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  1. Fulltext Dengue death with evidence of hemophagocytic syndrome and dengue virus infection in the bone marrow
    Ab-Rahman HA, Wong PF, Rahim H, Abd-Jamil J, Tan KK, Sulaiman S, et al.
    Springerplus, 2015;4:665.
    PMID: 26558168 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1463-z
    INTRODUCTION: HPS is a potentially life-threatening histiocytic disorder that has been described in various viral infections including dengue. Its involvement in severe and fatal dengue is probably more common but is presently under recognized.
    CASE DESCRIPTION: A 38-year-old female was admitted after 5 days of fever. She was deeply jaundiced, leukopenic and thrombocytopenic. Marked elevation of transaminases, hyperbilirubinemia and hypoalbuminemia were observed. She had deranged INR values and prolonged aPTT accompanied with hypofibrinogenemia. She also had splenomegaly. She was positive for dengue IgM. Five days later she became polyuric and CT brain image showed gross generalized cerebral edema. Her conditions deteriorated by day 9, became confused with GCS of 9/15. Her BMAT showed minimal histiocytes. Her serum ferritin level peaked at 13,670.00 µg/mL and her sCD163 and sCD25 values were markedly elevated at 4750.00 ng/mL and 4191.00 pg/mL, respectively. She succumbed to the disease on day 10 and examination of her tissues showed the presence of dengue virus genome in the bone marrow.
    DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION: It is described here, a case of fatal dengue with clinical features of HPS. Though BMAT results did not show the presence of macrophage hemophagocytosis, other laboratory features were consistent with HPS especially marked elevation of ferritin, sCD163 and sCD25. Detection of dengue virus in the patient's bone marrow, fifteen days after the onset of fever was also consistent with the suggestion that the HPS is associated with dengue virus infection.
    CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight HPS as a possible complication leading to severe dengue and revealed persistent dengue virus infection of the bone marrow. Detection of HPS markers; ferritin, sCD163 and sCD25, therefore, should be considered for early recognition of HPS-associated dengue.
    KEYWORDS: Bone marrow; Dengue; Ferritin; Hemophagocytic syndrome; MAS; Macrophage
    Study site: University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  2. Infrared tomography: data distribution system and software development for real-time velocity measurement
    Abdul Rahim R, Pang JF, Chan KS, Leong LC, Sulaiman S, Abdul Manaf MS
    ISA Trans, 2007 Apr;46(2):131-45.
    PMID: 17367791
    The data distribution system of this project is divided into two types, which are a Two-PC Image Reconstruction System and a Two-PC Velocity Measurement System. Each data distribution system is investigated to see whether the results' refreshing rate of the corresponding measurement can be greater than the rate obtained by using a single computer in the same measurement system for each application. Each system has its own flow control protocol for controlling how data is distributed within the system in order to speed up the data processing time. This can be done if two PCs work in parallel. The challenge of this project is to define the data flow process and critical timing during data packaging, transferring and extracting in between PCs. If a single computer is used as a data processing unit, a longer time is needed to produce a measurement result. This insufficient real-time result will cause problems in a feedback control process when applying the system in industrial plants. To increase the refreshing rate of the measurement result, an investigation on a data distribution system is performed to replace the existing data processing unit.
  3. Psychometric properties and osteoprotective behaviors among type 2 diabetic patients: osteoporosis self-efficacy scale Malay version (OSES-M)
    Abdulameer SA, Syed Sulaiman SA, Hassali MA, Subramaniam K, Sahib MN
    Osteoporos Int, 2013 Mar;24(3):929-40.
    PMID: 22790611 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-012-2071-1
    In type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM), only 22 % have normal bone mineral density and almost three quarters of the sample population had low self-efficacy towards osteoporosis. These results reflect the need for screening and educational programs to increase the awareness of T2DM towards osteoporosis.
    INTRODUCTION: Our aim was to translate and examine the psychometric properties of the Malay version of the osteoporosis self-efficacy scale (OSES-M) among T2DM and to determine the best cut-off value with optimum sensitivity and specificity. In addition, to assess factors that affects diabetic patients' osteoporosis self-efficacy.
    METHODS: A standard "forward-backward" procedure was used to translate the OSES into Malay language, which was then validated with a convenience sample of 250 T2DM. The sensitivity and specificity of the OSES-M was calculated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Bivariate and multivariate approaches were used to examine multiple independent variables on each dependent variable.
    RESULTS: The mean score of OSES-M was 731.74 ± 197.15. Fleiss' kappa, content validity ratio range, and content validity index were 0.99, 0.75-1, and 0.96, respectively. Two factors were extracted from exploratory factor analysis and were confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were 0.92 and 0.86, respectively. The optimum cut-off point of OSES-M to predict osteoporosis/osteopenia was 858. Regression analysis revealed that knowledge, health belief, and some demographic data had an impact on OSES-M.
    CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the OSES-M is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring osteoporosis self-efficacy in the Malaysian clinical setting.
  4. Fulltext Evaluation of Melaleuca cajuputi (Family: Myrtaceae) Essential Oil in Aerosol Spray Cans against Dengue Vectors in Low Cost Housing Flats
    Abu Bakar A, Sulaiman S, Omar B, Mat Ali R
    J Arthropod Borne Dis, 2012;6(1):28-35.
    PMID: 23293776
    Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil in aerosol spray was evaluated against the dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus at low cost housing flats in Section 10, Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  5. Fulltext Workplace Mental State Monitoring during VR-Based Training for Offshore Environment
    Abu Hasan R, Sulaiman S, Ashykin NN, Abdullah MN, Hafeez Y, Ali SSA
    Sensors (Basel), 2021 Jul 18;21(14).
    PMID: 34300624 DOI: 10.3390/s21144885
    Adults are constantly exposed to stressful conditions at their workplace, and this can lead to decreased job performance followed by detrimental clinical health problems. Advancement of sensor technologies has allowed the electroencephalography (EEG) devices to be portable and used in real-time to monitor mental health. However, real-time monitoring is not often practical in workplace environments with complex operations such as kindergarten, firefighting and offshore facilities. Integrating the EEG with virtual reality (VR) that emulates workplace conditions can be a tool to assess and monitor mental health of adults within their working environment. This paper evaluates the mental states induced when performing a stressful task in a VR-based offshore environment. The theta, alpha and beta frequency bands are analysed to assess changes in mental states due to physical discomfort, stress and concentration. During the VR trials, mental states of discomfort and disorientation are observed with the drop of theta activity, whilst the stress induced from the conditional tasks is reflected in the changes of low-alpha and high-beta activities. The deflection of frontal alpha asymmetry from negative to positive direction reflects the learning effects from emotion-focus to problem-solving strategies adopted to accomplish the VR task. This study highlights the need for an integrated VR-EEG system in workplace settings as a tool to monitor and assess mental health of working adults.
  6. Utilization of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis for obstetrics and gynaecology surgeries in Northern Nigeria
    Abubakar U, Syed Sulaiman SA, Adesiyun AG
    Int J Clin Pharm, 2018 Oct;40(5):1037-1043.
    PMID: 30054786 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-018-0702-0
    Background Audit of antibiotic prophylaxis is an important strategy used to identify areas where stewardship interventions are required. Objectives To evaluate compliance with surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in obstetrics and gynaecology surgeries and determine the Defined Daily Dose (DDD) of antibiotic. Settings Three public tertiary hospitals located in Northern Nigeria. Methods This prospective study included women who had obstetrics and gynaecology surgeries with no infection at the time of incision. Appropriateness of antibiotic prophylaxis was determined by a clinical pharmacist. DDD of antibiotics was determined using ATC/DDD index 2017 from the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Drugs Statistics Methodology. Main outcome measure Compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis and DDD of antibiotic per procedure. Results A total of 248 procedures were included (mean age: 31.7 ± 7.9 years). Nitroimidazole in combination with either beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor or third generation cephalosporin were the most prescribed antibiotics. Redundant anaerobic antibiotic combination was detected in 71.4% of the procedures. Timing of antibiotic prophylaxis was optimal in 16.5% while duration of prophylaxis was prolonged in all the procedures (mean duration was 8.7 ± 1.0 days). The DDD of antibiotics prophylaxis was 16.75 DDD/procedure. Antibiotic utilisation was higher in caesarean section and myomectomy (17.9 DDD/procedure) than hysterectomy (14.5 DDD/procedure); P 
  7. Fulltext Hypertension Treatment in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3, 4 and 5: A Hospital Based Cross-Sectional Study in Malaysia
    Adnan AS, Salman M, Sulaiman SA, Khan AH, Hamzah DA
    Value Health, 2014 Nov;17(7):A757.
    PMID: 27202763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.237
  8. Management and treatment outcomes of MDR-TB: results from a setting with high rates of drug resistance
    Ahmad N, Javaid A, Basit A, Afridi AK, Khan MA, Ahmad I, et al.
    Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2015 Sep;19(9):1109-14, i-ii.
    PMID: 26260834 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.15.0167
    Although Pakistan has a high burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), little is known about the management and treatment outcomes of MDR-TB patients in Pakistan.
  9. Fulltext Density Functional Theory Studies of the Electronic Structure and Muon Hyperfine Interaction in [Au25(SR)18]0 and [Au25(SeR)18]0 Nanoclusters
    Ahmad SN, Zaharim WN, Sulaiman S, Hasan Baseri DF, Mohd Rosli NA, Ang LS, et al.
    ACS Omega, 2020 Dec 29;5(51):33253-33261.
    PMID: 33403287 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04937
    Density functional theory computational investigation was performed to study the electronic structures, muon sites, and the associated hyperfine interactions in [Au25(SR)18]0 and [Au25(SeR)18]0 where R is phenylethane. The calculated electronic structures show inhomogeneous spin density distribution and are also affected by different ligands. The two most stable muon sites near Au atoms in the thiolated system are MAu11 and MAu6. When the thiolate ligands were replaced by selenolate ligands, the lowest energy positions of muons moved to MAu6 and MAu5. Muons prefer to stop inside the Au12 icosahedral shell, away from the central Au and the staple motifs region. Muonium states at phenyl ring and S/Se atoms in the ligand were found to be stable and the Fermi contact fields are much larger as compared to the field experienced by muons near Au atoms.
  10. Fulltext Modelling of motion resistance ratios of pneumatic and rigid bicycle wheels
    Ahmad, D., Jamarei, O., Sulaiman, S., Fashina, A.B., Akande, F.B.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2013;21(1):59-74.
    MyJurnal
    The motion resistances of 660 mm pneumatic and rigid bicycle wheels of the same rim diameter were measured experimentally using the developed tractor-towed single non-lug narrow wheel motion resistance test rig for traction studies. The motion resistances measured were taken to be the towing forces determined in real time using Mecmesin Basic Force Gauge (BFG 2500). The test variables included two test surfaces [tilled and wet (mud) surfaces], the dynamic load and the towing velocity. The tyre inflation pressure of 414 kPa was chosen to make the surface synonymous with that of the rigid wheel. Motion resistance ratios of the two wheels were determined empirically and through semi-empirical approach. The motion resistances of the rigid wheel were found to be greater than those of the pneumatic wheel for both surfaces. Consequently, the motion resistance ratios of the rigid wheel were greater than those obtained
    from the pneumatic wheel. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences between the means of the motion resistance measured on the test surfaces, as well as between the two wheels and their interactions with the test surfaces. The motion resistance ratio exhibited a linear relationship with the towing velocity, while the relationship with the dynamic load was quadratic. However, such a relationship is either direct or inverse with the respective variables. The motion resistance ratio models for the pneumatic and rigid wheels showed that on different test conditions of the dynamic loads and the towing velocities, the relationships between the motion resistance ratio and the dynamic load, and motion resistance with dynamic load were also different.
  11. Fulltext A systematic review of K-12 education responses to emergency remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic
    Al Mazrooei AK, Hatem Almaki S, Gunda M, Alnoor A, Manji Sulaiman S
    Int Rev Educ, 2022;68(6):811-841.
    PMID: 36778602 DOI: 10.1007/s11159-023-09986-w
    Emergency remote teaching (ERT) has potential for transforming future instruction and learning across the K-12 educational domain. The study presented here evaluated empirical evidence from peer-reviewed literature pertaining to the challenges and opportunities experienced by teachers and students during the implementation of ERT prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic. To locate relevant reports and research, the authors explored three databases: Web of Science, ScienceDirect and Scopus. Based upon predefined selection criteria, they selected 51 studies for thematic and content analysis. Next, they developed a taxonomy which comprised three categories: (1) K-12 education responses to ERT; (2) educational inequality; and (3) learning outcomes. Using this taxonomy, the authors conducted a deep analysis and critical review to highlight multiple challenges and critical gaps in the literature surrounding ERT in K-12 education settings. Their review reveals innovative strategies for overcoming obstacles to technological readiness, online learning adaptation and teachers' and students' physical and mental health. This knowledge will be valuable to policymakers, researchers, practitioners and educational institutions in reducing the adverse effects of catastrophic situations on childhood education in the future.
  12. In vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity of methanolic leaf extract of Manihot esculenta (cassava) on susceptible and resistant strains of Trichostrongylus colubriformis
    Al-Rofaai A, Rahman WA, Sulaiman SF, Yahaya ZS
    Vet Parasitol, 2012 Nov 23;190(1-2):127-35.
    PMID: 22749290 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.05.028
    This study aimed to represent the first report of the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of the methanolic leaf extract of Manihot esculenta (cassava) against eggs and larvae of susceptible and resistant strains of Trichostrongylus colubriformis. As well as, to determine the total tannin compounds, antioxidant activity and toxicity of the extract. The egg hatch test was used to evaluate ovicidal activity against unembryonated eggs, whereas larval feeding inhibition assay and MTT-formazan assay were used to evaluate larvicidal activity against first (L(1)) and infective (L(3)) larvae, respectively. The results showed no significant differences were detected between the sensitivities of susceptible and resistant strains of T. colubriformis to the extract. Eggs, L(1) and L(3) were significantly affected (P<0.001) compared with negative control, and L(1) were more sensitive than the eggs and L(3). The total tannin compounds were investigated using tannin quantification assay and determined by 254.44 TAE/mg. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay and the median inhibition concentration (IC(50)) was determined by 2.638 mg/ml. Acute oral toxicity at dose of 5,000 mg/kg, and sub-chronic oral toxicity at 500 and 1,000 mg/kg of the extract were observed in male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The acute oral toxicity revealed that the median lethal dose (LD(50)) of methanolic extract of cassava leaves on SD rats was greater than 5,000 mg/kg, whereas the sub-chronic oral toxicity did not show observed adverse effects at 500 and 1,000 mg/kg per day for 28 days. In conclusion, the methanolic extract of cassava leaves has direct ovicidal and larvicidal activity against T. colubriformis strains with a safety margin for animals, and it may be potentially utilized as a source of natural antioxidants.
  13. In vitro activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) on three pre-parasitic stages of susceptible and resistant strains of Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta
    Al-Rofaai A, Rahman WA, Sulaiman SF, Yahaya ZS
    Vet Parasitol, 2012 Aug 13;188(1-2):85-92.
    PMID: 22455724 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.002
    Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes is considered as one of the main limiting factors causing significant economic losses to the small ruminant industry. The anthelmintic properties of some plants are among the suggested alternative solutions to control these parasitic worms. The present study investigated the anthelmintic activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) leaf extracts against the susceptible and resistant strains of one of the most important nematodes in small ruminants, Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta. Three different in vitro tests: egg hatch test, larval development assay, and larval paralysis assay were used to determine the efficiency of neem and cassava extracts on three pre-parasitic stages of T. circumcincta. The LC(50) was determined for the most potent extract in each plant as well as the phytochemical tests, total tannin quantification and cytotoxicity on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of goats. The results revealed a high anthelmintic activity of neem methanol extract (NME) and cassava methanol extract (CME) on both strains of T. circumcincta without significant differences between the strains. The first stage larvae were more sensitive with the lowest LC(50) at 7.15 mg/ml and 10.72 mg/ml for NME and CME, respectively, compared with 44.20mg/ml and 56.68 mg/ml on eggs and 24.91 mg/ml and 71.96 mg/ml on infective stage larvae.
  14. Fulltext The prevalence of tobacco smoking in patients with diabetes in Hospital Pulau Pinang, Malaysia [Abstract]
    Albaroodi KA, Syed Sulaiman SA, Shafie AA, Awaisu A, Lajis R
    Value Health, 2014 Nov;17(7):A590.
    PMID: 27202012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.2023
    Widespread evidence has demonstrated the negative effects of tobacco smoking in patients with diabetes. Although many studies have explored the prevalence of tobacco smoking in the general population, data are lacking regarding its prevalence in a specific population with a chronic disease such as diabetes.
    Objectives: This study aims to determine the prevalence of tobacco smoking among patients with diabetes in Hospital Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
    Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted to study diabetic patients who attended the endocrine clinic at Hospital Pulau Pinang in Malaysia from March to August 2012. All the diabetic patients who attended the endocrine clinic during that period were asked about their smoking status, and their medical records were reviewed. A total of 1,118 patients with diabetes were reviewed to determine the prevalence of tobacco smoking in diabetic patients at the endocrine clinic of Hospital Pulau Pinang.
    Results: The majority of the study population was male, with Malay and Chinese patients in almost equal proportions and a smaller proportion of Indian patients. Most of these patients had started smoking before they were diagnosed with diabetes. Among the 1,118 diabetic patients, only 108 patients smoked; therefore, the prevalence of tobacco smoking in our patients with diabetes was 9.66%.
    Conclusions: A low prevalence of tobacco smoking was estimated in this study. This prevalence is close to the corresponding value in the general population in Malaysia.
    Study site: Endocrine clinic, Hospital Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
  15. Developing and validating a new tool: physicians' barriers, attitudes and practices towards applying smoking cessation interventions in their clinics. [Abstract]
    Albaroodi KA, Syed Sulaiman SA, Awaisu A, Shafie AA, Lajis R, Abo-Maali MF
    Value Health, 2015 Nov;18(7):A714.
    PMID: 26533997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2015.09.2692
    Objectives
    Endocrinologists and other clinicians who provide care to diabetic patients have ideal teaching opportunities to connect and deliver tobacco cessation interventions in diabetes care. This study aimed to develop, validate and measure the reliability of a new tool that would be used to evaluate physicians’ attitudes and practices regarding tobacco cessation counselling in patients with diabetes, as well as barriers to deliver tobacco cessation counselling in their clinics.

    Methods
    This study was conducted from March till December 2012 in the endocrine clinic at Hospital Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. A standardised, 22-item, self-administered questionnaire was developed to determine (i) physicians’ attitudes and practices regarding tobacco cessation counselling in patients with diabetes, and (ii) barriers in delivering tobacco cessation counselling in their clinics. Face and content validity were assessed. Six pharmacists, whom were faculty members with experience and expertise in research and in the development of surveys, reviewed the questionnaire to assess its content validity.Reliability test was run along to check whether the new tool questions are correlated with one another adequatly or no.

    Results
    Reliability test for the tool was pretested on a sample of 25 physicians physicians who ran the endocrine clinic at Hospital Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Reliability analyses for the attitude domain and practice domain were 0.710 and 0.720, respectively.

    Conclusions
    The questionnaire was valid and reliable to be use for the evaluation of physician’s barriers, attitude and practice regarding tobacco cessation counselling in the diabetics clinics.
  16. Fulltext The Influence of Virtual Forest Walk on Physiological and Psychological Responses
    Alyan E, Combe T, Awang Rambli DR, Sulaiman S, Merienne F, Muhaiyuddin NDM
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 Oct 29;18(21).
    PMID: 34769937 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111420
    The authors of this paper sought to investigate the impact of virtual forest therapy based on realistic versus dreamlike environments on reducing stress levels. Today, people are facing an increase in stress levels in everyday life, which may be due to personal life, work environment, or urban area expansion. Previous studies have reported that urban environments demand more attention and mental workload than natural environments. However, evidence for the effects of natural environments as virtual forest therapy on stress levels has not yet been fully explored. In this study, a total of 20 healthy participants completed a letter-detection test to increase their stress level and were then randomly assigned to two different virtual environments representing realistic and dreamlike graphics. The participants' stress levels were assessed using two physiological methods that measured heart rate and skin conductance levels and one psychological method through the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. These indicators were analyzed using a sample t-test and a one-way analysis of variance. The results showed that virtual forest environments could have positive stress-relieving effects. However, realistic graphics were more efficient in reducing stress. These findings contribute to growing forest therapy concepts and provide new directions for future forest therapy research.
  17. Investigating the synthesis parameters of durian skin-based activated carbon and the effects of silver nanocatalysts on its recyclability in methylene blue removal
    Amir D, Nasaruddin RR, Yousefi M, Mastuli MS, Sulaiman S, Alam MZ, et al.
    Discov Nano, 2024 Feb 22;19(1):32.
    PMID: 38386194 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-03974-1
    Activated carbon (AC) is the most common and economically viable adsorbent for eliminating toxic organic pollutants, particularly dyes, from wastewater. Its widespread adoption is due to the simplicity and affordable production of AC, wherein low-cost agricultural wastes, such as durian skin can be used. Converting durian skin into AC presents a promising solution for its solid waste management. However, inherent drawbacks such as its non-selectivity, relatively short lifespan and laborious replacement and recovery processes diminish the overall efficacy of AC as an adsorbent. To address these challenges, the immobilisation of metal nanocatalysts such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is one of the emerging solutions. AgNPs can facilitate the regeneration of the adsorption sites of AC by catalysing the conversion of the adsorbed dyes into harmless and simpler molecules. Nevertheless, the immobilisation of AgNPs on AC surface can be challenging as the pore size formation of AC is hard to control and the nanomaterials can easily leach out from the AC surface. Hence, in this study, we synthesised AC from durian skin (DS) and immobilised AgNPs on the AC-DS surface. Then, we used methylene blue (MB) removal for studying the adsorption capability and recyclability of the AC-DS. In the synthesis of AC-DS, the influences of reaction temperature, activating agent, and acid-washing to its capability in adsorptive removal of  MB in solution were first determined. It was found that 400 °C, KOH activating agent, and the presence of acid-washing (50% of HNO3) resulted in AC-DS with the highest percentage of MB removal (91.49 ± 2.86%). Then, the overall results from three recyclability experiments demonstrate that AC-DS with immobilised AgNPs exhibited higher MB removal after several cycles (up to 6 cycles) as compared to AC-DS alone, proving the benefit of AgNPs for the recyclability of AC-DS. We also found that AgNPs/Citrate@AC-DS exhibited better adsorption capability and recyclability as compared to AgNPs/PVP@AC-DS indicating significant influences of type of stabilisers in this study. This study also demonstrates that the presence of more oxygen-containing functional groups (i.e., carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups) after acid-washing on AC-DS and in citrate molecules, has greater influence to the performance of AC-DS and AgNPs/Citrate@AC-DS in the removal of MB as compared to the influences of their BET surface area and pore structure. The findings in this study have the potential to promote and serve as a guideline for harnessing the advantages of nanomaterials, such as AgNPs, to enhance the properties of AC for environmental applications.
  18. The influence of music therapy on mental well-being among postoperative patients of total knee arthroplasty (TKA)
    Aris A, Sulaiman S, Che Hasan MK
    Enferm Clin, 2019 09;29 Suppl 2:16-23.
    PMID: 31208927 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.004
    OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate whether music therapy affects immediate postoperative well-being among patients who had undergone TKA surgery in the recovery unit.

    METHOD: A randomized controlled trial was conducted recruiting patients from Hospital Melaka, Malaysia. Postoperative TKA patients with good hearing and visual acuity, fully conscious and prescribed with patients controlled analgesia (PCA) were randomized to either intervention or control groups using a sealed envelope. Patients in the intervention group received usual care with additional music therapy during recovery, while patients in the control group received the usual care provided by the hospital. Two factors identified affecting mental well-being were the pain (measured using numerical rating scale) and anxiety (measured using a visual analog scale) at five different minutes' points (0, 10, 20, 30, and 60).

    RESULTS: A total of 56 (control: 28, intervention: 28) postoperative TKA patients consented in the study. There was no difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups (p>0.05). Using Mann-Whitney U tests, patients in music therapy group showed significantly lower numerical pain score at 60min (p=0.045) whereas there was no significant difference between the two groups at all time points for anxiety scores (p>0.05). In the intervention group, Friedman tests showed that there was a significant difference in numerical pain (χ2=36.957, df=4, p<0.001) and anxiety score across times (χ2=18.545, p=0.001).

    CONCLUSIONS: This study found that pain score decreases over time among patients in the music therapy group while no effect is seen for anxiety. It is suggested that music therapy could not affect postoperative TKA patients' mental well-being. Nonetheless, patients reported better pain score despite the small sample.

  19. Effects of music therapy on physiological outcomes for post-operative total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients
    Aris A, Sulaiman S, Che Hasan MK
    Enferm Clin, 2021 04;31 Suppl 2:S10-S15.
    PMID: 33849138 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.10.006
    This study aimed to investigate the effects of music on physiological outcomes for post-operative TKA patients in the recovery unit. Fifty-six patients from Hospital Melaka were randomized equally into intervention (IG) and control groups (CG). IG received the usual care and listened to selected music for 60min, while the CG received only the usual care. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured on arrival and after 10, 20, 30, and 60min in the recovery unit. A significant difference between groups was observed in RR upon arrival (U=276.5, p=0.029) and after 10min (U=291, p=0.45). Meanwhile, there were significant differences in DBP (F=3.158, p=0.032), RR (χ2=15.956, p=0.003) and SpO2 (χ2=14.084, p=0.007) over time in the IG. Overall, listening to music immediately after TKA has an effect on DBP, RR, and SpO2.
  20. Fulltext Microstructural, Tribology and Corrosion Properties of Optimized Fe3O4-SiC Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Hybrid Nano Filler Composite Fabricated through Powder Metallurgy Method
    Ashrafi N, Azmah Hanim MA, Sarraf M, Sulaiman S, Hong TS
    Materials (Basel), 2020 Sep 15;13(18).
    PMID: 32942621 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184090
    Hybrid reinforcement's novel composite (Al-Fe3O4-SiC) via powder metallurgy method was successfully fabricated. In this study, the aim was to define the influence of SiC-Fe3O4 nanoparticles on microstructure, mechanical, tribology, and corrosion properties of the composite. Various researchers confirmed that aluminum matrix composite (AMC) is an excellent multifunctional lightweight material with remarkable properties. However, to improve the wear resistance in high-performance tribological application, hardening and developing corrosion resistance was needed; thus, an optimized hybrid reinforcement of particulates (SiC-Fe3O4) into an aluminum matrix was explored. Based on obtained results, the density and hardness were 2.69 g/cm3, 91 HV for Al-30Fe3O4-20SiC, after the sintering process. Coefficient of friction (COF) was decreased after adding Fe3O4 and SiC hybrid composite in tribology behaviors, and the lowest COF was 0.412 for Al-30Fe3O4-20SiC. The corrosion protection efficiency increased from 88.07%, 90.91%, and 99.83% for Al-30Fe3O4, Al-15Fe3O4-30SiC, and Al-30Fe3O4-20SiC samples, respectively. Hence, the addition of this reinforcement (Al-Fe3O4-SiC) to the composite shows a positive outcome toward corrosion resistance (lower corrosion rate), in order to increase the durability and life span of material during operation. The accomplished results indicated that, by increasing the weight percentage of SiC-Fe3O4, it had improved the mechanical properties, tribology, and corrosion resistance in aluminum matrix. After comparing all samples, we then selected Al-30Fe3O4-20SiC as an optimized composite.
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