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  1. Ramlal A, Bhat I, Nautiyal A, Baweja P, Mehta S, Kumar V, et al.
    Front Physiol, 2023;14:1172684.
    PMID: 37324400 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1172684
    Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the major reasons for deaths globally. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates body hypertension and fluid balance which causes CVD. Angiotensin-converting enzyme I (ACE I) is the central Zn-metallopeptidase component of the RAAS playing a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. The available drugs to treat CVD have many side effects, and thus, there is a need to explore phytocompounds and peptides to be utilized as alternative therapies. Soybean is a unique legume cum oilseed crop with an enriched source of proteins. Soybean extracts serve as a primary ingredient in many drug formulations against diabetes, obesity, and spinal cord-related disorders. Soy proteins and their products act against ACE I which may provide a new scope for the identification of potential scaffolds that can help in the design of safer and natural cardiovascular therapies. In this study, the molecular basis for selective inhibition of 34 soy phytomolecules (especially of beta-sitosterol, soyasaponin I, soyasaponin II, soyasaponin II methyl ester, dehydrosoyasaponin I, and phytic acid) was evaluated using in silico molecular docking approaches and dynamic simulations. Our results indicate that amongst the compounds, beta-sitosterol exhibited a potential inhibitory action against ACE I.
  2. Chaikitmongkol V, Sagong M, Lai TYY, Tan GSW, Ngah NF, Ohji M, et al.
    Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 2021 Nov 24;10(6):507-518.
    PMID: 34839342 DOI: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000445
    PURPOSE: Review and provide consensus recommendations on use of treat-and-extend (T&E) regimens for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) management with relevance for clinicians in the Asia-Pacific region.

    METHODS: A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, and abstract databases of the Asia-Pacific Vitreo-retina Society, European Society of Retina Specialists, American Academy of Ophthalmology, and Controversies in Ophthalmology: Asia-Australia congresses, was conducted to assess evidence for T&E regimens in nAMD. Only studies with ≥100 study eyes were included. An expert panel reviewed the results and key factors potentially influencing the use of T&E regimens in nAMD and PCV, and subsequently formed consensus recommendations for their application in the Asia-Pacific region.

    RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies were included. Studies demonstrated that T&E regimens with aflibercept, ranibizumab, or bevacizumab in nAMD, and with aflibercept in PCV, were efficacious and safe. The recommendation for T&E is, after ≥3 consecutive monthly loading doses, treatment intervals can be extended by 2 to 4 weeks up to 12 to 16 weeks. When disease activity recurs, the recommendation is to reinject and shorten intervals by 2 to 4 weeks until fluid resolution, after which treatment intervals can again be extended. Intraretinal fluid should be treated until resolved; however, persistent minimal subretinal fluid after consecutive treatments may be tolerated with treatment intervals maintained or extended if the clinical condition is stable.

    CONCLUSIONS: T&E regimens are efficacious and safe for nAMD and PCV, can reduce the number of visits, and minimize the overall burden for clinicians and patients.

  3. Lyn LY, Sze HW, Rajendran A, Adinarayana G, Dua K, Garg S
    Acta Pharm, 2011 Dec;61(4):391-402.
    PMID: 22202198 DOI: 10.2478/v10007-011-0037-z
    Piroxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with low aqueous solubility which exhibits polymorphism. The present study was carried out to develop polymorphs of piroxicam with enhanced solubility and dissolution rate by the crystal modification technique using different solvent mixtures prepared with PEG 4000 and PVP K30. Physicochemical characteristics of the modified crystal forms of piroxicam were investigated by X-ray powder diffractometry, FT-IR spectrophotometry and differential scanning calorimetry. Dissolution and solubility profiles of each modified crystal form were studied and compared with pure piroxicam. Solvent evaporation method (method I) produced both needle and cubic shaped crystals. Slow crystallization from ethanol with addition of PEG 4000 or PVP K30 at room temperature (method II) produced cubic crystal forms. Needle forms produced by method I improved dissolution but not solubility. Cubic crystals produced by method I had a dissolution profile similar to that of untreated piroxicam but showed better solubility than untreated piroxicam. Cubic shaped crystals produced by method II showed improved dissolution, without a significant change in solubility. Based on the XRPD results, modified piroxicam crystals obtained by method I from acetone/benzene were cube shaped, which correlates well with the FTIR spectrum; modified needle forms obtained from ethanol/methanol and ethanol/acetone showed a slight shift of FTIR peak that may be attributed to differences in the internal structure or conformation.
  4. Gorajana A, Rajendran A, Yew LM, Dua K
    Int J Pharm Investig, 2015;5(3):171-8.
    PMID: 26258059 DOI: 10.4103/2230-973X.160857
    AIM: The objective of the current study is to increase the dissolution rate of cefuroxime axetil (CA) by formation of binary CA solid dispersion using water soluble carriers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) and polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000).

    METHODS: Solid dispersions (SDs) between CA and PVP K30/PEG 4000 were formed by dissolving both compounds in a common solvent, methanol, which were rotary evaporated at 40°C for 12 h. Physical mixtures between CA and PVP K30/PEG 4000 were also formulated as to compare the efficiency of SDs. The physicochemical properties of CA and all its formulations were then characterized using differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction studies (PXRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

    RESULTS: All SD formulations were found to have a higher dissolution rate comparatively to pure CA, while only physical mixtures of PVP K30 were found having a significantly higher dissolution rate. The enhancement of dissolution rate SD by PVP K30 may be caused by increase wettability, solubility, reduction in particle size or the formation of CA β crystalline. Increment of dissolution rate of CA SDs by PEG 4000 similarly may be caused by increase wettability, solubility, and reduction in particle size. This phenomenon may also be caused by amorphization as suggested by DSC and PXRD.

    CONCLUSIONS: The SD of CA with PVP K30 and PEG 4000, lends an ample credence for better therapeutic efficacy.

  5. Duc NT, Ramlal A, Rajendran A, Raju D, Lal SK, Kumar S, et al.
    Front Plant Sci, 2023;14:1206357.
    PMID: 37771485 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1206357
    Among seed attributes, weight is one of the main factors determining the soybean harvest index. Recently, the focus of soybean breeding has shifted to improving seed size and weight for crop optimization in terms of seed and oil yield. With recent technological advancements, there is an increasing application of imaging sensors that provide simple, real-time, non-destructive, and inexpensive image data for rapid image-based prediction of seed traits in plant breeding programs. The present work is related to digital image analysis of seed traits for the prediction of hundred-seed weight (HSW) in soybean. The image-based seed architectural traits (i-traits) measured were area size (AS), perimeter length (PL), length (L), width (W), length-to-width ratio (LWR), intersection of length and width (IS), seed circularity (CS), and distance between IS and CG (DS). The phenotypic investigation revealed significant genetic variability among 164 soybean genotypes for both i-traits and manually measured seed weight. Seven popular machine learning (ML) algorithms, namely Simple Linear Regression (SLR), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Regression (SVR), LASSO Regression (LR), Ridge Regression (RR), and Elastic Net Regression (EN), were used to create models that can predict the weight of soybean seeds based on the image-based novel features derived from the Red-Green-Blue (RGB)/visual image. Among the models, random forest and multiple linear regression models that use multiple explanatory variables related to seed size traits (AS, L, W, and DS) were identified as the best models for predicting seed weight with the highest prediction accuracy (coefficient of determination, R2=0.98 and 0.94, respectively) and the lowest prediction error, i.e., root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). Finally, principal components analysis (PCA) and a hierarchical clustering approach were used to identify IC538070 as a superior genotype with a larger seed size and weight. The identified donors/traits can potentially be used in soybean improvement programs.
  6. Govindasamy V, Rajendran A, Lee ZX, Ooi GC, Then KY, Then KL, et al.
    Cell Biol Int, 2021 Oct;45(10):1999-2016.
    PMID: 34245637 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11652
    Ageing and age-related diseases share some basic origin that largely converges on inflammation. Precisely, it boils down to a common pathway characterised by the appearance of a fair amount of proinflammatory cytokines known as inflammageing. Among the proposed treatment for antiageing, MSCs gained attention in recent years. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate itself into a myriad of terminal cells, previously it was believed that these cells migrate to the site of injury and perform their therapeutic effect. However, with the more recent discovery of huge amounts of paracrine factors secreted by MSCs, it is now widely accepted that these cells do not engraft upon transplantation but rather unveil their benefits through excretion of bioactive molecules namely those involved in inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Conversely, the true function of these paracrine changes has not been thoroughly investigated all these years. Hence, this review will describe in detail on ways MSCs may capitalize its paracrine properties in modulating antiageing process. Through a comprehensive literature search various elements in the antiageing process, we aim to provide a novel treatment perspective of MSCs in antiageing related clinical conditions.
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