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  1. Rehman S, Madni A, Jameel QA, Usman F, Raza MR, Ahmad F, et al.
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2022 Nov 17;23(8):304.
    PMID: 36396831 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02456-w
    The current study sought to create graphene oxide-based superstructures for gastrointestinal drug delivery. Graphene oxide has a large surface area that can be used to load anti-cancer drugs via non-covalent methods such as surface adsorption and hydrogen bonding. To enhance the bio-applicability of graphene oxide, nano-hybrids were synthesized by encapsulating the graphene oxide into calcium alginate hydrogel beads through the dripping-extrusion technique. These newly developed bio-nanocomposite hybrid hydrogel beads were evaluated in structural analysis, swelling study, drug release parameters, haemolytic assay, and antibacterial activity. Doxorubicin served as a model drug. The drug entrapment efficiency was determined by UV-spectroscopy analysis and was found to be high at ⁓89% in graphene oxide hybrid hydrogel beads. These fabricated hydrogel beads ensure the drug release from a hybrid polymeric matrix in a more controlled and sustained pattern avoiding the problems associated with a non-hybrid polymeric system. The drug release study of 12 h shows about 83% release at pH 6.8. In vitro drug release kinetics proved that drug release was a Fickian mechanism. The cytotoxic effect of graphene oxide hybrid alginate beads was also determined by evaluating the morphology of bacterial cells and red blood cells after incubation. Additionally, it was determined that the sequential encapsulation of graphene oxide in alginate hydrogel beads hides its uneven edges and lessens the graphene oxide's negative impacts. Also, the antibacterial study and biocompatibility of fabricated hydrogel beads made them potential candidates for gastrointestinal delivery.
  2. Rehman S, Ranjha NM, Shoukat H, Madni A, Ahmad F, Raza MR, et al.
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2021 Jul 26;22(6):209.
    PMID: 34312763 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02082-y
    The aim of present research aims to fabricate a system of enteric coating of hydrogel beads with pH-sensitive polymer, which shows solubility at pH > 7, and explore their potential to target the colon for drug delivery. Hydrogel beads were fabricated through the extrusion-dripping technique followed by ion gelation crosslinking. Moreover, freeze-thaw cycle was implemented for crosslinking of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Ca-alginate blend beads. The oil-in-oil solvent evaporation method was adopted for the Eudragit coating of hydrogel beads using different coat: core ratios (4:1 or 8:1). Coated and uncoated hydrogel beads were evaluated by in vitro physicochemical properties, swelling and drug release behaviours, and in vivo pharmacokinetics, swelling, and toxicity evaluation. Diclofenac sodium was loaded as an experimental drug. Drug entrapment efficiency for the PVA/Ca-alginate beads was calculated as 98%, and for Ca-alginate beads, it came out to a maximum of 74%. Drug release study at various pH suggested that, unlike uncoated hydrogel beads, the coated beads delay the release of diclofenac sodium in low pH of the gastric and intestinal environment, thus targeting the colon for the drug release. It was concluded that Eudragit S-100-coated hydrogel beads could serve as a more promising and reliable way to target the colon for drug delivery.Graphical abstract.
  3. Madni A, Rehman S, Sultan H, Khan MM, Ahmad F, Raza MR, et al.
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2020 Nov 22;22(1):3.
    PMID: 33221968 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01873-z
    Targeting the small intestine employing nanotechnology has proved to be a more effective way for site-specific drug delivery. The drug targeting to the small intestine can be achieved via nanoparticles for its optimum bioavailability within the systemic circulation. The small intestine is a remarkable candidate for localized drug delivery. The intestine has its unique properties. It has a less harsh environment than the stomach, provides comparatively more retention time, and possesses a greater surface area than other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. This review focuses on elaborating the intestinal barriers and approaches to overcome these barriers for internalizing nanoparticles and adopting different cellular trafficking pathways. We have discussed various factors that contribute to nanocarriers' cellular uptake, including their surface chemistry, surface morphology, and functionalization of nanoparticles. Furthermore, the fate of nanoparticles after their uptake at cellular and subcellular levels is also briefly explained. Finally, we have delineated the strategies that are adopted to determine the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles.
  4. Zakaria MY, Sulong AB, Muhamad N, Raza MR, Ramli MI
    Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2019 Apr;97:884-895.
    PMID: 30678979 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.056
    Titanium-ceramic composites are potential implant material candidates because of their unique mechanical properties and biocompatibility. This review focused on the latest advancement in processing of titanium-ceramic materials. Previously, titanium-ceramic incorporated using different coating techniques, i.e., plasma spraying and electrophoretic depositions, to enhance the biocompatibility of the implants. A major drawback in these coating methods is the growth of tissue at only the surface of the composite and might peel off over time. Recently, metal-ceramic composite was introduced via powder metallurgy method such as powder injection moulding. A porous structure can be obtained via powder metallurgy. Producing a porous titanium-ceramic structure would improve the mechanical properties, biocompatibility and tissue growth within the structure. Hence, further research needed to be done by considering the potential of powder injection moulding method which offer lower costs and more complex shapes for future implant.
  5. Asri RIM, Harun WSW, Samykano M, Lah NAC, Ghani SAC, Tarlochan F, et al.
    Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2017 Aug 01;77:1261-1274.
    PMID: 28532004 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.102
    Corrosion prevention in biomaterials has become crucial particularly to overcome inflammation and allergic reactions caused by the biomaterials' implants towards the human body. When these metal implants contacted with fluidic environments such as bloodstream and tissue of the body, most of them became mutually highly antagonistic and subsequently promotes corrosion. Biocompatible implants are typically made up of metallic, ceramic, composite and polymers. The present paper specifically focuses on biocompatible metals which favorably used as implants such as 316L stainless steel, cobalt-chromium-molybdenum, pure titanium and titanium-based alloys. This article also takes a close look at the effect of corrosion towards the implant and human body and the mechanism to improve it. Due to this corrosion delinquent, several surface modification techniques have been used to improve the corrosion behavior of biocompatible metals such as deposition of the coating, development of passivation oxide layer and ion beam surface modification. Apart from that, surface texturing methods such as plasma spraying, chemical etching, blasting, electropolishing, and laser treatment which used to improve corrosion behavior are also discussed in detail. Introduction of surface modifications to biocompatible metals is considered as a "best solution" so far to enhanced corrosion resistance performance; besides achieving superior biocompatibility and promoting osseointegration of biocompatible metals and alloys.
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