Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 29 in total

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  1. Fulltext MicroRNA-155 complementation on a chemically functionalized dual electrode surface for determining breast cancer
    Gopinath SCB, Perumal V, Xuan S
    3 Biotech, 2020 Jun;10(6):270.
    PMID: 32523864 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02261-x
    This study correlated and quantified the expression of microRNA-155 with breast cancer to determine breast cancer progression. The target microRNA-155 sequence was identified by complementation on a capture-probe sequence-immobilized interdigitated dual electrode surface. The sensitivity was found to be 1 fM, and the limit of detection fell between 1 and 10 fM. The specific sequence selectivity with single mismatches, triple mismatches, and noncomplementary bases failed to complement the capture-probe sequence. The obtained results demonstrate the selective determination of the microRNA-155 sequence and can help to diagnose breast cancer.
  2. Self-assembled silver nanoparticle-DNA on a dielectrode microdevice for determination of gynecologic tumors
    Li Z, Gopinath SCB, Lakshmipriya T, Anbu P, Perumal V, Wang X
    Biomed Microdevices, 2020 09 17;22(4):67.
    PMID: 32940771 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-020-00522-3
    Nanoscale materials have been employed in the past 2 decades in applications such as biosensing, therapeutics and medical diagnostics due to their beneficial optoelectronic properties. In recent years, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained attention due to their higher plasmon excitation efficiency than gold nanoparticles, as proved by sharper and stronger plasmon resonance peaks. The current work is focused on utilizing self-assembled DNA-AgNPs on microdevices for the detection of gynecological cancers. Human papilloma virus (HPV) mostly spreads through sexual transmittance and can cause various gynecological cancers, including cervical, ovarian and endometrial cancers. In particular, oncogene E7 from the HPV strain 16 (HPV-16 E7) is responsible for causing these cancers. In this research, the target sequence of HPV-16 E7 was detected by an AgNP-conjugated capture probe on a dielectrode sensor. The detection limit was in the range between 10 and 100 aM (by 3σ estimation). The sensitivity of the AgNP-conjugated probe was 10 aM and similar to the sensitivity of gold nanoparticle conjugation sensors, and the mismatched control DNA failed to detect the target, proving selective HPV detection. Morphological assessments on the AgNPs and the sensing surfaces by high-resolution microscopy revealed the surface arrangement. This sensing platform can be expanded to develop sensors for the detection various clinically relevant targets.
  3. Fulltext 1,1'-Carbonyldiimidazole-copper nanoflower enhanced collapsible laser scribed graphene engraved microgap capacitive aptasensor for the detection of milk allergen
    Subramani IG, Perumal V, Gopinath SCB, Mohamed NM, Ovinis M, Sze LL
    Sci Rep, 2021 10 21;11(1):20825.
    PMID: 34675227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00057-4
    The bovine milk allergenic protein, 'β-lactoglobulin' is one of the leading causes of milk allergic reaction. In this research, a novel label-free non-faradaic capacitive aptasensor was designed to detect β-lactoglobulin using a Laser Scribed Graphene (LSG) electrode. The graphene was directly engraved into a microgapped (~ 95 µm) capacitor-electrode pattern on a flexible polyimide (PI) film via a simple one-step CO2 laser irradiation. The novel hybrid nanoflower (NF) was synthesized using 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) as the organic molecule and copper (Cu) as the inorganic molecule via one-pot biomineralization by tuning the reaction time and concentration. NF was fixed on the pre-modified PI film at the triangular junction of the LSG microgap specifically for bio-capturing β-lactoglobulin. The fine-tuned CDI-Cu NF revealed the flower-like structures was viewed through field emission scanning electron microscopy. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed the interactions with PI film, CDI-Cu NF, oligoaptamer and β-lactoglobulin. The non-faradaic sensing of milk allergen β-lactoglobulin corresponds to a higher loading of oligoaptamer on 3D-structured CDI-Cu NF, with a linear range detection from 1 ag/ml to 100 fg/ml and attomolar (1 ag/ml) detection limit (S/N = 3:1). This novel CDI-Cu NF/LSG microgap aptasensor has a great potential for the detection of milk allergen with high-specificity and sensitivity.
  4. Diagnosing human blood clotting deficiency
    Ong CC, Gopinath SCB, Rebecca LWX, Perumal V, Lakshmipriya T, Saheed MSM
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Sep;116:765-773.
    PMID: 29775720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.084
    There are different clotting factors present in blood, carries the clotting cascade and excessive bleeding may cause a deficiency in the clotting Diagnosis of this deficiency in clotting drastically reduces the potential fatality. For enabling a sensor to detect the clotting factors, suitable probes such as antibody and aptamer have been used to capture these targets on the sensing surface. Two major clotting factors were widely studied for the diagnosis of clotting deficiency, which includes factor IX and thrombin. In addition, factor IX is considered as the substitute for heparin and the prothrombotic associated with the increased thrombin generation are taking into account their prevalence. The biosensors, surface plasmon resonance, evanescent-field-coupled waveguide-mode sensor, metal-enhanced PicoGreen fluorescence and electrochemical aptasensor were well-documented and improvements have been made for high-performance sensing. We overviewed detecting factor IX and thrombin using these biosensors, for the potential application in medical diagnosis.
  5. Fulltext Thickness Dependent Nanostructural, Morphological, Optical and Impedometric Analyses of Zinc Oxide-Gold Hybrids: Nanoparticle to Thin Film
    Perumal V, Hashim U, Gopinath SC, Haarindraprasad R, Liu WW, Poopalan P, et al.
    PLoS One, 2015;10(12):e0144964.
    PMID: 26694656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144964
    The creation of an appropriate thin film is important for the development of novel sensing surfaces, which will ultimately enhance the properties and output of high-performance sensors. In this study, we have fabricated and characterized zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films on silicon substrates, which were hybridized with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to obtain ZnO-Aux (x = 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 nm) hybrid structures with different thicknesses. Nanoscale imaging by field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed increasing film uniformity and coverage with the Au deposition thickness. Transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated that the AuNPs exhibit an increasing average diameter (5-10 nm). The face center cubic Au were found to co-exist with wurtzite ZnO nanostructure. Atomic force microscopy observations revealed that as the Au content increased, the overall crystallite size increased, which was supported by X-ray diffraction measurements. The structural characterizations indicated that the Au on the ZnO crystal lattice exists without any impurities in a preferred orientation (002). When the ZnO thickness increased from 10 to 40 nm, transmittance and an optical bandgap value decreased. Interestingly, with 50 nm thickness, the band gap value was increased, which might be due to the Burstein-Moss effect. Photoluminescence studies revealed that the overall structural defect (green emission) improved significantly as the Au deposition increased. The impedance measurements shows a decreasing value of impedance arc with increasing Au thicknesses (0 to 40 nm). In contrast, the 50 nm AuNP impedance arc shows an increased value compared to lower sputtering thicknesses, which indicated the presence of larger sized AuNPs that form a continuous film, and its ohmic characteristics changed to rectifying characteristics. This improved hybrid thin film (ZnO/Au) is suitable for a wide range of sensing applications.
  6. A new nano-worm structure from gold-nanoparticle mediated random curving of zinc oxide nanorods
    Perumal V, Hashim U, Gopinath SC, Haarindraprasad R, Poopalan P, Liu WW, et al.
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2016 Apr 15;78:14-22.
    PMID: 26584078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.083
    Creating novel nanostructures is a primary step for high-performance analytical sensing. Herein, a new worm like nanostructure with Zinc Oxide-gold (ZnO/Au) hybrid was fabricated through an aqueous hydrothermal method, by doping Au-nanoparticle (AuNP) on the growing ZnO lattice. During ZnO growth, fine tuning the solution temperature expedites random curving of ZnO nanorods and forms nano-worms. The nano-worms which were evidenced by morphological, physical and structural analyses, revealed elongated structures protruding from the surface (length: 1 µm; diameter: ~100 nm). The appropriate peaks for the face centred cubic gold were (111) and (200), as seen from X-ray diffractogram. The strong interrelation between Au and ZnO was manifested by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The combined surface area increment from the nanoparticle radii and ZnO nanorod random curving gives raise an enhancement in detection sensitivity by increasing bio-loading. 'Au-decorated hybrid nano-worm' was immobilized with a probe DNA from Vibrio Cholera and duplexed with a target which was revealed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Our novel Au-decorated hybrid nano-worm is suitable for high-performance bio-sensing, as evidenced by impedance spectroscopy, having higher-specificity and attained femtomolar (10 fM) sensitivity. Further, higher stability, reproducibility and regeneration on this sensing surface were demonstrated.
  7. Fulltext Electrochemical biosensor detection on respiratory and flaviviruses
    Ang PC, Perumal V, Ibrahim MNM, Adnan R, Mohd Azman DK, Gopinath SCB, et al.
    Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2023 Mar;107(5-6):1503-1513.
    PMID: 36719432 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12400-y
    Viruses have spread throughout the world and cause acute illness or death among millions of people. There is a growing concern about methods to control and combat early-stage viral infections to prevent the significant public health problem. However, conventional detection methods like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) requires sample purification and are time-consuming for further clinical diagnosis. Hence, establishing a portable device for rapid detection with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity for the specific virus to prevent further spread becomes an urgent need. Many research groups are focusing on the potential of the electrochemical sensor to become a key for developing point-of-care (POC) technologies for clinical analysis because it can solve most of the limitations of conventional diagnostic methods. Herein, this review discusses the current development of electrochemical sensors for the detection of respiratory virus infections and flaviviruses over the past 10 years. Trends in future perspectives in rapid clinical detection sensors on viruses are also discussed. KEY POINTS: • Respiratory related viruses and Flavivirus are being concerned for past decades. • Important to differentiate the cross-reactivity between the virus in same family. • Electrochemical biosensor as a suitable device to detect viruses with high performance.
  8. Fulltext Characterization of Gold-Sputtered Zinc Oxide Nanorods-a Potential Hybrid Material
    Perumal V, Hashim U, Gopinath SC, Rajintra Prasad H, Wei-Wen L, Balakrishnan SR, et al.
    Nanoscale Res Lett, 2016 Dec;11(1):31.
    PMID: 26787050 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1245-8
    Generation of hybrid nanostructures has been attested as a promising approach to develop high-performance sensing substrates. Herein, hybrid zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod dopants with different gold (Au) thicknesses were grown on silicon wafer and studied for their impact on physical, optical and electrical characteristics. Structural patterns displayed that ZnO crystal lattice is in preferred c-axis orientation and proved the higher purities. Observations under field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed the coverage of ZnO nanorods by Au-spots having diameters in the average ranges of 5-10 nm, as determined under transmission electron microscopy. Impedance spectroscopic analysis of Au-sputtered ZnO nanorods was carried out in the frequency range of 1 to 100 MHz with applied AC amplitude of 1 V RMS. The obtained results showed significant changes in the electrical properties (conductance and dielectric constant) with nanostructures. A clear demonstration with 30-nm thickness of Au-sputtering was apparent to be ideal for downstream applications, due to the lowest variation in resistance value of grain boundary, which has dynamic and superior characteristics.
  9. Fulltext 'Spotted Nanoflowers': Gold-seeded Zinc Oxide Nanohybrid for Selective Bio-capture
    Perumal V, Hashim U, Gopinath SC, Haarindraprasad R, Foo KL, Balakrishnan SR, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2015 Jul 16;5:12231.
    PMID: 26178973 DOI: 10.1038/srep12231
    Hybrid gold nanostructures seeded into nanotextured zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoflowers (NFs) were created for novel biosensing applications. The selected 'spotted NFs' had a 30-nm-thick gold nanoparticle (AuNP) layer, chosen from a range of AuNP thicknesses, sputtered onto the surface. The generated nanohybrids, characterized by morphological, physical and structural analyses, were uniformly AuNP-seeded onto the ZnO NFs with an average length of 2-3 μm. Selective capture of molecular probes onto the seeded AuNPs was evidence for the specific interaction with DNA from pathogenic Leptospirosis-causing strains via hybridization and mis-match analyses. The attained detection limit was 100 fM as determined via impedance spectroscopy. High levels of stability, reproducibility and regeneration of the sensor were obtained. Selective DNA immobilization and hybridization were confirmed by nitrogen and phosphorus peaks in an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The created nanostructure hybrids illuminate the mechanism of generating multiple-target, high-performance detection on a single NF platform, which opens a new avenue for array-based medical diagnostics.
  10. Fulltext Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Properties, and Recent Applications of Ficus benghalensis and Ficus religiosa
    Murugesu S, Selamat J, Perumal V
    Plants (Basel), 2021 Dec 14;10(12).
    PMID: 34961220 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122749
    Ficus is one of the largest genera in the plant kingdom that belongs to the Moraceae family. This review aimed to summarize the medicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological actions of two major species from this genus, namely Ficus benghalensis and Ficus religiosa. These species can be found abundantly in most Asian countries, including Malaysia. The chemical analysis report has shown that Ficus species contained a wide range of phytoconstituents, including phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, glycosides, sugar, protein, essential and volatile oils, and steroids. Existing studies on the pharmacological functions have revealed that the observed Ficus species possessed a broad range of biological properties, including antioxidants, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antitumor and antiproliferative, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, anti-helminthic, hepatoprotective, wound healing, anticoagulant, immunomodulatory activities, antistress, toxicity studies, and mosquitocidal effects. Apart from the plant parts and their extracts, the endophytes residing in these host plants were discussed as well. This study also includes the recent applications of the Ficus species and their plant parts, mainly in the nanotechnology field. Various search engines and databases were used to obtain the scientific findings, including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PMC, Research Gate, and Scopus. Overall, the review discusses the therapeutic potentials discovered in recent times and highlights the research gaps for prospective research work.
  11. Nanoscaled Surface Modification of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Using Carbon Nanotubes for Enhanced Oil and Organic Solvent Absorption
    Ong CC, Sundera Murthe S, Mohamed NM, Perumal V, Mohamed Saheed MS
    ACS Omega, 2018 Nov 30;3(11):15907-15915.
    PMID: 31458235 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01566
    This article demonstrates a novel nanoscale surface modification method to enhance the selectivity of porous poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) in removing oil from water. The surface modification method is simple and low cost by using sugar as a sacrificial template for temporal adhering of carbon nanotubes (CNT) before addition of PDMS prepolymer to encapsulate the CNT on its surface once polymerized. The PDMS-CNT demonstrated a tremendous increase in absorption capacity up to 3-fold compared to previously reported absorbents composed solely of PDMS. Besides showcasing excellent absorption capacity, the PDMS-CNT also shows a faster absorption rate (25 s) as compared to that of pure PDMS (40 s). The enhanced absorption rate is due to the incorporation of CNT, which roughens the surface of the polymer at the nanoscale and lowers the surface energy of porous PDMS while at the same time increasing the absorbent hydrophobicity and oleophilicity. This property makes the absorbent unique in absorbing only oil but repelling water at the same time. The PDMS-CNT is an excellent absorbent material with outstanding recyclability and selectivity for removing oil from water.
  12. Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflower Production and Analytical Utilization: Fundamental to Cutting-Edge Technologies
    Subramani IG, Perumal V, Gopinath SCB, Fhan KS, Mohamed NM
    Crit Rev Anal Chem, 2021 Mar 11.
    PMID: 33691533 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1889962
    Over the past decade, science has experienced a growing rise in nanotechnology with ground-breaking contributions. Through various laborious technologies, nanomaterials with different architectures from 0 D to 3 D have been synthesized. However, the 3 D flower-like organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterial with the most direct one-pot green synthesis method has attracted widespread attention and instantly become research hotspot since its first allusion in 2012. Mild synthesis procedure, high surface-to-volume ratio, enhanced enzymatic activity and stability are the main factor for its rapid development. However, its lower mechanical strength, difficulties in recovery from the reaction system, lower loading capacity, poor reusability and accessibility of enzymes are fatal, which hinders its wide application in industry. This review first discusses the selection of non-enzymatic biomolecules for the synthesis of hybrid nanoflowers followed by the innovative advancements made in organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers to overcome aforementioned issues and to enhance their extensive downstream applications in transduction technologies. Besides, the role of hybrid nanoflower has been successfully utilized in many fields including, water remediation, biocatalyst, pollutant adsorption and decolourization, nanoreactor, biosensing, cellular uptake and others, accompanied with several quantification technologies, such as ELISA, electrochemical, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), colorimetric, and fluorescence were comprehensively reviewed.
  13. Human papilloma virus DNA-biomarker analysis for cervical cancer: Signal enhancement by gold nanoparticle-coupled tetravalent streptavidin-biotin strategy
    Lv Q, Wang Y, Su C, Lakshmipriya T, Gopinath SCB, Pandian K, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2019 Aug 01;134:354-360.
    PMID: 31078598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.044
    Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a double-standard DNA virus, as well as the source of infection to the mucous membrane. It is a sexually transmitted disease that brings the changes in the cervix cells. Oncogenes, E6 and E7 play a pivotal role in the HPV infection. Identifying these genes to detect HPV strains, especially a prevalent HPV16 strain, will bring a great impact. Among different sensing strategies for pathogens, the dielectric electrochemical biosensor shows the potential due to its higher sensitivity. In this research, HPV16-E7 DNA sequence was detected on the carbodiimidazole-modified interdigitated electrode (IDE) surface with the detection limit of 1 fM. To enhance the sensitivity, the target sequence was conjugated on gold nanoparticle (GNP) and attained detection to the level of 10 aM. This produced ~100 folds improvement in detecting HPV16-E7 gene and 4 folds increment in the current flow. The stability of HPV16-E7 DNA sequences on GNP was verified by the salt-induced GNP aggregation. The current system has shown the higher specificity by comparing against non-complementary and triple-mismatched DNA sequences of HPV16-E7. This demonstration in detecting HPV16-E7 using dielectric IDE sensing system with a higher sensitivity can be recommended for detecting a wide range of disease-causing DNA-markers.
  14. Fulltext Laser-scribed graphene nanofiber decorated with oil palm lignin capped silver nanoparticles: a green biosensor
    Tai MJY, Perumal V, Gopinath SCB, Raja PB, Ibrahim MNM, Jantan IN, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2021 Mar 09;11(1):5475.
    PMID: 33750861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85039-2
    Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), requires a high level of attention and is one of the most infectious diseases in the air. Present methods of diagnosing TB remain ineffective owing to their low sensitivity and time consumption. In this study, we produced a green graphene nanofiber laser biosensor (LSG-NF) decorated with oil palm lignin-based synthetic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The resulting composite morphology was observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, which revealed the effective adaptation of the AgNPs to the LSG-NF surface. The successful attachment of AgNPs and LSG-NFs was also evident from X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy studies. In order to verify the sensing efficiency, a selective DNA sample captured on AgNPs was investigated for specific binding with M.tb target DNA through selective hybridisation and mismatch analysis. Electrochemical impedance studies further confirmed sensitive detection of up to 1 fM, where a detection limit of 10-15 M was obtained by estimating the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N = 3:1) as 3σ. Successful DNA immobilisation and hybridisation was confirmed by the detection of phosphorus and nitrogen peaks based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The stability and repeatability of the analysis were high. This approach provides an affordable potential sensing system for the determination of M. tuberculosis biomarker and thus provides a new direction in medical diagnosis.
  15. Fulltext Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Effects of Flavonoids: A Structure-Activity Relationship Based Study
    Sarian MN, Ahmed QU, Mat So'ad SZ, Alhassan AM, Murugesu S, Perumal V, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2017;2017:8386065.
    PMID: 29318154 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8386065
    The best described pharmacological property of flavonoids is their capacity to act as potent antioxidant that has been reported to play an important role in the alleviation of diabetes mellitus. Flavonoids biochemical properties are structure dependent; however, they are yet to be thoroughly understood. Hence, the main aim of this work was to investigate the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of some structurally related flavonoids to identify key positions responsible, their correlation, and the effect of methylation and acetylation on the same properties. Antioxidant potential was evaluated through dot blot, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ABTS+ radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and xanthine oxidase inhibitory (XOI) assays. Antidiabetic effect was investigated through α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) assays. Results showed that the total number and the configuration of hydroxyl groups played an important role in regulating antioxidant and antidiabetic properties in scavenging DPPH radical, ABTS+ radical, and FRAP assays and improved both α-glucosidase and DPP-4 activities. Presence of C-2-C-3 double bond and C-4 ketonic group are two essential structural features in the bioactivity of flavonoids especially for antidiabetic property. Methylation and acetylation of hydroxyl groups were found to diminish the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of the flavonoids.
  16. Metabolic alteration in obese diabetes rats upon treatment with Centella asiatica extract
    Maulidiani, Abas F, Khatib A, Perumal V, Suppaiah V, Ismail A, et al.
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2016 Mar 2;180:60-9.
    PMID: 26775274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.01.001
    'Pegaga' is a traditional Malay remedy for a wide range of complaints. Among the 'pegaga', Centella asiatica has been used as a remedy for diabetes mellitus. Thus, we decided to validate this claim by evaluating the in vivo antidiabetic property of C. asiatica (CA) on T2DM rat model using the holistic (1)H NMR-based metabolomics approach.
  17. A quadruplet 3-D laser scribed graphene/MoS2, functionalised N2-doped graphene quantum dots and lignin-based Ag-nanoparticles for biosensing
    Vasudevan M, Perumal V, Raja PB, Ibrahim MNM, Lee HL, Gopinath SCB, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Dec 31;253(Pt 2):126620.
    PMID: 37683754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126620
    Troponin I is a protein released into the human blood circulation and a commonly used biomarker due to its sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing myocardial injury. When heart injury occurs, elevated troponin Troponin I levels are released into the bloodstream. The biomarker is a strong and reliable indicator of myocardial injury in a person, with immediate treatment required. For electrochemical sensing of Troponin I, a quadruplet 3D laser-scribed graphene/molybdenum disulphide functionalised N2-doped graphene quantum dots hybrid with lignin-based Ag-nanoparticles (3D LSG/MoS2/N-GQDs/L-Ag NPs) was fabricated using a hydrothermal process as an enhanced quadruplet substrate. Hybrid MoS2 nanoflower (H3 NF) and nanosphere (H3 NS) were formed independently by varying MoS2 precursors and were grown on 3D LSG uniformly without severe stacking and restacking issues, and characterized by morphological, physical, and structural analyses with the N-GQDs and Ag NPs evenly distributed on 3D LSG/MoS2 surface by covalent bonding. The selective capture of and specific interaction with Troponin I by the biotinylated aptamer probe on the bio-electrode, resulted in an increment in the charge transfer resistance. The limit of detection, based on impedance spectroscopy, is 100 aM for both H3 NF and H3 NS hybrids, with the H3 NF hybrid biosensor having better analytical performance in terms of linearity, selectivity, repeatability, and stability.
  18. Fulltext Evaluation of antidiabetic properties of Momordica charantia in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats using metabolomics approach
    Perumal, V., Khoo, W.C., Abdul-Hamid, A., Ismail, A., Saari, K., Murugesu, S., et al.
    International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(3):1298-1306.
    MyJurnal
    Momordica charantia, also known as bitter melon or ‘peria katak’ in Malaysia, is a member of the family Cucurbitaceae. Bitter melon is an excellent source of vitamins and minerals that made it extensively nutritious. Moreover, the seed, fruit and leave of the plant contain bioactive compounds with a wide range of biological activities that have been used in traditional medicines in the treatment of several diseases, including inflammation, infections, obesity and diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in urinary metabolite profile of the normal, streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes and M. charantia treated diabetic rats using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) -based metabolomics profiling. Study had been carried out by inducing diabetes in the rats through injection of streptozotocin, which exhibited type 1 diabetes. M. charantia extract (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) was administrated to the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for one week. Blood glucose level after administration was measured to examine hypoglycemic effect of the extract. The results obtained indicated that M. charantia was effective in lowering blood glucose level of the diabetic rats. The loading plot of Partial Least Square (PLS) component 1 showed that diabetic rats had increased levels of lactate and glucose in urine whereas normal and the extract treated diabetic rats had higher levels of succinate, creatine, creatinine, urea and phenylacetylglycine in urine. While the loading plot of PLS component 2 showed a higher levels of succinate, citrate, creatine, creatinine, sugars, and hippurate in urine of normal rat compared to the extract treated diabetic rat. Administration of M. charantia extract was found to be able to regulate the altered metabolic processes. Thus, it could be potentially used to treat the diabetic patients.
    
  19. Fulltext Identification of α-glucosidase inhibitors from Clinacanthus nutans leaf extract using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and protein-ligand interaction with molecular docking
    Murugesu S, Ibrahim Z, Ahmed QU, Uzir BF, Nik Yusoff NI, Perumal V, et al.
    J Pharm Anal, 2019 Apr;9(2):91-99.
    PMID: 31011465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.11.001
    The present study used in vitro and in silico techniques, as well as the metabolomics approach to characterise α-glucosidase inhibitors from different fractions of Clinacanthus nutans. C. nutans is a medicinal plant belonging to the Acanthaceae family, and is traditionally used to treat diabetes in Malaysia. n-Hexane, n-hexane: ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v), ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate: methanol (1:1, v/v), and methanol fractions were obtained via partitioning of the 80% methanolic crude extract. The in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was analyzed using all the fractions collected, followed by profiling of the metabolites using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The partial least square (PLS) statistical model was developed using the SIMCA P+14.0 software and the following four inhibitors were obtained: (1) 4,6,8-Megastigmatrien-3-one; (2) N-Isobutyl-2-nonen-6,8-diynamide; (3) 1',2'-bis(acetyloxy)-3',4'-didehydro-2'-hydro-β, ψ-carotene; and (4) 22-acetate-3-hydroxy-21-(6-methyl-2,4-octadienoate)-olean-12-en-28-oic acid. The in silico study performed via molecular docking with the crystal structure of yeast isomaltase (PDB code: 3A4A) involved a hydrogen bond and some hydrophobic interactions between the inhibitors and protein. The residues that interacted include ASN259, HID295, LYS156, ARG335, and GLY209 with a hydrogen bond, while TRP15, TYR158, VAL232, HIE280, ALA292, PRO312, LEU313, VAL313, PHE314, ARG315, TYR316, VAL319, and TRP343 with other forms of bonding.
  20. Fulltext Characterization of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Clinacanthus nutans Lindau Leaves by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics and Molecular Docking Simulation
    Murugesu S, Ibrahim Z, Ahmed QU, Nik Yusoff NI, Uzir BF, Perumal V, et al.
    Molecules, 2018 Sep 19;23(9).
    PMID: 30235889 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092402
    BACKGROUND: Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans) is an Acanthaceae herbal shrub traditionally consumed to treat various diseases including diabetes in Malaysia. This study was designed to evaluate the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of C. nutans leaves extracts, and to identify the metabolites responsible for the bioactivity.

    METHODS: Crude extract obtained from the dried leaves using 80% methanolic solution was further partitioned using different polarity solvents. The resultant extracts were investigated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory potential followed by metabolites profiling using the gas chromatography tandem with mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

    RESULTS: Multivariate data analysis was developed by correlating the bioactivity, and GC-MS data generated a suitable partial least square (PLS) model resulting in 11 bioactive compounds, namely, palmitic acid, phytol, hexadecanoic acid (methyl ester), 1-monopalmitin, stigmast-5-ene, pentadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, 1-linolenoylglycerol, glycerol monostearate, alpha-tocospiro B, and stigmasterol. In-silico study via molecular docking was carried out using the crystal structure Saccharomyces cerevisiae isomaltase (PDB code: 3A4A). Interactions between the inhibitors and the protein were predicted involving residues, namely LYS156, THR310, PRO312, LEU313, GLU411, and ASN415 with hydrogen bond, while PHE314 and ARG315 with hydrophobic bonding.

    CONCLUSION: The study provides informative data on the potential α-glucosidase inhibitors identified in C. nutans leaves, indicating the plant's therapeutic effect to manage hyperglycemia.

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