Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 94 in total

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  1. Yary T, Soleimannejad K, Abd Rahim F, Kandiah M, Aazami S, Poor SJ, et al.
    Lipids Health Dis, 2010;9:133.
    PMID: 21087475 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511X-9-133
    BACKGROUND: Despite significant improvements in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD), it is still a major cause of mortality and morbidity among the Iranian population. Epidemiological studies have documented that risk factors including smoking and the biochemical profile are responsible for the development of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Psychological factors have been discussed as potential risk factors for coronary heart disease. Among emotional factors, depression correlates with coronary heart disease, particularly myocardial infarction.
    METHODS: This case-control study was conducted on 120 cases (69 males and 51 females) of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 120 controls, with a mean age of 62.48 ± 15.39 years. Cases and controls were matched by age, residence and sex.
    RESULTS: The results revealed that severe depression was independently associated with the risk of AMI (P = 0.025, OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-5.8). The analysis of variables indicated that risk factors for developing depression were unmarried, low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), total dietary fiber (TDF) and carbohydrates. The levels of these dietary factors were lowest in severely depressed patients compared to those categorised as moderate or mild cases. Furthermore, severely depressed subjects were associated with higher levels of total cholesterol, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) and WHR. Age, income, a family history of coronary heart disease, education level, sex, employment and smoking were not associated with severe depression.
    CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that severe depression symptoms are independent risk factors for AMI. Furthermore, severe depression was associated with an unhealthy diet and AMI risk factors.
    Study site: Mostafa Hospital, Ilam Province, Iran
  2. Hussain R, Ullah H, Rahim F, Sarfraz M, Taha M, Iqbal R, et al.
    Molecules, 2022 Sep 18;27(18).
    PMID: 36144820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186087
    Twenty-four analogues of benzimidazole-based thiazoles (1-24) were synthesized and assessed for their in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitory potential. All analogues were found to exhibit good inhibitory potential against cholinesterase enzymes, having IC50 values in the ranges of 0.10 ± 0.05 to 11.10 ± 0.30 µM (for AChE) and 0.20 ± 0.050 µM to 14.20 ± 0.10 µM (for BuChE) as compared to the standard drug Donepezil (IC50 = 2.16 ± 0.12 and 4.5 ± 0.11 µM, respectively). Among the series, analogues 16 and 21 were found to be the most potent inhibitors of AChE and BuChE enzymes. The number (s), types, electron-donating or -withdrawing effects and position of the substituent(s) on the both phenyl rings B & C were the primary determinants of the structure-activity relationship (SAR). In order to understand how the most active derivatives interact with the amino acids in the active site of the enzyme, molecular docking studies were conducted. The results obtained supported the experimental data. Additionally, the structures of all newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by using several spectroscopic methods like 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR and HR EIMS.
  3. Zawawi NK, Taha M, Ahmat N, Wadood A, Ismail NH, Rahim F, et al.
    Bioorg Chem, 2016 Feb;64:29-36.
    PMID: 26637946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.11.006
    Newly synthesized benzimidazole hydrazone derivatives 1-26 were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Compounds 1-26 exhibited varying degrees of yeast α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values between 8.40 ± 0.76 and 179.71 ± 1.11 μM when compared with standard acarbose. In this assay, seven compounds that showed highest inhibitory effects than the rest of benzimidazole series were identified. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by different spectroscopic methods adequately. We further evaluated the interaction of the active compounds with enzyme with the help of docking studies.
  4. Taha M, Ismail NH, Imran S, Anouar EH, Selvaraj M, Jamil W, et al.
    Eur J Med Chem, 2017 Jan 27;126:1021-1033.
    PMID: 28012342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.019
    Molecular hybridization yielded phenyl linked oxadiazole-benzohydrazones hybrids 6-35 and were evaluated for their antileishmanial potentials. Compound 10, a 3,4-dihydroxy analog with IC50 value of 0.95 ± 0.01 μM, was found to be the most potent antileishmanial agent (7 times more active) than the standard drug pentamidine (IC50 = 7.02 ± 0.09 μM). The current series 6-35 conceded in the identification of thirteen (13) potent antileishmanial compounds with the IC50 values ranging between 0.95 ± 0.01-78.6 ± 1.78 μM. Molecular docking analysis against pteridine reductase (PTR1) were also performed to probe the mode of action. Selectivity index showed that compounds with higher number of hydroxyl groups have low selectivity index. Theoretical stereochemical assignment was also done for certain derivatives by using density functional calculations.
  5. Zaman K, Rahim F, Taha M, Wadood A, Adnan Ali Shah S, Gollapalli M, et al.
    Bioorg Chem, 2019 08;89:102999.
    PMID: 31151055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102999
    Isoquinoline analogues (KA-1 to 16) have been synthesized and evaluated for their E. coli thymidine phosphorylase inhibitory activity. Except compound 11, all other analogs showed outstanding thymidine inhibitory potential ranging in between 4.40 ± 0.20 to 69.30 ± 1.80 µM when compared with standard drug 7-Deazaxanthine (IC50 = 38.68 ± 4.42 µM). Structure Activity Relationships has been established for all compounds, mainly based on substitution pattern on phenyl ring. All analogs were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR and EI-MS. The binding interactions of isoquinoline analogues with the active site of TP enzyme, the molecular docking studies were performed. Furthermore, the angiogenic inhibitory potentials of isoquinoline analogues (KA-1-9, 14, 12 and 16) were determined in the presence of standard drug Dexamethasone based on percentage inhibitions at various concentrations. Herein this work analogue KA-12, 14 and 16 emerged with most potent angiogenic inhibitory potentials among the synthesized analogues.
  6. Taha M, Rahim F, Zaman K, Anouar EH, Uddin N, Nawaz F, et al.
    J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2023 Mar;41(5):1649-1664.
    PMID: 34989316 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2023640
    We have synthesized benzo[d]oxazole derivatives (1-21) through a multistep reaction. Alteration in the structure of derivatives was brought in the last step via using various substituted aromatic aldehydes. In search of an anti-Alzheimer agent, all derivatives were evaluated against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzyme under positive control of standard drug donepezil (IC50 = 0.016 ± 0.12 and 4.5 ± 0.11 µM) respectively. In case of acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition, derivatives 8, 9 and 18 (IC50 = 0.50 ± 0.01, 0.90 ± 0.05 and 0.3 ± 0.05 µM) showed very promising inhibitory potentials. While in case of butyrylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition, most of the derivatives like 6, 8, 9, 13, 15, 18 and 19 (IC50 = 2.70 ± 0.10, 2.60 ± 0.10, 2.20 ± 0.10, 4.25 ± 0.10, 3.30 ± 0.10, 0.96 ± 0.05 and 3.20 ± 0.10 µM) displayed better inhibitory potential than donepezil. Moreover, derivative 18 is the most potent one among the series in both inhibitions. The binding interaction of derivatives with the active gorge of the enzyme was confirmed via a docking study. Furthermore, the binding interaction between derivatives and the active site of enzymes was correlated through the SAR study. Structures of all derivatives were confirmed through spectroscopic techniques such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HREI-MS, respectively.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
  7. Rashid U, Rahim F, Taha M, Arshad M, Ullah H, Mahmood T, et al.
    Bioorg Chem, 2016 Jun;66:111-6.
    PMID: 27140727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.04.005
    Sixteen 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives were synthesized, characterized through EI-MS and (1)H NMR and screened for urease inhibitory potential. Three compounds exhibited better urease inhibition than the standard inhibitor thiourea (IC50=21±0.11μM) while other four compounds exhibited good to moderate inhibition with IC50 values between 29.45±1.1μM and 69.53±0.9μM. Structure activity relationship was established on the basis of molecular docking studies, which helped to predict the binding interactions of the most active compounds.
  8. Taha M, Ismail NH, Imran S, Selvaraj M, Rashwan H, Farhanah FU, et al.
    Bioorg Chem, 2015 Aug;61:36-44.
    PMID: 26073618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.05.010
    Twenty five 4, 6-dichlorobenzimidazole derivatives (1-25) have been synthesized and evaluated against β-glucuronidase inhibitory activity. The compounds which actively inhibit β-glucuronidase activity have IC50 values ranging between 4.48 and 46.12 μM and showing better than standard d-saccharic acid 1,4 lactone (IC50=48.4 ± 1.25 μM). Molecular docking provided potential clues to identify interactions between the active molecules and the enzyme which further led us to identify plausible binding mode of all the benzimidazole derivatives. This study confirmed that presence of hydrophilic moieties is crucial to inhibit the human β-glucuronidase.
  9. Taha M, Ismail NH, Imran S, Rahim F, Wadood A, Al Muqarrabun LM, et al.
    Bioorg Chem, 2016 10;68:80-9.
    PMID: 27474803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.07.010
    Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is up regulated in wide variety of solid tumors and therefore presents a remarkable target for drug discovery in cancer. A novel class of extremely potent TPase inhibitors based on benzopyrazine (1-28) has been developed and evaluated against thymidine phosphorylase enzyme. Out of these twenty-eight analogs eleven (11) compounds 1, 4, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24 and 28 showed potent thymidine phosphorylase inhibitory potentials with IC50 values ranged between 3.20±0.30 and 37.60±1.15μM when compared with the standard 7-Deazaxanthine (IC50=38.68±4.42μM). Structure-activity relationship was established and molecular docking studies were performed to determine the binding interactions of these newly synthesized compounds. Current studies have revealed that these compounds established stronger hydrogen bonding networks with active site residues as compare to the standard compound 7DX.
  10. Noreen T, Taha M, Imran S, Chigurupati S, Rahim F, Selvaraj M, et al.
    Bioorg Chem, 2017 06;72:248-255.
    PMID: 28482265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.04.010
    Twenty five derivatives of indole carbohydrazide (1-25) had been synthesized. These compounds were characterized using 1H NMR and EI-MS, and further evaluated for their α-amylase inhibitory potential. The analogs (1-25) showed varying degree of α-amylase inhibitory potential. ranging between 9.28 and 599.0µM when compared with standard acarbose having IC50 value 8.78±0.16µM. Six analogs, 25 (IC50=9.28±0.153µM), 22 (IC50=9.79±0.43µM), 4 (IC50=11.08±0.357µM), 1 (IC50=12.65±0.169µM), 8 (IC50=21.37±0.07µM) and 14 (IC50=43.21±0.14µM) showed potent α-amylase inhibition as compared to the standard acarbose (IC50=8.78±0.16µM). All other analogs displayed good to moderate inhibitory potential. Structure-activity relationship was established through the interaction of the active compounds with enzyme active site with the help of docking studies.
  11. Baharudin MS, Taha M, Imran S, Ismail NH, Rahim F, Javid MT, et al.
    Bioorg Chem, 2017 06;72:323-332.
    PMID: 28505547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.05.005
    Natural products are the main source of motivation to design and synthesize new molecules for drug development. Designing new molecules against β-glucuronidase inhibitory is utmost essential. In this study indole analogs (1-35) were synthesized, characterized using various spectroscopic techniques including 1H NMR and EI-MS and evaluated for their β-glucuronidase inhibitory activity. Most compounds were identified as potent inhibitors for the enzyme with IC50 values ranging between 0.50 and 53.40μM, with reference to standard d-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (IC50=48.4±1.25μM). Structure-activity relationship had been also established. The results obtained from docking studies for the most active compound 10 showed that hydrogen bond donor features as well as hydrogen bonding with (Oε1) of nucleophilic residue Glu540 is believed to be the most importance interaction in the inhibition activity. It was also observed that hydroxyl at fourth position of benzylidene ring acts as a hydrogen bond donor and interacts with hydroxyl (OH) on the side chain of catalysis residue Tyr508. The enzyme-ligand complexed were being stabilized through electrostatic π-anion interaction with acid-base catalyst Glu451 (3.96Å) and thus preventing Glu451 from functioning as proton donor residue.
  12. Rahim F, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA, Kurniawan SB, Mamat A, Yusof KA, et al.
    Sci Total Environ, 2022 Mar 25;814:152799.
    PMID: 34982990 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152799
    A reedbed system planted with Phragmites australis was implemented to treat chlorinated hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater in an industrial plant area. Reedbed commissioning was conducted from July 2016 to November 2016 to treat contaminated groundwater via a pump-and-treat mechanism. Combination of horizontal and vertical reedbed systems was applied to treat 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2 DCA) under four parallel installations. The 2-acre horizontal and vertical reedbed systems were designed to treat approximately 305 m3/day of pumped groundwater. Initial concentration of 1,2 DCA was observed at 0.362 mg/L to 4320 mg/L, and the reedbed system successfully reduced the concentration up to 67.9%. The average outlet concentration was measured to be 2.08 mg/L, which was lower than the site-specific target level of 156 mg/L. Natural attenuation analysis was conducted using first-order decay kinetics, showing an average natural attenuation rate of 0.00372/year. Natural attenuation of 1,2 DCA was observed in shallow monitoring wells, which was indicated by the reduction trend of 1,2 DCA concentration, thereby confirming that the reedbed system worked well to remove 1.2 DCA from contaminated groundwater at the shallow profile.
  13. Taha M, Imran S, Alomari M, Rahim F, Wadood A, Mosaddik A, et al.
    Bioorg Med Chem, 2019 07 15;27(14):3145-3155.
    PMID: 31196753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.049
    A new series of oxadiazole with thiadiazole moiety (6-27) were synthesized, characterized by different spectroscopic techniques and evaluated for β-glucuronidase inhibitory potential. Sixteen analogs such as 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 27 showed IC50 values in the range of 0.96 ± 0.01 to 46.46 ± 1.10 μM, and hence were found to have excellent inhibitory potential in comparison to standard d-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (IC50 = 48.4 ± 1.25 μM). Two analogs such as 16 and 19 showed moderate inhibitory potential while analogs 11, 15, 21 and 22 were found inactive. Our study identifies new series of potent β-glucuronidase inhibitors for further investigation. Structure activity relationships were established for all compounds which showed that the activity is varied due to different substituents on benzene ring. The interaction of the compounds with enzyme active site were confirmed with the help of docking studies, which reveals that the electron withdrawing group and hydroxy group make the molecules more favorable for enzyme inhibition.
  14. Khan KM, Rahim F, Khan A, Shabeer M, Hussain S, Rehman W, et al.
    Bioorg Med Chem, 2014 Aug 1;22(15):4119-23.
    PMID: 24986232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.057
    A series of thiobarbituric acid derivatives 1-27 were synthesized and evaluated for their urease inhibitory potential. Exciting results were obtained from the screening of these compounds 1-27. Compounds 5, 7, 8, 11, 16, 17, 22, 23 and 24 showed excellent urease inhibition with IC50 values 18.1 ± 0.52, 16.0 ± 0.45, 16.0 ± 0.22, 14.3 ± 0.27, 6.7 ± 0.27, 10.6 ± 0.17, 19.2 ± 0.29, 18.2 ± 0.76 and 1.61 ± 0.18 μM, respectively, much better than the standard urease inhibitor thiourea (IC₅₀=21 ± 0.11 μM). Compound 3, 4, 10, and 26 exhibited comparable activities to the standard with IC₅₀ values 21.4 ± 1.04 and 21.5 ± 0.61 μM, 22.8 ± 0.32, 25.2 ± 0.63, respectively. However the remaining compounds also showed prominent inhibitory potential The structure-activity relationship was established for these compounds. This study identified a novel class of urease inhibitors. The structures of all compounds were confirmed through spectroscopic techniques such as EI-MS and (1)H NMR.
  15. Khan KM, Rahim F, Wadood A, Kosar N, Taha M, Lalani S, et al.
    Eur J Med Chem, 2014 Jun 23;81:245-52.
    PMID: 24844449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.05.010
    In our effort directed toward the discovery of new anti-diabetic agent for the treatment of diabetes, a library of biscoumarin derivative 1-18 was synthesized and evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. All eighteen (18) compounds displayed assorted α-glucosidase activity with IC50 values 16.5-385.9 μM, if compared with the standard acarbose (IC50 = 906 ± 6.387 μM). In addition, molecular docking studies were carried out to explore the binding interactions of biscoumarin derivatives with the enzyme. This study has identified a new class of potent α-glucosidase inhibitors.
  16. Taha M, Ismail NH, Javaid K, Imran S, Anouar el H, Wadood A, et al.
    Bioorg Chem, 2015 Dec;63:24-35.
    PMID: 26398141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.09.001
    2-Indolcarbohydrazones 1-28 were synthesized and evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory potential. A varying degree of inhibitory potential with IC50 values in the range of 2.3±0.11-226.4±6.8μM was observed while comparing these outcomes with the standard acarbose (IC50=906.0±6.3μM). The stereochemistry of ten (10) randomly selected compounds (1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 18, 19, 23, 25 and 28) was predicted by Density Functional Theory (DFT). The stability of E isomer was deduced by comparing the calculated and experimental vibration modes of νCO, νNC and νCH (CH in NCH-R). It was observed that except compound 18, all other compounds were deduced to have E configuration while molecular modeling studies revealed the key interactions between enzyme and synthesized compounds.
  17. Khan KM, Rahim F, Wadood A, Taha M, Khan M, Naureen S, et al.
    Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2014 Apr 1;24(7):1825-9.
    PMID: 24602903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.015
    Bisindole analogs 1-17 were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro β-glucuronidase inhibitory potential. Out of seventeen compounds, the analog 1 (IC50=1.62±0.04 μM), 6 (IC50=1.86±0.05 μM), 10 (IC50=2.80±0.29 μM), 9 (IC50=3.10±0.28 μM), 14 (IC50=4.30±0.08 μM), 2 (IC50=18.40±0.09 μM), 19 (IC50=19.90±1.05 μM), 4 (IC50=20.90±0.62 μM), 7 (IC50=21.50±0.77 μM), and 3 (IC50=22.30±0.02 μM) showed superior β-glucuronidase inhibitory activity than the standard (d-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone, IC50=48.40±1.25 μM). In addition, molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the binding interactions of bisindole derivatives with the enzyme. This study has identified a new class of potent β-glucouronidase inhibitors.
  18. Javid MT, Rahim F, Taha M, Nawaz M, Wadood A, Ali M, et al.
    Bioorg Chem, 2018 09;79:323-333.
    PMID: 29803079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.05.011
    Thymidine phosphorylase is an enzyme involved in pyrimidine salvage pathway that is identical to platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) and gliostatin. It is enormously up regulated in a variety of solid tumors. Furthermore, surpassing of TP level protects tumor cells from apoptosis and helps cell survival. Thus TP is identified as a prime target for developing novel anticancer therapies. A new class of exceptionally potent isatin based oxadiazole (1-30) has been synthesized and evaluated for thymidine phosphorylase inhibitory potential. All analogs showed potent thymidine phosphorylase inhibition when compared with standard 7-Deazaxanthine, 7DX (IC50 = 38.68 ± 1.12 µM). Molecular docking study was performed in order to determine the binding interaction of these newly synthesized compounds, which revealed that these synthesized compounds established stronger hydrogen bonding network with active site of residues as compare to the standard compound 7DX.
  19. Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration, Kocarnik JM, Compton K, Dean FE, Fu W, Gaw BL, et al.
    JAMA Oncol, 2022 Mar 01;8(3):420-444.
    PMID: 34967848 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.6987
    IMPORTANCE: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) provided systematic estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality to inform local and international efforts toward reducing cancer burden.

    OBJECTIVE: To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019.

    EVIDENCE REVIEW: The GBD 2019 estimation methods were used to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019 and over the past decade. Estimates are also provided by quintiles of the SDI, a composite measure of educational attainment, income per capita, and total fertility rate for those younger than 25 years. Estimates include 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).

    FINDINGS: In 2019, there were an estimated 23.6 million (95% UI, 22.2-24.9 million) new cancer cases (17.2 million when excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 10.0 million (95% UI, 9.36-10.6 million) cancer deaths globally, with an estimated 250 million (235-264 million) DALYs due to cancer. Since 2010, these represented a 26.3% (95% UI, 20.3%-32.3%) increase in new cases, a 20.9% (95% UI, 14.2%-27.6%) increase in deaths, and a 16.0% (95% UI, 9.3%-22.8%) increase in DALYs. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Cancer burden differed across SDI quintiles. The proportion of years lived with disability that contributed to DALYs increased with SDI, ranging from 1.4% (1.1%-1.8%) in the low SDI quintile to 5.7% (4.2%-7.1%) in the high SDI quintile. While the high SDI quintile had the highest number of new cases in 2019, the middle SDI quintile had the highest number of cancer deaths and DALYs. From 2010 to 2019, the largest percentage increase in the numbers of cases and deaths occurred in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles.

    CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The results of this systematic analysis suggest that the global burden of cancer is substantial and growing, with burden differing by SDI. These results provide comprehensive and comparable estimates that can potentially inform efforts toward equitable cancer control around the world.

  20. Abdul Rahim F, Goh BS
    Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2022 Oct;74(Suppl 2):2666-2669.
    PMID: 36452671 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-020-02358-y
    Tracheal bronchus (TB) is a rare congenital anomaly described as a abnormal bronchus that originates directly from the trachea above the carina directed towards the upper lung lobe. We analysed all paediatric rigid endoscopies of the airway from January 2015 until August 2020 to determine the incidence and characteristic of TB. In total, 68 rigid endoscopic airway examination record from children aged 0 to 12 years were analyzed. Endoscopic examination was performed from supraglottic region to carina using a 0 degree Hopkins rod lens telescope. Patients with a TB were identified and the site of TB origin was noted. Data of the identified patients was reviewed for the presence of preoperative airway findings such as stridor, upper lobe pneumonia, other congenital anomalies, intraoperative findings and complications and postoperative general condition outcome. TB was detected in 8 (11.8%) of 68 airway endoscopic examinations. 6 children (75%) were syndromic. 5 patients (62.5%) has congenital malacic airway and 2 patients (25%) has congenital tracheal stenosis. All TB originated from the right lateral wall of the trachea. All children had stridor unrelated to TB as presentation and 4 (50%) of children had preoperative upper lobe pneumonia. Tracheal bronchus is not a rare finding and is highly associated with syndromes and other airway anomalies. Although children with TB can be asymptomatic, upper lobe pneumonia is a common presentation. TB should be included in the differential diagnosis in patients with recurrent right upper lobe pneumonia or collapse and patients with unexplained oxygenation problem during endotracheal intubation, particularly in children with syndromes or other congenital anomalies.
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