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Evidence for the Higgs Boson Decay to a Z Boson and a Photon at the LHC

Aad G, Abbott B, Abeling K, Abicht NJ, Abidi SH, Aboulhorma A, et al.

Phys Rev Lett, 2024 Jan 12;132(2):021803.
PMID: 38277607 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.021803

The first evidence for the Higgs boson decay to a Z boson and a photon is presented, with a statistical significance of 3.4 standard deviations. The result is derived from a combined analysis of the searches performed by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations with proton-proton collision datasets collected at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) from 2015 to 2018. These correspond to integrated luminosities of around 140 fb^{-1} for each experiment, at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The measured signal yield is 2.2±0.7 times the standard model prediction, and agrees with the theoretical expectation within 1.9 standard deviations.
Fulltext Surgical Interventions for Inferior Turbinate Hypertrophy: A Comprehensive Review of Current Techniques and Technologies

Abdullah B, Singh S

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 03 26;18(7).
PMID: 33810309 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073441

Surgical treatment of the inferior turbinates is required for hypertrophic inferior turbinates refractory to medical treatments. The main goal of surgical reduction of the inferior turbinate is to relieve the obstruction while preserving the function of the turbinate. There have been a variety of surgical techniques described and performed over the years. Irrespective of the techniques and technologies employed, the surgical techniques are classified into two types, the mucosal-sparing and non-mucosal-sparing, based on the preservation of the medial mucosa of the inferior turbinates. Although effective in relieving nasal block, the non-mucosal-sparing techniques have been associated with postoperative complications such as excessive bleeding, crusting, pain, and prolonged recovery period. These complications are avoided in the mucosal-sparing approach, rendering it the preferred option. Although widely performed, there is significant confusion and detachment between current practices and their basic objectives. This conflict may be explained by misperception over the myriad of available surgical techniques and misconception of the rationale in performing the turbinate reduction. A comprehensive review of each surgical intervention is crucial to better define each procedure and improve understanding of the principle and mechanism involved.
Failure of clonidine in tardive dystonia: implications for nosology

Adityanjee, Singh S, Subramaniam M

Biol Psychiatry, 1989 Jun;26(2):199-202.
PMID: 2567611
Spectrum concept of neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Adityanjee, Singh S, Singh G, Ong S

Br J Psychiatry, 1988 Jul;153:107-11.
PMID: 3224231

Although neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) was initially thought to be a rare, idiosyncratic complication, the incidence estimates have been rising over the years. A part of this increase can be explained on the basis of an over-inclusive definition of NMS. The unitary concept of NMS has been challenged recently and a spectrum concept has been enunciated on the basis of findings of retrospective chart-reviews which have used too broad a definition of NMS. The authors describe three cases of neuroleptic-related toxicity with different clinical presentations which appeared in a manner apparently supporting the spectrum concept. They discuss this controversial concept critically, however, and caution against its overzealous use in routine clinical practice owing to its far-reaching clinical implications.
Fulltext Needle Aspiration and Cytology for Suspected Osteoarticular Tuberculosis in Children

Agarwal A, Singh S, Agarwal S, Gupta S

Malays Orthop J, 2018 Nov;12(3):31-37.
PMID: 30555644 DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.1811.007

Introduction: Early diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculosis (OATB) is essential to prevent significant functional disability. There is no single test for diagnosis. Despite an array of investigations available, definitive diagnosis at early stage before starting antitubercular drugs is still a challenge. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out between February 2016 and October 2017. All children less than 18 years of age with suspected osteoarticular tuberculosis were included. The cases were subjected to simple needle aspiration from whichever site was accessible. Multiple sample aspirations were done at site of involvement. Smears were prepared from the aspirated material. Results: Ziehl-Neelsen staining for Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) showed deep pink red rods under light microscopy. Features suggestive of tuberculosis can be seen by May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) staining. Auramine-O staining method of detecting AFB under fluorescent microscope shows the bacilli as greenish yellow slender curved rods in dark background. Fluorescent microscopy has higher sensitivity and comparable specificity. In our study, microbiological confirmation of OATB could be done in 100% cases where the lesion could be accessed for aspiration. The molecular techniques are relatively more expensive and not available everywhere. Conclusion: Meticulous search for AFB in a well stained smear using three different staining methods provides a direct evidence of infection over costly imaging especially in poor patients seen in resource limited settings.
Glycerol Waste Valorization to Mesoxalic Acid Over a Bimetallic Pt-Pd/CNT Catalyst in Alkaline Medium

Ahmad MS, Cheng CK, Singh S, Ong HR, Abdullah H, Hong CS, et al.

J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2020 09 01;20(9):5916-5927.
PMID: 32331197 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2020.18549

Glycerol electro-oxidation offers a green route to produce the high value added chemicals. Here in, we report the glycerol electro-oxidation over a series of multi walled carbon nano tubes supported monometallic (Pt/CNT and Pd/CNT) and bimetallic (Pt-Pd/CNT) catalysts in alkaline medium. The cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements were used to evaluate the activity and stability of the catalysts. The Pt-Pd/CNT electrocatalyst exhibited the highest activity in terms of higher current density (129.25 A/m²) and electrochemical surface area (382 m²/g). The glycerol electro-oxidation products formed at a potential of 0.013 V were analyzed systematically by high performance liquid chromatography. Overall, six compounds were found including mesoxalic acid, 1,3-dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde, glyceric acid, tartronic acid and oxalic acid. A highest mesoxalic acid selectivity of 86.42% was obtained for Pt-Pd/CNT catalyst while a maximum tartronic acid selectivity of 50.17% and 46.02% was achieved for Pd/CNT and Pt/CNT respectively. It was found that the introduction of Pd into Pt/CNT lattice facilitated the formation of C3 products in terms of maximum selectivity achieved (86.42%) while the monometallic catalysts (Pd/CNT and Pt/CNT) showed a poor performance in comparison to their counterpart.
Fulltext Botanicals and Oral Stem Cell Mediated Regeneration: A Paradigm Shift from Artificial to Biological Replacement

Ahuja A, Tyagi PK, Kumar M, Sharma N, Prakash S, Radha, et al.

Cells, 2022 Sep 07;11(18).
PMID: 36139367 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182792

Stem cells are a well-known autologous pluripotent cell source, having excellent potential to develop into specialized cells, such as brain, skin, and bone marrow cells. The oral cavity is reported to be a rich source of multiple types of oral stem cells, including the dental pulp, mucosal soft tissues, periodontal ligament, and apical papilla. Oral stem cells were useful for both the regeneration of soft tissue components in the dental pulp and mineralized structure regeneration, such as bone or dentin, and can be a viable substitute for traditionally used bone marrow stem cells. In recent years, several studies have reported that plant extracts or compounds promoted the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of different oral stem cells. This review is carried out by following the PRISMA guidelines and focusing mainly on the effects of bioactive compounds on oral stem cell-mediated dental, bone, and neural regeneration. It is observed that in recent years studies were mainly focused on the utilization of oral stem cell-mediated regeneration of bone or dental mesenchymal cells, however, the utility of bioactive compounds on oral stem cell-mediated regeneration requires additional assessment beyond in vitro and in vivo studies, and requires more randomized clinical trials and case studies.
Fulltext Targeting natural products against SARS-CoV-2

Al-Harrasi A, Behl T, Upadhyay T, Chigurupati S, Bhatt S, Sehgal A, et al.

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022 Jun;29(28):42404-42432.
PMID: 35362883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19770-2

The human coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by a novel coronavirus; the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Natural products, secondary metabolites show positive leads with antiviral and immunotherapy treatments using genomic studies in silico docking. In addition, it includes the action of a mechanism targeting the SARS-CoV-2. In this literature, we aimed to evaluate the antiviral movement of the NT-VRL-1 unique terpene definition to Human coronavirus (HCoV-229E). The effects of 19 hydrolysable tannins on the SARS-CoV-2 were therefore theoretically reviewed and analyzed utilising the molecular operating surroundings for their C-Like protease 3CLpro catalytic dyad residues Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (MOE 09). Pedunculagin, tercatan, and castalin were detected as interacting strongly with SARS-receptor Cov-2's binding site and catalytic dyad (Cys145 and His41). SARS-CoV-2 methods of subunit S1 (ACE2) inhibit the interaction of the receiver with the s-protein once a drug molecule is coupled to the s-protein and prevent it from infecting the target cells in alkaloids. Our review strongly demonstrates the evidence that natural compounds and their derivatives can be used against the human coronavirus and serves as an area of research for future perspective.
Fulltext A multi-modal approach to investigate Desmodium gangeticum's influence on stress-induced male infertility: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico assessments

Alqahtani YS, Chidrawar VR, Shiromwar S, Singh S, Maheshwari R, Chitme H, et al.

Biomed Pharmacother, 2024 Apr;173:116358.
PMID: 38430634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116358

Physical and psychological stress has an inverse relation with male libido and sperm quality. The present study investigates the potential fertility-enhancing properties of Desmodium gangeticum (DG) root extracts in male Wister rats subjected to immobilization-induced stress (SIMB). DG roots were extracted using n-hexane (HEDG), chloroform (CEDG), and water (AEDG). In the pilot study, aphrodisiac protentional was investigated at two doses (125 and 250 mg kg-1) of each extract. In the main study, the HEDG and AEDG at 125 and 250 mg kg-1 were challenged for the stress by immobilization (SIMB), for 6 h daily over 28 days. Parameters assessed included aphrodisiac effects, gonadosomatic index (GSI), semen quality, sperm quantity, fructose content, serum hormonal levels, testicular oxidative stress, and testicular histopathology. Additional in silico studies, including the lipid solubility index, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and SymMap studies were conducted for validation. HEDG demonstrated significant aphrodisiac activity, improved - GSI, sperm quality and quantity, and fructose content, serum testosterone levels, histological changes induced by SIMB in the testes. Swiss ADME studies indicated Gangetin (a pterocarpan) had a high brain permeation index (4.81), a superior docking score (-8.22), and higher glide energy (-42.60), compared with tadalafil (-7.17). The 'Lig fit Prot' plot in molecular dynamics simulations revealed a strong alignment between Gangetin and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5). HEDG exerts aphrodisiac effects by increasing blood testosterone levels and affecting PDE5 activity. The protective effects on spermatozoa-related parameters and testicular histological changes are attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, of pterocarpan (gangetin).
Feedback Control of Quantum Correlations in a Cavity Magnomechanical System with Magnon Squeezing

Amazioug M, Singh S, Teklu B, Asjad M

Entropy (Basel), 2023 Oct 18;25(10).
PMID: 37895583 DOI: 10.3390/e25101462

We suggest a method to improve quantum correlations in cavity magnomechanics, through the use of a coherent feedback loop and magnon squeezing. The entanglement of three bipartition subsystems: photon-phonon, photon-magnon, and phonon-magnon, is significantly improved by the coherent feedback-control method that has been proposed. In addition, we investigate Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering under thermal effects in each of the subsystems. We also evaluate the scheme's performance and sensitivity to magnon squeezing. Furthermore, we study the comparison between entanglement and Gaussian quantum discord in both steady and dynamical states.
Rapid diagnostic testing for antimicrobial stewardship: Utility in Asia Pacific

Apisarnthanarak A, Kim HB, Moore L, Xiao Y, Singh S, Doi Y, et al.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2021 07;42(7):864-868.
PMID: 34128462 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.149

Rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) can provide prompt, accurate identification of infectious organisms and be a key component of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs. However, their use is less widespread in Asia Pacific than western countries. Cost can be prohibitive, particularly in less resource-replete settings. A selective approach is required, possibly focusing on the initiation of antimicrobials, for differentiating bacterial versus viral infections and identifying locally relevant tropical diseases. Across Asia Pacific, more data are needed on RDT use within AMS, focusing on the impact on antimicrobial usage, patient morbidity and mortality, and cost effectiveness. Moreover, in the absence of formal guidelines, regional consensus statements to guide clinical practice are warranted. These will provide a regionally relevant definition for RDT; greater consensus on its role in managing infections; advice on implementation and overcoming barriers; and guidance on optimizing human resource capacity. By addressing these issues, the outcomes of AMS programs should improve.
Fulltext Development of correlations between various engineering rockmass classification systems using railway tunnel data in Garhwal Himalaya, India

Azad MA, Najeh T, Raina AK, Singh N, Ansari A, Ali M, et al.

Sci Rep, 2024 May 10;14(1):10716.
PMID: 38729957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60289-y

Engineering rockmass classifications are an integral part of design, support and excavation procedures of tunnels, mines, and other underground structures. These classifications are directly linked to ground reaction and support requirements. Various classification systems are in practice and are still evolving. As different classifications serve different purposes, it is imperative to establish inter-correlatability between them. The rating systems and engineering judgements influence the assignment of ratings owing to cognition. To understand the existing correlation between different classification systems, the existing correlations were evaluated with the help of data of 34 locations along a 618-m-long railway tunnel in the Garhwal Himalaya of India and new correlations were developed between different rock classifications. The analysis indicates that certain correlations, such as RMR-Q, RMR-RMi, RMi-Q, and RSR-Q, are comparable to the previously established relationships, while others, such as RSR-RMR, RCR-Qn, and GSI-RMR, show weak correlations. These deviations in published correlations may be due to individual parameters of estimation or measurement errors. Further, incompatible classification systems exhibited low correlations. Thus, the study highlights a need to revisit existing correlations, particularly for rockmass conditions that are extremely complex, and the predictability of existing correlations exhibit high variations. In addition to augmenting the existing database, new correlations for metamorphic rocks in the Himalayan region have been developed and presented that can serve as a guide for future rock engineering projects in such formations and aid in developing appropriate excavation and rock support methodologies.
Fulltext The first report of Lasioderma serricorne infestation on dried fish crackers in Malaysia

Azmiera, N., Singh, S., Heo, C. C.

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2020;18(1):25-28.
MyJurnal

This paper is the first record of cigarette beetles collected from dried fish crackers (also known as “keropok ikan” in Malay) in Malaysia. The dead cigarette beetles were firstly isolated from a packet of dried fish crackers and were subsequently kept in 70% ethanol. The beetles were then identified as Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius 1792) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). They are common pests of stored products such as tobacco, flour, and cocoa beans but there is no record of ,his beetle infestation on dried fish crackers in Malaysia.
Fulltext Purtscher's Retinopathy After Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Literature Review

Balasubaramaniam D, Lott PW, Iqbal T, Singh S

Cureus, 2023 Apr;15(4):e38033.
PMID: 37228527 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38033

Purtscher's retinopathy is a rare angiopathy reported in patients with a history of severe trauma and other systemic diseases. The diagnosis is made on clinical grounds, and the severity varies. A 41-year-old gentleman with underlying poorly controlled diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia was referred to the ophthalmology department for diabetic retinopathy screening. He denied visual complaints. Ocular examination revealed a negative relative afferent pupillary defect with a visual acuity of 6/6 bilaterally. The anterior segment examination was unremarkable. Both eye (oculus uterque, OU) fundus revealed a pink disc with a cup-to-disc ratio of 0.4 and peripapillary flame-shaped hemorrhages. Right eye (oculus dexter, OD) also showed multiple cotton wool spots along the superotemporal arcade involving zones 1 and 2 of the retina, while left eye (oculus sinister, OS) showed a single cotton wool spot along the superotemporal arcade at zone 1 of the retina. Otherwise, there were no visible retinal emboli, dot hemorrhages, or hard exudates, and the macula was normal. The retinal features were not characteristic of diabetic retinopathy. It mimicked hypertensive retinopathy, but the patient was normotensive. The absence of inner retinal thickening and hyperreflectivity on optical coherence tomography of the macula ruled out retinal vein occlusion. This prompted us to elicit further history, and the patient disclosed a recent admission for myocardial infarction in which he received cardiopulmonary resuscitation with chest compressions for seven minutes. Hence, the diagnosis of OU Purtscher's retinopathy was made, and the patient was monitored closely in the clinic. Purtscher's retinopathy remains a diagnostic dilemma and should not be neglected in complex clinical contexts.
The effects of electronic cigarette smoking on retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer, and choroidal thickness

Balasubaramaniam D, Lim YW, Retnasabapathy S, A Qamarruddin F, Singh S

Cutan Ocul Toxicol, 2024 Dec;43(4):390-395.
PMID: 39498579 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2024.2423265

PURPOSE: To compare the thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and choroid in healthy electronic cigarette smokers and non-smokers using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).
MATERIAL AND METHOD: 25 healthy electronic cigarette smokers and 25 age- and gender-matched healthy non-smokers were included in the study. RNFL, GCL, IPL and choroidal thickness were measured by SD-OCT using an automated programme. After normality tests, an independent sample t-test was used to analyse the differences in RNFL, GCL, IPL, and choroidal thickness values between the groups.
RESULTS: The mean age of electronic cigarette smokers and non-smokers was 33.68 and 33.64 years, respectively. The mean smoking history was 6.6 years (range 5-8 years). Most of the participants smoked 2-5 ml of e-liquid per day (52%), while 36% smoked more than 5 ml and 12% smoked less than 2 ml per day. The mean intraocular pressure in the electronic cigarette smoker group was 15.0 mmHg, while the non-smoker group was 15.32 mmHg. The mean axial length in the electronic cigarette smoker group and non-smoker group was 23.36 and 23.63 mm, respectively. No significant difference was observed regarding RNFL, GCL, IPL or choroidal thickness between both groups.
CONCLUSION: The thickness of the RNFL, GCL, IPL, and choroid was found to be similar in both the healthy electronic cigarette smokers and non-smokers groups.
Corneal Perforation Associated with Pembrolizumab - A Case Report with Literature Review

Balasubaramaniam D, Yi Wen L, Amir NN, Singh S

Ocul Immunol Inflamm, 2025 Jan 30.
PMID: 39883910 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2025.2456647

PURPOSE: To shed light on one of the ocular adverse effects related to pembrolizumab.
METHOD: Case report and literature review.
RESULT: A 53-year-old gentleman with underlying Stage III B renal cell carcinoma with lung metastasis and gout presented in June 2021 with bilateral red eyes following Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination. He had undergone a nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma and was on Pembrolizumab therapy for 5 years. Examination showed right eye injected conjunctiva with diffuse punctate epithelial erosions over the cornea, which was treated with topical steroids. The left eye is suspected to have infective keratitis, which is treated with topical antibiotics and subsequently steroids for the ocular surface inflammation. However, he developed a left eye paracentral sterile corneal melt which rapidly progressed to perforation measuring 1 mm in size. The perforation was temporarily sealed with tissue glue, but he eventually required a full thickness corneal patch graft. Patient has been doing well post-operatively for the last 3 years.
CONCLUSION: The diagnosis and management of irAEs are challenging and necessitate continuously updated diagnostic and monitoring tools. As checkpoint inhibitors become more promising in the management of malignancies, it is crucial for both the oncologist and ophthalmologist to be aware of the potential ocular adverse effects of these drugs.
Epstein-Barr virus-driven lymphoproliferation in inborn errors of immunity: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge

Barman P, Basu S, Goyal T, Sharma S, Siniah S, Tyagi R, et al.

Expert Rev Clin Immunol, 2024 Jul 30.
PMID: 39066572 DOI: 10.1080/1744666X.2024.2386427

INTRODUCTION: Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a group of genetically heterogeneous disorders with a wide-ranging clinical phenotype, varying from increased predisposition to infections to dysregulation of the immune system, including autoimmune phenomena, autoinflammatory disorders, lymphoproliferation, and malignancy. Lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD) in IEI refers to the nodal or extra-nodal and persistent or recurrent clonal or non-clonal proliferation of lymphoid cells in the clinical context of an inherited immunodeficiency or immune dysregulation. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) plays a significant role in the etiopathogenesis of LPD in IEIs. In patients with specific IEIs, lack of immune surveillance can lead to an uninhibited proliferation of EBV-infected cells that may result in chronic active EBV infection, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and LPD, particularly lymphomas.
AREAS COVERED: We intend to discuss the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment modalities directed toward EBV-associated LPD in patients with distinct IEIs.
EXPERT OPINION: EBV-driven lymphoproliferation in IEIs presents a diagnostic and therapeutic problem that necessitates a comprehensive understanding of host-pathogen interactions, immune dysregulation, and personalized treatment approaches. A multidisciplinary approach involving immunologists, hematologists, infectious disease specialists, and geneticists is paramount to addressing the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by this intriguing yet formidable clinical entity.
Oral Health-Related Quality of Life and Severity of Periodontal Disease

Bhargava N, Jadhav A, Kumar P, Kapoor A, Mudrakola DP, Singh S

J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2021 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S387-S390.
PMID: 34447116 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_588_20

Background: Oral diseases are among the most common diseases which could not dissociate from general conditions with regards to impacts on quality of life (QoL). The present study is aimed to assess the impact of the severity of periodontal disease on oral health QoL using oral health-related quality of life (OHQoL)-UK questionnaire.
Materials and Methods: The OHQoL-UK questionnaire consists of 16 variables within four domains made up of symptoms, psychological, social dimensions, and physical dimensions. Summing up the responses produce overall OHQoL-UK scores ranging from 16 to 80. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's reliability coefficient. Each patient underwent a periodontal examination including periodontal attachment levels with Williams' periodontal probe as part of his or her routine assessment by one clinician collaborating on the study.
Results: Within 200 patients participating in this study, 51% were < diploma, 32% were < bachelor's degree, and 17% were bachelor's degree and higher. Patients with higher educational level have a higher mean QoL score (P = 0.0001) which was statistically significant in regard to all aspects.
Conclusion: The mean QoL score was significantly lower in patients with severe periodontitis when compared to patients with mild periodontitis, patients with better academic qualification have higher mean QoL score. According to the effect of severity of periodontal condition and educational level on QoL, required intervention should be done for treatment to improve QoL as a result.
The energetic brain - A review from students to students

Bordone MP, Salman MM, Titus HE, Amini E, Andersen JV, Chakraborti B, et al.

J Neurochem, 2019 10;151(2):139-165.
PMID: 31318452 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14829

The past 20 years have resulted in unprecedented progress in understanding brain energy metabolism and its role in health and disease. In this review, which was initiated at the 14th International Society for Neurochemistry Advanced School, we address the basic concepts of brain energy metabolism and approach the question of why the brain has high energy expenditure. Our review illustrates that the vertebrate brain has a high need for energy because of the high number of neurons and the need to maintain a delicate interplay between energy metabolism, neurotransmission, and plasticity. Disturbances to the energetic balance, to mitochondria quality control or to glia-neuron metabolic interaction may lead to brain circuit malfunction or even severe disorders of the CNS. We cover neuronal energy consumption in neural transmission and basic ('housekeeping') cellular processes. Additionally, we describe the most common (glucose) and alternative sources of energy namely glutamate, lactate, ketone bodies, and medium chain fatty acids. We discuss the multifaceted role of non-neuronal cells in the transport of energy substrates from circulation (pericytes and astrocytes) and in the supply (astrocytes and microglia) and usage of different energy fuels. Finally, we address pathological consequences of disrupted energy homeostasis in the CNS.
Fulltext Targeting Probiotics in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Bungau SG, Behl T, Singh A, Sehgal A, Singh S, Chigurupati S, et al.

Nutrients, 2021 Sep 26;13(10).
PMID: 34684377 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103376

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive inflammatory disorder characterized by swollen joints, discomfort, tightness, bone degeneration and frailty. Genetic, agamogenetic and sex-specific variables, Prevotella, diet, oral health and gut microbiota imbalance are all likely causes of the onset or development of RA, perhaps the specific pathways remain unknown. Lactobacillus spp. probiotics are often utilized as relief or dietary supplements to treat bowel diseases, build a strong immune system and sustain the immune system. At present, the action mechanism of Lactobacillus spp. towards RA remains unknown. Therefore, researchers conclude the latest analysis to effectively comprehend the ultimate pathogenicity of rheumatoid arthritis, as well as the functions of probiotics, specifically Lactobacillus casei or Lactobacillus acidophilus, in the treatment of RA in therapeutic and diagnostic reports. RA is a chronic inflammation immunological illness wherein the gut microbiota is affected. Probiotics are organisms that can regulate gut microbiota, which may assist to relieve RA manifestations. Over the last two decades, there has been a surge in the use of probiotics. However, just a few research have considered the effect of probiotic administration on the treatment and prevention of arthritis. Randomized regulated experimental trials have shown that particular probiotics supplement has anti-inflammatory benefits, helps people with RA enhance daily activities and alleviates symptoms. As a result, utilizing probiotic microorganisms as therapeutics could be a potential possibility for arthritis treatment. This review highlights the known data on the therapeutic and preventative effects of probiotics in RA, as well as their interactions.

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