Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 201 in total

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  1. Zulkurnain M, Lai OM, Latip RA, Nehdi IA, Ling TC, Tan CP
    Food Chem, 2012 Nov 15;135(2):799-805.
    PMID: 22868161 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.144
    The formation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters in refined palm oil during deodorisation is attributed to the intrinsic composition of crude palm oil. Utilising D-optimal design, the effects of the degumming and bleaching processes on the reduction in 3-MCPD ester formation in refined palm oil from poor-quality crude palm oil were studied relative to the palm oil minor components that are likely to be their precursors. Water degumming remarkably reduced 3-MCPD ester formation by up to 84%, from 9.79 mg/kg to 1.55 mg/kg. Bleaching with synthetic magnesium silicate caused a further 10% reduction, to 0.487 mg/kg. The reduction in 3-MCPD ester formation could be due to the removal of related precursors prior to the deodorisation step. The phosphorus content of bleached palm oil showed a significant correlation with 3-MCPD ester formation.
  2. Zulkurnain M, Lai OM, Tan SC, Abdul Latip R, Tan CP
    J Agric Food Chem, 2013 Apr 3;61(13):3341-9.
    PMID: 23464796 DOI: 10.1021/jf4009185
    The reduction of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) ester formation in refined palm oil was achieved by incorporation of additional processing steps in the physical refining process to remove chloroester precursors prior to the deodorization step. The modified refining process was optimized for the least 3-MCPD ester formation and acceptable refined palm oil quality using response surface methodology (RSM) with five processing parameters: water dosage, phosphoric acid dosage, degumming temperature, activated clay dosage, and deodorization temperature. The removal of chloroester precursors was largely accomplished by increasing the water dosage, while the reduction of 3-MCPD esters was a compromise in oxidative stability and color of the refined palm oil because some factors such as acid dosage, degumming temperature, and deodorization temperature showed contradictory effects. The optimization resulted in 87.2% reduction of 3-MCPD esters from 2.9 mg/kg in the conventional refining process to 0.4 mg/kg, with color and oil stability index values of 2.4 R and 14.3 h, respectively.
  3. Zhao J, Shi J, Chen X, Lei Y, Tian T, Zhu S, et al.
    Mol Omics, 2024 Mar 25;20(3):192-202.
    PMID: 38224158 DOI: 10.1039/d3mo00232b
    Areca nut (Areca catechu L.) is commonly consumed as a chewing food in the Asian region. However, the investigations into the components of areca nut are limited. In this study, we have developed an approach that combines mass spectrometry with feature-based molecular network to explore the chemical characteristics of the areca nut. In comparison to the conventional method, this technique demonstrates a superior capability in annotating unknown compounds present in areca nut. We annotated a total of 52 compounds, including one potential previously unreported alkaloid, one carbohydrate, and one phenol and confirmed the presence of 7 of them by comparing with commercial standards. The validated method was used to evaluate chemical features of areca nut at different growth stages, annotating 25 compounds as potential biomarkers for distinguishing areca nut growth stages. Therefore, this approach offers a rapid and accurate method for the component analysis of areca nut.
  4. Yeo BH, Tang TK, Wong SF, Tan CP, Wang Y, Cheong LZ, et al.
    Front Pharmacol, 2021;12:631136.
    PMID: 33833681 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.631136
    Edible bird's nest (EBN) is recognized as a nourishing food among Chinese people. The efficacy of EBN was stated in the records of traditional Chinese medicine and its activities have been reported in many researches. Malaysia is the second largest exporter of EBNs in the world, after Indonesia. For many years, EBN trade to China was not regulated until August 2011, when a safety alert was triggered for the consumption of EBNs. China banned the import of EBNs from Malaysia and Indonesia due to high level of nitrite. Since then, the Malaysia government has formulated Malaysia Standards for swiftlet farming (MS 2273:2012), edible bird's nest processing plant design and management (MS 2333:2010), and edible bird's nest product quality (MS 2334:2011) to enable the industry to meet the specified standards for the export to China. On the other hand, Indonesia's EBN industry formulated a standard operating procedure (SOP) for exportation to China. Both countries can export EBNs to China by complying with the standards and SOPs. EBN contaminants may include but not limited to nitrite, heavy metals, excessive minerals, fungi, bacteria, and mites. The possible source of contaminants may come from the swiftlet farms and the swiftlets or introduced during processing, storage, and transportation of EBNs, or adulterants. Swiftlet house design and management, and EBN processing affect the bird's nest color. Degradation of its optical quality has an impact on the selling price, and color changes are tied together with nitrite level. In this review, the current and future prospects of EBNs in Malaysia and Indonesia in terms of their quality, and the research on the contaminants and their effects on EBN color changes are discussed.
  5. Yang Z, Cui J, Yun Y, Xu Y, Tan CP, Zhang W
    J Sci Food Agric, 2024 Jan 29.
    PMID: 38284624 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13338
    BACKGROUND: The inherent properties of coconut oil (CO), including its elevated saturated fatty acid content and low melting point, make it suitable for application in plastic fat processing. The present study explores the physicochemical characteristics, micromorphology and oxidative stability of oleogels produced from CO using various gelators [ethylcellulose (EC), β-sitosterol/γ-oryzanol (PS) and glyceryl monostearate (MG)] to elucidate the formation mechanisms of coconut oleogels (EC-COO, PS-COO and MG-COO).

    RESULTS: Three oleogel systems exhibited a solid-like behavior, with the formation of crystalline forms dominated by β and β'. Among them, PS-COO exhibited enhanced capability with respect to immobilizing liquid oils, resulting in solidification with high oil-binding capacity, moderate hardness and good elasticity. By contrast, MG-COO demonstrated inferior stability compared to PS-COO and EC-COO. Furthermore, MG-COO and PS-COO demonstrated antioxidant properties against CO oxidation, whereas EC-COO exhibited the opposite effect. PS-COO and EC-COO exhibited superior thermodynamic behavior compared to MG-COO.

    CONCLUSION: Three oleogels based on CO were successfully prepared. The mechanical strength, storage modulus and thermodynamic stability of the CO oleogel exhibited concentration dependence with increasing gelling agent addition. PS-COO demonstrated relatively robust oil-binding capacity and oxidative stability, particularly with a 15% PS addition. This information contributes to a deeper understanding of CO-based oleogels and offers theoretical insights for their application in food products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

  6. Yang J, Qiu C, Li G, Lee WJ, Tan CP, Lai OM, et al.
    Food Chem, 2020 Oct 15;327:127014.
    PMID: 32434126 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127014
    The influence of diacylglycerol (DAG) combined with polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) on the stability of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions containing hydrogenated palm oil (HPO) was studied. Polarized light microscope revealed that DAG promoted HPO to crystallize at the water-oil interface, providing the combination of Pickering and network stabilization effects. It was proposed that the molecular compatibility of fatty acids in DAG with HPO accounted for the promotional effect. The interfacial crystallization of DAG together with the surface activity of PGPR led to the formation of emulsions with uniform small droplets and high freeze-thaw stability. Further exploration of physical properties indicated that the combination of DAG and PGPR dramatically improved the emulsion's viscoelasticity and obtained a larger deformation yield. Water droplets in DAG-based emulsions acted as active fillers to improve the network rigidity. Therefore, DAG is a promising material to be used as emulsifier to enhance the physical stability of W/O emulsions.
  7. Xu YJ, Jiang F, Song J, Yang X, Shu N, Yuan L, et al.
    J Agric Food Chem, 2020 Aug 19;68(33):8847-8854.
    PMID: 32806128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03539
    The thermal pretreatment of oilseed prior to oil extraction could increase the oil yield and improve the oil quality. Phenolic compounds are important antioxidants in rapeseed oil. In this study, we investigated the impact of thermal pretreatment method on the rapeseed oil based on phenolic compound levels. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis showed that the phenolic compound contents in the microwave-pretreated oil were higher than those in the oven- and infrared-treated oils. Sinapic acid (SA) and canolol (CA), which are the top two phenolic compounds in rapeseed oil, exerted well 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 8.45 and 8.80 μmol/L. The cell experiment uncovered that SA and CA have significant biological activities related to rapeseed oil quality, including increase of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), alleviation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cytotoxicity of HepG2 cells after the intake of excessive oleic acid. Further investigation indicated that SA and CA reduced cell apoptosis rate through Bax-Bcl-2-caspase-3 and p53-Bax-Bcl-2-caspase-3, respectively. Taken together, our findings suggest that microwave pretreatment is the best method to improve the content of phenolic compounds in rapeseed oil compared with oven and infrared pretreatments.
  8. Wu YX, Kim YJ, Kwon TH, Tan CP, Son KH, Kim T
    Nat Prod Res, 2020 Jun;34(12):1786-1790.
    PMID: 30470128 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1527832
    Mulberry (Morus alba L.) root bark (MRB) was extracted using methanol and the extracts were subjected to tests of anti-inflammatory effects. The ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated the best anti-inflammatory effects. Purified compounds, sanggenon B, albanol B and sanggenon D, showed inhibitory effects on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and albanol B demonstrated the best anti-inflammatory effects. Regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms, further investigations showed that treatments with Albanol B reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). These results would contribute to development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs from MRB.
  9. Wu Y, Mou B, Song S, Tan CP, Lai OM, Shen C, et al.
    Food Res Int, 2020 10;136:109301.
    PMID: 32846513 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109301
    Present study prepared curcumin liposomes with high encapsulation efficiency (>70%) using bovine milk and krill phospholipids; and investigated the effects of phospholipids composition on storage stability, in-vitro bioavailability, antioxidative and anti-hyperglycemic properties of the curcumin liposomes. Curcumin liposomes prepared from bovine milk phospholipids have smaller particle sizes (163.1 ± 6.42 nm) and greater negative zeta potentials (-26.7 mv) as compared to that prepared from krill phospholipids (particle size: 212.2 ± 4.1 nm, zeta potential: -15.23 mv). In addition, curcumin liposomes from bovine milk phospholipids demonstrated better stability under harsh storage conditions (alkaline conditions, oxygen, high temperature and relative humidity). Nevertheless, curcumin-loaded liposomes prepared from bovine milk phospholipids have inferior bioavailability compared to that prepared from krill phospholipids. No significant differences can be observed in terms of anti-oxidative and anti-hyperglycemic properties of liposomes prepared from both bovine milk and krill phospholipids. Findings from present study will open up new opportunities for development of stable curcumin liposomes with good functional properties (high digestibility, bioavailability and pharmacological effects).
  10. Wu Y, Wang K, Liu Q, Liu X, Mou B, Lai OM, et al.
    Food Chem, 2022 Jan 15;367:130700.
    PMID: 34352694 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130700
    Present study prepared curcumin-loaded nanoliposomes using bovine milk, krill phospholipids and cholesterol; and investigated the effects of cholesterol on membrane characteristics, storage stability and antibacterial properties of the curcumin nanoliposomes. Bovine milk phospholipids which have higher saturation than krill phospholipids resulted in formation of curcumin-loaded nanoliposomes with higher encapsulation efficiency (84.78%), larger absolute value of zeta potential and vesicle size (size: 159.15 ± 5.27 nm, zeta potential: -28.3 ± 0.62 mV). Cholesterol helps to formation of a more hydrophobic, compact and tighter bilayer membrane structure which improved the storage stability of nanoliposomes under alkaline (66.25 ± 0.46%), heat (43.25 ± 0.69%) and sunlight (49.44 ± 1.78%) conditions. In addition, curcumin-loaded nanoliposomes can effectively target infectious bacteria which secrete pore-forming toxins such as Staphylococcus aureus by causing the bacterial cell wall to lysis. Findings from present work can guide future development of novel antibacterial agents for use in food preservation.
  11. Wu D, Zhang L, Tan CP, Zheng Z, Liu Y
    J Agric Food Chem, 2023 Apr 05;71(13):5403-5416.
    PMID: 36951298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08857
    Human milk (HM) lipid plays a crucial role in infant development, whereas its complex lipid profiles and its dynamic changes during prolonged lactation have not been investigated yet. Comparative lipidomic analyses were employed in investigating the lipid profiles of breast milk covering all lactation stages herein. Results revealed significant differences between colostrum and the remaining lactations. A total of 237 species of glycerolipids (GLs) and 231 phospholipids (PLs) were identified. Colostrum had the most abundant lipid species and was enriched with triacylglycerols (TGs) with a high molecular weight. TG(17:1/18:1/24:1), TG(24:1/24:1/26:1), TG(24:0/24:1/26:1), and SM(d20:1/14:1) were characteristic lipids of colostrum. Differential lipid species which were responsible for distinguishing the adjacent lactations were also indicated. Our findings can help deepen the overall understanding of HM lipid profiles and its dynamic changes, which will facilitate the development of infant formulas suitable for Chinese babies in diverse age groups.
  12. Wong YH, Tan WY, Tan CP, Long K, Nyam KL
    Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2014 May;4(Suppl 1):S510-5.
    PMID: 25183141 DOI: 10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1090
    To examine the cytotoxic properties of both the kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed extract and kenaf seed oil on human cervical cancer, human breast cancer, human colon cancer and human lung cancer cell lines.
  13. Wong YH, Lau HW, Tan CP, Long K, Nyam KL
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:789346.
    PMID: 24592184 DOI: 10.1155/2014/789346
    The aim of this study was to determine the best parameter for extracting phenolic-enriched kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seeds by a pulsed ultrasonic-assisted extraction. The antioxidant activities of ultrasonic-assisted kenaf seed extracts (KSE) were determined by a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity assay, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, β -carotene bleaching inhibition assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) evaluations were carried out to determine the phenolic and flavonoid contents in KSE. The KSE from the best extraction parameter was then subjected to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify the phenolic compounds. The optimised extraction condition employed 80% ethanol for 15 min, with the highest values determined for the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assay. KSE contained mainly tannic acid (2302.20 mg/100 g extract) and sinapic acid (1198.22 mg/100 g extract), which can be used as alternative antioxidants in the food industry.
  14. Wong YH, Goh KM, Nyam KL, Cheong LZ, Wang Y, Nehdi IA, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2020 09 15;10(1):15110.
    PMID: 32934328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72118-z
    3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters (GE) are heat-induced contaminants which form during oil refining process, particularly at the high temperature deodorization stage. It is worth to investigate the content of 3-MCPD and GE in fries which also involved high temperature. The content of 3-MCPD esters and GE were monitored in fries. The factors that been chosen were temperature and duration of frying, and different concentration of salt (NaCl). The results in our study showed that the effect was in the order of concentration of sodium chloride 
  15. Wong YH, Muhamad H, Abas F, Lai OM, Nyam KL, Tan CP
    Food Chem, 2017 Mar 15;219:126-130.
    PMID: 27765207 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.130
    The effects of frying duration, frying temperature and concentration of sodium chloride on the formation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters (GEs) of refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm olein during deep-fat frying (at 160°C and 180°C) of potato chips (0%, 1%, 3% and 5% NaCl) for 100min/d for five consecutive days in eight systems were compared in this study. All oil samples collected after each frying cycle were analyzed for 3-MCPD esters, GEs, free fatty acid (FFA) contents, specific extinction at 232 and 268 nm (K232 and K268), p-anisidine value (pAV), and fatty acid composition. The 3-MCPD ester trend was decreasing when the frying duration increased, whereas the trend was increasing when frying temperature and concentration of NaCl increased. The GEs trend was increasing when the frying temperature, frying duration and concentration of NaCl increased. All of the oil qualities were within the safety limit.
  16. Wong PL, Ramli NS, Tan CP, Azlan A, Abas F
    Phytochem Anal, 2021 Sep;32(5):685-697.
    PMID: 33295100 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3015
    INTRODUCTION: Ardisia elliptica Thunb. (Primulaceae) is a medicinal herb that is traditionally used for the treatment of fever, diarrhoea, measles and herpes. However, there is limited information regarding the correlation of its phytoconstituents with the bioactivity. Optimisation of solvent extraction is vital for maximising retention of bioactive molecules.

    OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the metabolite variations in A. elliptica leaves and the correlation with antioxidant activities.

    METHODOLOGY: Total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radicals scavenging assays were performed on A. elliptica leaves extracted with four different ethanol ratios (0%, 50%, 70% and absolute ethanol). The correlation of metabolites with antioxidant activities was evaluated using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics approach.

    RESULTS: The results showed that the 50% and 70% ethanolic extracts retained the highest TPC, and the 70% ethanolic extract was the most active, exhibiting half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) values of 10.18 ± 0.83 and 43.05 ± 1.69 μg/mL, respectively, in both radical scavenging assays. A total of 46 metabolites were tentatively identified, including flavonoids, benzoquinones, triterpenes and phenolic derivatives. The 50% and 70% ethanolic extracts showed similarities in metabolites content and were well discriminated from water and absolute ethanol extracts in a principal component analysis (PCA) model. Moreover, 31 metabolites were found to contribute significantly to the differentiation and antioxidant activity.

    CONCLUSION: This study provides information on bioactive compounds in A. elliptica leaves, which is promising as a functional ingredient for food production or for the development of phytomedicinal products.

  17. Wong PL, Zolkeflee NKZ, Ramli NS, Tan CP, Azlan A, Tham CL, et al.
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2024 Jan 10;318(Pt B):117015.
    PMID: 37572932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117015
    ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ardisia elliptica Thunb. (AE) (Primulaceae) is a medicinal plant found in the Malay Peninsula and has been traditionally used to treat diabetes. However, limited studies to date in providing scientific evidence to support the antidiabetic efficacy of this plant by in-vitro and in-vivo models.

    AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the anti-hyperglycemic potential of AE through in-vitro enzymatic activities and streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) induced diabetic rat models using proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR)-based metabolomics approach.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anti-α-amylase and anti-α-glucosidase activities of the hydroethanolic extracts of AE were evaluated. The absolute quantification of bioactive constituents, using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) was performed for the most active extract. Three different dosage levels of the AE extract were orally administered for 4 weeks consecutively in STZ-NA induced diabetic rats. Physical assessments, biochemical analysis, and an untargeted 1H-NMR-based metabolomics analysis of the urine and serum were carried out on the animal model.

    RESULTS: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat model was successfully developed based on the clear separation observed between the STZ-NA induced diabetic and normal non-diabetic groups. Discriminating biomarkers included glucose, citrate, succinate, allantoin, hippurate, 2-oxoglutarate, and 3-hydroxybutyrate, as determined through an orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model. A treatment dosage of 250 mg/kg body weight (BW) of standardized 70% ethanolic AE extract mitigated increase in serum glucose, creatinine, and urea levels, providing treatment levels comparable to that obtained using metformin, with flavonoids primarily contribute to the anti-hyperglycemic activities. Urinary metabolomics disclosed that the following disturbed metabolism pathways: the citrate cycle (TCA cycle), butanoate metabolism, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, and synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, were ameliorated after treatment with the standardized AE extract.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the first attempt at revealing the therapeutic effect of oral treatment with 250 mg/kg BW of standardized AE extract on chemically induced T2DM rats. The present study provides scientific evidence supporting the ethnomedicinal use of Ardisia elliptica and further advances the understanding of the fundamental molecular mechanisms affected by this herbal antidote.

  18. Wong KY, Thoo YY, Tan CP, Siow LF
    Food Chem, 2024 Jan 15;431:137118.
    PMID: 37586229 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137118
    This study aims to evaluate the effect of sucrose replacer mixtures (erythritol, mannitol, or tagatose in combination with inulin or polydextrose) on the crystal morphology, particle size distribution, rheology, melting properties, and fat polymorphism of dark compound chocolate. The result showed that the replacer mixture's hygroscopicity, particle size, and sugar crystal shape might significantly impact dark compound chocolate's rheological and textural properties but had no substantial impact on the melting properties and fat crystallization. Mannitol-containing samples exhibited the highest rheological value, likely related to their high moisture content, small particle size, and elongated crystal shape. Due to the similar specific surface area and comparable D90 value, the sample containing erythritol-polydextrose mixture resulted in a similar (P ≥ 0.05) Casson yield value (46.184 ± 2.45 Pa) compared to the sample containing sucrose (38.348 ± 1.68 Pa). It could be a potential sucrose replacer in the dark compound chocolate.
  19. Wang Y, Shi J, Xu YJ, Tan CP, Liu Y
    Food Chem, 2024 Apr 16;438:137400.
    PMID: 38039864 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137400
    The digestion behavior of lipids plays a crucial role in their nutritional bioaccessibility, which subsequently impacts human health. This study aims to investigate potential variations in lipid digestion profiles among individuals of different ages, considering the distinct physiological functions of the gastrointestinal tract in infants, aging populations, and healthy young adults. The digestion fates of high oleic peanut oil (HOPO), sunflower oil (SO), and linseed oil (LINO) were investigated using in vitro digestion models representing infants, adults, and elders. Comparatively, lipid digestion proved to be more comprehensive in adults, leading to free fatty acid (FFA) levels of 64.53%, 62.32%, and 57.90% for HOPO, SO, and LINO, respectively. Besides, infants demonstrated propensity to selectively release FFAs with shorter chain lengths and higher saturation levels during the digestion. In addition, in the gastric phase, particle sizes among the elderly were consistently larger than those observed in infants and adults, despite adults generating approximately 15% FFAs within the stomach. In summary, this study enhances our fundamental comprehension of how lipids with varying degrees of unsaturation undergo digestion in diverse age groups.
  20. Wang Y, Zheng Z, Zhang C, Wu C, Tan CP, Liu Y
    Food Res Int, 2024 Feb;177:113852.
    PMID: 38225129 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113852
    Extruded plant proteins, also known as textured vegetable proteins (TVPs), serve as vital components in plant-based meat analogue, yet their structural and nutritional characteristics remain elusive. In this study, we examined the impact of high-moisture (HM) and low-moisture (LM) extrusion on the structures, digestion and absorption of three types of plant proteins. Extrusion transformed plant proteins from spherical to fibrous forms, and formed larger aggregate particles. It also led to the disruption of original disulfide bonds and hydrophobic interactions within protein molecules, and the formation of new cross-links. Intriguingly, compared to native plant proteins, TVPs' α-helix/β-sheet values decreased from 0.68 to 0.69 to 0.56-0.65. Extrusion increased the proportion of peptides shorter than 1 kD in digesta of TVPs by 1.44-23.63%. In comparison to unextruded plant proteins, TVPs exhibited lower content of free amino acids in cell transport products. Our findings demonstrated that extrusion can modify protein secondary structure by diminishing the α-helix/β-sheet value, and impact protein tertiary structure by reducing disulfide bonds and hydrophobic interactions, promoting the digestion and absorption of plant proteins. These insights offer valuable scientific backing for the utilization of extruded plant-based proteins, bolstering their role in enhancing the palatability and nutritional profile of plant-based meat substitutes.
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