Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 95 in total

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  1. The Standardized Extract of Centella asiatica and Its Fractions Exert Antioxidative and Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects on Microglial Cells and Regulate the Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway
    Hambali A, Jusril NA, Md Hashim NF, Abd Manan N, Adam SK, Mehat MZ, et al.
    J Alzheimers Dis, 2024 Jan 16.
    PMID: 38250772 DOI: 10.3233/JAD-230875
    BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress can aggravate the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Centella asiatica has been traditionally consumed for memory and cognition. The triterpenes (asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid, madecassic acid) have been standardized in the ethanolic extract of Centella asiatica (SECA). The bioactivity of the triterpenes in different solvent polarities of SECA is still unknown.

    OBJECTIVE: In this study, the antioxidative and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of SECA and its fractions were explored on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced microglial cells.

    METHODS: HPLC measured the four triterpenes in SECA and its fractions. SECA and its fractions were tested for cytotoxicity on microglial cells using MTT assay. NO, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), ROS, and MDA (lipid peroxidation) produced by LPS-induced microglial cells were measured by colorimetric assays and ELISA. Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expressions were measured using western blotting.

    RESULTS: The SECA and its fractions were non-toxic to BV2 microglial cells at tested concentrations. The levels of NO, TNF-α, IL-6, ROS, and lipid peroxidation in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells were significantly reduced (p 

  2. Fulltext Assessment of antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of saponin and crude extracts of Chlorophytum borivilianum
    Ashraf MF, Abd Aziz M, Stanslas J, Ismail I, Abdul Kadir M
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2013;2013:216894.
    PMID: 24223502 DOI: 10.1155/2013/216894
    The present paper focused on antioxidant and cytotoxicity assessment of crude and total saponin fraction of Chlorophytum borivilianum as an important medicinal plant. In this study, three different antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH), ferrous ion chelating (FIC), and β -carotene bleaching (BCB) activity) of crude extract and total saponin fraction of C. borivilianum tubers were performed. Crude extract was found to possess higher free radical scavenging activity (ascorbic acid equivalents 2578 ± 111 mg AA/100 g) and bleaching activity (IC50 = 0.7 mg mL(-1)), while total saponin fraction displayed higher ferrous ion chelating (EC50 = 1 mg mL(-1)). Cytotoxicity evaluation of crude extract and total saponin fraction against MCF-7, PC3, and HCT-116 cancer cell lines using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay indicated a higher cytotoxicity activity of the crude extract than the total saponin fraction on all cell lines, being most effective and selective on MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line.
  3. Fulltext Predictors of recurrence of major depressive disorder
    Lye MS, Tey YY, Tor YS, Shahabudin AF, Ibrahim N, Ling KH, et al.
    PLoS One, 2020;15(3):e0230363.
    PMID: 32191745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230363
    A total of 201 patients with major depressive disorder from four hospitals in Malaysia were followed up for 5 years to determine the prognostic factors of recurrent major depressive disorder that could potentially contribute to improving the management of MDD patients. For each individual patient, at the time of recruitment as part of a case-control study, information was collected on recent threatening life events, personality and social and occupational functioning, while blood samples were collected to genotype single nucleotide polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor (VDR), zinc transporter-3 (ZnT3), dopamine transporter-1 (DAT1), brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), serotonin receptor 1A (HT1A) and 2A (HT2A) genes. Kaplan-Meier and Cox-regression were used to estimate hazard functions for recurrence of major depressive disorder. Individuals with severe MDD in previous major depressive episodes had five and a half times higher hazard of developing recurrence compared to mild and moderate MDD (HR = 5.565, 95% CI = 1.631-18.994, p = 0.006). Individuals who scored higher on social avoidance had three and a half times higher hazard of recurrence of MDD (HR = 3.525, 95% CI = 1.349-9.209; p = 0.010). There was significant interaction between ApaI +64978C>A single nucleotide polymorphism and severity. The hazard ratio increased by 6.4 times from mild and moderate to severe MDD for A/A genotype while that for C/A genotype increased by 11.3 times. Social avoidance and severity of depression at first episode were prognostic of recurrence. Screening for personality factors at first encounter with MDD patients needs to be considered as part of the clinical practice. For those at risk of recurrence in relation to social avoidance, the psychological intervention prescribed should be customized to focus on this modifiable factor. Prompt and appropriate management of severe MDD is recommended to reduce risk of recurrence.
  4. Beneficial effects of TQRF and TQ nano- and conventional emulsions on memory deficit, lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant status, antioxidants genes expression and soluble Aβ levels in high fat-cholesterol diet-induced rats
    Ismail N, Ismail M, Azmi NH, Bakar MFA, Yida Z, Stanslas J, et al.
    Chem Biol Interact, 2017 Sep 25;275:61-73.
    PMID: 28734741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.07.014
    The study determined the effect of thymoquinone rich fraction (TQRF) and thymoquinone (TQ) in the forms of nano- and conventional emulsions on learning and memory, lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant status, antioxidants genes expression and soluble β-amyloid (Aβ) levels in rats fed with a high fat-cholesterol diet (HFCD). The TQRF was extracted from Nigella sativa seeds using a supercritical fluid extraction system and prepared into nanoemulsion, which later named as TQRF nanoemulsion (TQRFNE). Meanwhile, TQ was acquired commercially and prepared into thymoquinone nanoemulsion (TQNE). The TQRF and TQ conventional emulsions (CE), named as TQRFCE and TQCE, respectively were studied for comparison. Statin (simvastatin) and non-statin (probucol) cholesterol-lowering agents, and a mild-to-severe Alzheimer's disease drug (donepezil) were served as control drugs. The Sprague Dawley rats were fed with HFCD for 6 months, and treated with the intervention groups via oral gavage daily for the last 3 months. As a result, HFCD-fed rats exhibited hypercholesterolaemia, accompanied by memory deficit, increment of lipid peroxidation and soluble Aβ levels, decrement of total antioxidant status and down-regulation of antioxidants genes expression levels. TQRFNE demonstrated comparable effects to the other intervention groups and control drugs in serum biomarkers as well as in the learning and memory test. Somehow, TQRFNE was more prominent than those intervention groups and control drugs in brain biomarkers concomitant to gene and protein expression levels. Supplementation of TQRFNE into an HFCD thus could ameliorate memory deficit, lipid peroxidation and soluble Aβ levels as well as improving the total antioxidant status and antioxidants genes expression levels.
  5. Fulltext Release behavior and toxicity profiles towards A549 cell lines of ciprofloxacin from its layered zinc hydroxide intercalation compound
    Abdul Latip AF, Hussein MZ, Stanslas J, Wong CC, Adnan R
    Chem Cent J, 2013;7:119.
    PMID: 23849189 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153X-7-119
    Layered hydroxides salts (LHS), a layered inorganic compound is gaining attention in a wide range of applications, particularly due to its unique anion exchange properties. In this work, layered zinc hydroxide nitrate (LZH), a family member of LHS was intercalated with anionic ciprofloxacin (CFX), a broad spectrum antibiotic via ion exchange in a mixture solution of water:ethanol.
  6. A pilot study on the association between SLCO1B1 RS4363657 polymorphism and muscle adverse events in adults with newly diagnosed dyslipidaemia who were prescribed a statin: the Malaysian primary health care cohort
    C Thambiah S, Meor Anuar Shuhaili MFR, Chew BH, Samsudin IN, Abdul Rahman H, Stanslas J, et al.
    Biomarkers, 2019 Nov;24(7):659-665.
    PMID: 31342800 DOI: 10.1080/1354750X.2019.1648554
    Introduction: Statin, the first-line treatment for dyslipidaemia, may have suboptimal adherence due to its associated muscle adverse events. These data, however, remain limited. Aim: To determine the association of serum creatine kinase (CK) and SLCO1B1 rs4363657 polymorphism with statin-associated muscle adverse events (SAMAE) among dyslipidaemia participants.
    Methods: This was a prospective cohort study at government health clinics involving newly diagnosed adults with dyslipidaemia. SAMAE were recorded based on the patient's complaint after a month on statin. CK was taken at baseline and follow-up. Genetic profiling was performed for SLCO1B1 rs4363657 polymorphism.
    Results: Among 118 participants, majority were Malay (72%) males (61%) with a mean age of 49 ± 12.2 years old and prescribed lovastatin (61.9). There was a significant association between statin types (lovastatin and simvastatin) and SAMAE (p = 0.0327); no significant association noted between CK and SAMAE (p = 0.5637). The SLCO1B1 rs4363657 polymorphism was significantly associated SAMAE (p 
  7. Association of insertion/deletion polymorphism of alpha-adrenoceptor gene in essential hypertension with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus in Malaysian subjects
    Vasudevan R, Ismail P, Stanslas J, Shamsudin N, Ali AB
    Int J Biol Sci, 2008;4(6):362-7.
    PMID: 18953403
    An insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of Alpha2B-Adrenoceptor (ADRA2B) gene located on chromosome 2 has been studied extensively in related to cardiovascular diseases. The main aim of the present study was to examine the potential association of D allele frequency of I/D polymorphism of ADRA2B gene in Malaysian essential hypertensive subjects with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study includes 70 hypertensive subjects without T2DM, 65 hypertensive subjects with T2DM and 75 healthy volunteers as control subjects. Genotyping of I/D polymorphism was performed by conventional PCR method. There was significant difference found in age, body mass index, systolic/diastolic blood pressure and high density lipoprotein cholesterol level between the case and control subjects. DD genotypic frequency of I/D polymorphism was significantly higher in hypertensive subjects (42.84% vs. 29.33%; P-=0.029) and in hypertensive with T2DM subjects (46.15% vs. 29.33%; P=0.046) than control group. D allele frequency was higher in hypertensive group (67.41%) than control subjects (52.67%). However, no significant difference was found between the three genotypes of I/D polymorphism of ADRA2B gene and the clinical characteristics of the subjects. The result obtained in this study show D allele of ADRA2B gene was associated with essential hypertension with or without T2DM in Malaysian subjects.
  8. In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Models for Neuroinfectious Diseases: A Narrative Review
    Badawi AH, Mohamad NA, Stanslas J, Kirby BP, Neela VK, Ramasamy R, et al.
    Curr Neuropharmacol, 2023 Dec 08.
    PMID: 38073104 DOI: 10.2174/1570159X22666231207114346
    The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a complex, dynamic, and adaptable barrier between the peripheral blood system and the central nervous system. While this barrier protects the brain and spinal cord from inflammation and infection, it prevents most drugs from reaching the brain tissue. With the expanding interest in the pathophysiology of BBB, the development of in vitro BBB models has dramatically evolved. However, due to the lack of a standard model, a range of experimental protocols, BBB-phenotype markers, and permeability flux markers was utilized to construct in vitro BBB models. Several neuroinfectious diseases are associated with BBB dysfunction. To conduct neuroinfectious disease research effectively, there stems a need to design representative in vitro human BBB models that mimic the BBB's functional and molecular properties. The highest necessity is for an in vitro standardised BBB model that accurately represents all the complexities of an intact brain barrier. Thus, this in-depth review aims to describe the optimization and validation parameters for building BBB models and to discuss previous research on neuroinfectious diseases that have utilized in vitro BBB models. The findings in this review may serve as a basis for more efficient optimisation, validation, and maintenance of a structurally- and functionally intact BBB model, particularly for future studies on neuroinfectious diseases.
  9. A young lady with thalamic stroke mimicking acute Miller Fisher syndrome
    Hasan S, Stanslas J, Hin LP, Basri HB
    Neurosciences (Riyadh), 2012 Oct;17(4):380-1.
    PMID: 23022907
  10. Ultrasonic emulsification of parenteral valproic acid-loaded nanoemulsion with response surface methodology and evaluation of its stability
    Tan SF, Masoumi HR, Karjiban RA, Stanslas J, Kirby BP, Basri M, et al.
    Ultrason Sonochem, 2016 Mar;29:299-308.
    PMID: 26585010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.09.015
    Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the formulation of a nanoemulsion for central delivery following parenteral administration. A mixture of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and safflower seed oil (SSO) was determined as a sole phase from the emulsification properties. Similarly, a natural surfactant (lecithin) and non-ionic surfactant (Tween 80) (ratio 1:2) were used in the formulation. A central composite design (CCD) with three-factor at five-levels was used to optimize the processing method of high energy ultrasonicator. Effects of pre-sonication ultrasonic intensity (A), sonication time (B), and temperature (C) were studied on the preparation of nanoemulsion loaded with valproic acid. Influence of the aforementioned specifically the effects of the ultrasonic processing parameters on droplet size and polydispersity index were investigated. From the analysis, it was found that the interaction between ultrasonic intensity and sonication time was the most influential factor on the droplet size of nanoemulsion formulated. Ultrasonic intensity (A) significantly affects the polydispersity index value. With this optimization method, a favorable droplet size of a nanoemulsion with reasonable polydispersity index was able to be formulated within a short sonication time. A valproic acid loaded nanoemulsion can be obtained with 60% power intensity for 15 min at 60 °C. Droplet size of 43.21±0.11 nm with polydispersity index of 0.211 were produced. The drug content was then increased to 1.5%. Stability study of nanoemulsion containing 1.5% of valproic acid had a good stability as there are no significant changes in physicochemical aspects such as droplet size and polydispersity index. With the characteristisation study of pH, viscosity, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and stability assessment study the formulated nanoemulsion has the potential to penetrate blood-brain barrier in the treatment of epilepsy.
  11. Nanoemulsion-based Parenteral Drug Delivery System of Carbamazepine: Preparation, Characterization, Stability Evaluation and Blood-Brain Pharmacokinetics
    Tan SL, Stanslas J, Basri M, Abedi Karjiban RA, Kirby BP, Sani D, et al.
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2015;12(6):795-804.
    PMID: 26324229
    Carbamzepine (CBZ) was encapsulated in a parenteral oil-in-water nanoemulsion, in an attempt to improve its bioavailability. The particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential were measured using dynamic light scattering. Other parameters such as pH, osmolality, viscosity, drug loading efficiency and entrapment efficiency were also recorded. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that emulsion droplets were almost spherical in shape and in the nano-range. The in vitro release profile was best characterized by Higuchi's equation. The parenteral nanoemulsion of CBZ showed significantly higher AUC0→5, AUC0→∞, AUMC0→5, AUMC0→∞, Cmax and lower clearance than that of CBZ solution in plasma. Additionally, parenteral nanoemulsion of CBZ showed significantly higher AUC0→∞, AUMC0→∞ and Cmaxthan that of CBZ solution in brain. The parenteral nanoemulsion of CBZ could therefore use as a carrier, worth exploring further for brain targeting.
  12. Characterisation, in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of valproic acid-loaded nanoemulsion for improved brain bioavailability
    Tan SF, Kirby BP, Stanslas J, Basri HB
    J Pharm Pharmacol, 2017 Nov;69(11):1447-1457.
    PMID: 28809443 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12800
    OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to investigate the potential of formulated valproic acid-encapsulated nanoemulsion (VANE) to improve the brain bioavailability of valproic acid (VPA).

    METHODS: Valproic acid-encapsulated nanoemulsions were formulated and physically characterised (osmolarity, viscosity, drug content, drug encapsulation efficiency). Further investigations were also conducted to estimate the drug release, cytotoxic profile, in-vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, pharmacokinetic parameter and the concentration of VPA and VANE in blood and brain.

    KEY FINDINGS: Physical characterisation confirmed that VANE was suitable for parenteral administration. Formulating VPA into nanoemulsion significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of VPA. In-vitro drug permeation suggested that VANEs crossed the BBB as freely as VPA. Pharmacokinetic parameters of VANE-treated rats in plasma and brain showed F3 VANE had a remarkable improvement in AUC, prolongation of half-life and reduction in clearance compared to VPA. Given the same extent of in-vitro BBB permeation of VPA and VANE, the higher bioavailability of VANE in brain was believed to have due to higher concentration of VANE in blood. The brain bioavailability of VPA was improved by prolonging the half-life of VPA by encapsulating it within the nanoemulsion-T80.

    CONCLUSIONS: Nanoemulsion containing VPA has alleviated the cytotoxic effect of VPA and improved the plasma and brain bioavailability for parenteral delivery of VPA.

  13. Enzymatic synthesis of quercetin oleate esters using Candida antarctica lipase B
    Saik AY, Lim YY, Stanslas J, Choo WS
    Biotechnol Lett, 2017 Feb;39(2):297-304.
    PMID: 27812823 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2246-5
    OBJECTIVES: To investigate the lipase-catalyzed acylation of quercetin with oleic acid using Candida antarctica lipase B.

    RESULTS: Three acylated analogues were produced: quercetin 4'-oleate (C33H42O8), quercetin 3',4'-dioleate (C51H74O9) and quercetin 7,3',4'-trioleate (C69H106O10). Their identities were confirmed with UPLC-ESI-MS and (1)H NMR analyses. The effects of temperature, duration and molar ratio of substrates on the bioconversion yields varied across conditions. The regioselectivity of the acylated quercetin analogues was affected by the molar ratio of substrates. TLC showed the acylated analogues had higher lipophilicity (152% increase) compared to quercetin. Partition coefficient (log P) of quercetin 4'-oleate was higher than those of quercetin and oleic acid. Quercetin 4'-oleate was also stable over 28 days of storage.

    CONCLUSIONS: Quercetin oleate esters with enhanced lipophilicity can be produced via lipase-catalyzed reaction using C. antarctica lipase B to be used in topical applications.

  14. Non-steroid receptor-mediated antiproliferative activity of styrylpyrone derivative in human breast cancer cell lines
    Pihie AH, Stanslas J, Din LB
    Anticancer Res, 1998 May-Jun;18(3A):1739-43.
    PMID: 9673398
    The antiproliferative activity of a styrylpyrone derivative (SPD) plant extract, was studied in three different human breast cancer cell lines in culture, and was compared with tamoxifen. The number of living cells was evaluated by Methylene Blue staining technique. SPD showed strong antiproliferative activity in estrogen receptor (ER) and progestin receptor (PgR) positive MCF-7 cells (EC50 = 6.30 x 10(-7) M) and receptor-negative MDA-MB-231 (EC50 = 5.62 x 10(-7) M), but it partially inhibited the high progestin receptor positive T47D cells (EC50 = 1.58 x 10(-6) M). Whereas tamoxifen, a nonsteroidal antiestrogen exhibited strong inhibition on MCF-7 cells (EC50 = 1.41 x 10(-6) M) and partial inhibition on T47D cells (EC50 = 2.5 x 10(-6) M), but did not affect the MDA-MB-231 cells in the concentration range 0.1 nM-1 microM (EC50 = 5.01 microM). At the same concentration range SPD and tamoxifen did not inhibit the proliferation of normal human liver cell line CCL 13 and normal bovine kidney MDBK; whereas adriamycin, a common chemotherapy drug for the treatment of advance cancer, caused 95% inhibition at 10(-6) M. Competitive binding studies showed SPD had no ability to inhibit the binding of [3H]estradiol and [3H]progesterone to ER and PgR, respectively but, tamoxifen exhibited affinity for ER. Therefore, it can be concluded that the antiproliferative activity of SPD was selective towards breast cancer cell lines and not mediated by ER or PgR.
  15. In vitro tuberization of Chlorophytum Borivilianum Sant & Fern (Safed musli) as influenced by sucrose, CCC and culture systems
    Farshad Ashraf M, Abd Aziz M, Abdul Kadir M, Stanslas J, Farokhian E
    Plant Cell Physiol, 2013 Aug;54(8):1356-64.
    PMID: 23749812 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct083
    This study focuses on the establishment of in vitro tuberization of Chlorophytum borivilianum using solid and liquid culture systems. A high in vitro tuberization rate on solid and stationary liquid Murashige and Skoog media was observed in the presence of 60 g l⁻¹ sucrose with 950, 1,265 and 1,580 µM 2-chloroethyl-trimethylammonium chloride (CCC). Application of a higher sucrose concentration of 90 g l⁻¹ showed a negative interaction with CCC on in vitro tuber number and days to in vitro tuber induction. For economic feasibility, 950 µM CCC with 60 g l⁻¹ sucrose was chosen as the best combination for in vitro tuberization in both solid and stationary liquid media. For optimization of in vitro tuber production,a comparison between solid, stationary liquid and shake liquid culture was carried out. Liquid culture with shaking at 80 r.p.m. resulted in a >2.5-fold increase in in vitro tuber production compared with solid culture.
  16. Bioactivity-guided isolation of anticancer agents from Bauhinia kockiana Korth
    Chew YL, Lim YY, Stanslas J, Ee GC, Goh JK
    Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med, 2014;11(3):291-9.
    PMID: 25371595
    BACKGROUND: Flowers of Bauhinia kockiana were investigated for their anticancer properties.

    METHODS: Gallic acid (1), and methyl gallate (2), were isolated via bioassay-directed isolation, and they exhibited anticancer properties towards several cancer cell lines, examined using MTT cell viability assay. Pyrogallol (3) was examined against the same cancer cell lines to deduce the bioactive functional group of the phenolic compounds.

    RESULTS: The results showed that the phenolic compounds could exhibit moderate to weak cytotoxicity towards certain cell lines (GI50 30 - 86 µM), but were inactive towards DU145 prostate cancer cell (GI50 > 100 µM).

    CONCLUSION: It was observed that pyrogallol moiety was one of the essential functional structures of the phenolic compounds in exhibiting anticancer activity. Also, the carboxyl group of compound 1 was also important in anticancer activity. Examination of the PC-3 cells treated with compound 1 using fluorescence microscopy showed that PC-3 cells were killed by apoptosis.

  17. Fulltext Assessment of phytochemical content, polyphenolic composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Leguminosae medicinal plants in Peninsular Malaysia
    Chew YL, Chan EW, Tan PL, Lim YY, Stanslas J, Goh JK
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2011;11:12.
    PMID: 21306653 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-12
    Many medicinal plants from Leguminosae family can be found easily in Malaysia. These plants have been used as traditional medicines by local ethnic groups, where they are prepared as decoction, pastes for wound infections, and some have been eaten as salad. This paper focused on the assessment of antioxidant potential, antibacterial activity and classes of phytochemicals of nine plants from the Leguminosae family.
  18. Fulltext Hypoxia-Induced Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: Potential Neuroprotective Effects of Centella asiatica
    Hambali A, Kumar J, Hashim NFM, Maniam S, Mehat MZ, Cheema MS, et al.
    Front Physiol, 2021;12:712317.
    PMID: 34721056 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.712317
    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterised by the presence of extracellular beta-amyloid fibrillary plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tau tangles in the brain. Recurring failures of drug candidates targeting these pathways have prompted research in AD multifactorial pathogenesis, including the role of neuroinflammation. Triggered by various factors, such as hypoxia, neuroinflammation is strongly linked to AD susceptibility and/or progression to dementia. Chronic hypoxia induces neuroinflammation by activating microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, along with an increased in reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines, features that are common to many degenerative central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Hence, interests are emerging on therapeutic agents and plant derivatives for AD that target the hypoxia-neuroinflammation pathway. Centella asiatica is one of the natural products reported to show neuroprotective effects in various models of CNS diseases. Here, we review the complex hypoxia-induced neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of AD and the potential application of Centella asiatica as a therapeutic agent in AD or dementia.
  19. Fulltext Cytotoxic Properties and Complete Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Assignment of Isolated Xanthones from the Root of Garcinia cowa Roxb
    Wahyuni FS, Shaari K, Stanslas J, Lajis NH, Hamidi D
    Pharmacogn Mag, 2016 Jan;12(Suppl 1):S52-6.
    PMID: 27041859 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.176115
    To isolate compounds from the roots of Garcinia cowa and to evaluated their cytotoxic activity against breast (MCF-7), prostate (DU-145), and lung (H-460) cell lines.
  20. Correlation of whole blood hydroxychloroquine concentration with cutaneous lupus erythematosus and factors associated with it: First multicenter, cross-sectional analysis in Malaysia
    Peh D, Wan Ahmad Kammal WSL, Beh PJ, Yong ACH, Tan WC, Lim AL, et al.
    J Dermatol, 2022 Jan 24.
    PMID: 35067938 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16292
    Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is the first-line systemic treatment for cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). Whole blood HCQ concentration (WBHCQ) was found to correlate with CLE severity among Caucasians. However, studies on Asians are scarce. We aim to explore the relationship of WBHCQ with CLE disease activity among multi-racial Malaysians and the factors associated with WBHCQ. A cross-sectional study targeting patients with CLE was conducted from 1 June till 30 November 2019. Disease activity was assessed using Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index - Activity Score (CLASI-AS). Blood was analyzed for WBHCQ concentration using a high-performance liquid chromatography technique. Statistical analysis was done using R studio version 1.2.1335. A total of 88 subjects (male : female, 4.5:1) with a median age of 41 years old were recruited. The median duration CLE was 5 years. The majority had acute cutaneous lupus (n = 45, 51.1%). The median WBHCQ was 946.8 ng/mL. Indians were found to have the highest WBHCQ (median ± interquartile range [IQR], 1515.4 ± 1494.8 ng/mL). Males had a lower WBHCQ (median ± IQR, 733.5 ± 573.8 ng/mL) than females (995.5 ± 925.1 ng/mL). However, no statistically significant association between race and sex with WBHCQ was demonstrable (p = 0.247, p = 0.066). No correlation was demonstrated between WBHCQ and CLASI-AS (r = -0.02, p = 0.851). A positive correlation was found between HCQ dosage (ideal bodyweight) and WBHCQ (r = 0.24, p = 0.027). No other factors were found associated with WBHCQ. Indians and females were observed to have higher WBCHQ; however, no significant correlation was identified. Further study is required to confirm the finding.
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