review and meta-analysis of nutritional water productivity (NWP) and nutrient contribution (NC) of selected cereal-legume intercrop systems was conducted through literature searches in Scopus, Web of Science and ScienceDirect databases. After the assessment, only nine articles written in English that were field experiments comprising grain cereal and legume intercrop systems were retained. Using the R statistical software (version 3.6.0), paired t-tests were used to determine if differences existed between the intercrop system and the corresponding cereal monocrop for yield (Y), water productivity (WP), NC, and NWP.

    RESULTS: The intercropped cereal or legume yield was 10 to 35% lower than that for the corresponding monocrop system. In most instances, intercropping cereals with legumes improved NY, NWP, and NC due to their added nutrients. Substantial improvements were observed for calcium (Ca), where NY, NWP, and NC improved by 658, 82, and 256%, respectively.

    DISCUSSION: Results showed that cereal-legume intercrop systems could improve nutrient yield in water-limited environments. Promoting cereal- legume intercrops that feature nutrient-dense legume component crops could contribute toward addressing the SDGs of Zero Hunger (SDG 3), Good Health and Well-3 (SDG 2) and Responsible consumption and production (SDG 12).

  20. Subramaniam G, Achike FI, Mustafa MR
    J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 2009 Apr;53(4):333-40.
    PMID: 19295443 DOI: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e31819fd4a7
    The mechanism by which insulin causes vasodilatation remains unclear, so we explored this in aortic rings from normal Wistar Kyoto and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Insulin-induced relaxation of phenylephrine-contracted [endothelium (ED) intact or denuded] aortic rings was recorded in the presence or absence of various drug probes. Insulin relaxant effect was more in ED-intact than in-denuded tissues from normal or diabetic rats. l-NAME or methylene blue partially inhibited insulin effect in ED-intact but not the ED-denuded tissues, whereas indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) had no effect on any of the tissues, indicating that insulin induces relaxation by ED-dependent and -independent mechanisms, the former via the NOS-cyclic guanosine monophosphate but not the cyclooxygenase pathway. The voltage-dependent K channel (KV) blocker (4-aminopyridine) inhibited insulin action in all the tissues (normal or diabetic, with or without ED), whereas the selective BKCa blocker, tetraethylammonium, inhibited it in normal (ED intact or denuded) but not in diabetic tissues, indicating that KV mediates insulin action in normal and diabetic tissues, whereas the BKCa mediates it only in normal tissues, with possible pathophysiologic absence in diabetic tissues. The inward rectifier K channel (Kir) blocker (barium chloride) significantly inhibited insulin effect only in ED-intact or -denuded diabetic tissues, whereas the KATP channel blocker, glibenclamide, inhibited it only in the ED-denuded diabetic tissues, suggesting that Kir channels mediate insulin-induced relaxation in ED-intact or -denuded diabetic tissues, whereas the KATP channel mediates it in ED-denuded diabetic tissues. All the agents combined did not abolish insulin action, suggestive of a direct vasodilatory effect. In conclusion, insulin causes vasodilatation in normal and diabetic tissues via ED-dependent and -independent mechanisms differentially modulated by K channels, some of which functions are altered in diabetes and thus are potential therapeutic targets.
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