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Fulltext A minireview of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among Malaysian populations

Rosdi R.A., Yusoff S., Mohd Yusoff N., Ismail R., Tan, C.S., Musa N.

Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 2017;2(1):47-52.
MyJurnal

It has been recognized extensively that studies of pharmacogenetics provide massive examples of causal relationship between genotypes and drug effectiveness to account for interindividual phenotypic variations in drug therapy. In most cases, cytochrome P450 (CYP) polymorphisms are one of the major variables that affecting those drug plasma concentration, drug detoxification and drug activation in humans. Thus, understanding of CYP polymorphisms can be crucially valuable in order to allow early and more accurate drug dosage prediction and improve the drug response accordingly. Despite the high level of homologous amino acid sequences, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genes are among the most important CYP genes which metabolize a wide range of clinically therapeutic drugs. Several critical reviews have been published relating to the aforementioned genes. However, this minireview aims to systematically merge reported studies on the SNPs frequencies of both genes concentrating only on Malaysian population. It is hoped that, the minireview can be an opener for new opportunities to reevaluate the evidence on the prevalence of CYP2C genes as a potential genetic factor influencing a particular drug efficacy and safety among Malaysian. Such evaluation can be developed to the next level of early prediction of better and specific drug treatment, thereby improving the drug response while helping the government in minimising the drug expenditures.
A Rare Case of an Infant with Left Hemiparesis: A Case Report of Bilateral Open-lip Schizencephaly

Siti BC, Zulkifli MM, Mohd Yusoff SS, Muhamad R, Ahmad TM

Malays Fam Physician, 2020;15(3):90-94.
PMID: 33329869

Schizencephaly is a very rare congenital birth defect. It is characterized by a cortical brain malformation that manifests as a grey-matter-lined cleft extending from the ependyma to the pia mater. It is a rare condition, and few cases have been reported in the literature. The exact cause is unknown. Herein, we report a case of an infant presenting with left side hemiparesis. The CT scan of her brain revealed right fronto-temporal and left parieto-temporal open-lip schizencephaly; thus, urgent referral to a pediatric neurologist was made for early intervention.
Fulltext An association of myasthenia gravis with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in a patient with a multinodular goitre

Mohamed N, Mohd Zin F, Mohd Yusoff SS

Malays Fam Physician, 2017;12(2):29-31.
PMID: 29423128

Introduction: The association of myasthenia gravis (MG) with other autoimmune diseases including autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) is well recognised, although rare. The occurrence of both diseases can occur in two ways: either disease preceding the other, or concurrently. The presentation of MG in association with ATD can range from ocular to generalised disease.

Case Summary: A 26-year-old Malay female with persistent hyperthyroidism secondary to Hashimoto's thyroiditis in multinodular goitre was diagnosed with generalised MG after 2 years. She presented with right eye ptosis (ocular) and difficulty in swallowing and chewing (bulbar). The diagnosis of MG was confirmed by fatigability testing, electromyography and the presence of AChR antibodies. Her symptoms showed improvement with pyridostigmine (Mestinon) 60 mg 6-hourly. Her antithyroid drug was tapered down according to her thyroid function test. Throughout a year of follow-ups, her hyperthyroidism and fatigability symptoms improved with treatment. She was later counselled for total thyroidectomy and thymectomy.

Conclusion: Myasthenia gravis and hyperthyroidism may present with similar symptoms such as dysphagia due to neuromuscular weakness or fatigue. When the diseases occur together, one of the diagnoses may be missed. Therefore, the occurrence of new symptoms in a patient with underlying ATD should should trigger the early identification of other autoimmune diseases by primary care doctors.
Benefits of clean development mechanism application on the life cycle assessment perspective: a case study in the palm oil industry

Chuen OC, Yusoff S

J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 2012 Mar;62(3):299-306.
PMID: 22482288

This study performed an assessment on the beneficial of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) application on waste treatment system in a local palm oil industry in Malaysia. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to assess the environmental impacts of the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction from the CDM application. Calculations on the emission reduction used the methodology based on AM002 (Avoided Wastewater and On-site Energy Use Emissions in the Industrial Sector) Version 4 published by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC). The results from the studies showed that the introduction of CDM in the palm oil mill through conversion of the captured biogas from palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment into power generation were able to reduce approximate 0.12 tonnes CO2 equivalent concentration (tCO2e) emission and 30 kW x hr power generation per 1 tonne of fresh fruit bunch processed. Thus, the application of CDM methodology on palm oil mill wastewater treatment was able to reduce up to 1/4 of the overall environment impact generated in palm oil mill.
Fulltext Blood Transfusion Knowledge among Nurses in Malaysia: A University Hospital Experience

Mohd Noor NH, Saad NH, Khan M, Hassan MN, Ramli M, Bahar R, et al.

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 10 25;18(21).
PMID: 34769712 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111194

Blood transfusion is a fundamental and life-saving procedure where the consequence of errors can be fatal. Nurses' knowledge plays an essential role in ensuring quality and safety in blood transfusion. The objective of this study was to assess blood transfusion-associated knowledge of tertiary hospital nurses on the east coast of Malaysia. This was a cross-sectional study with 200 registered nurses involved in blood transfusion procedures at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. The knowledge of the nurses was evaluated by using the routine blood transfusion knowledge questionnaire based on five parts, and <50%, 50-74%, or ≥75% of the knowledge was considered as poor, moderate, or high, respectively. Based on the scoring system, the overall knowledge of blood transfusion among Malaysian nurses (33.2 ± 8.4 years) was estimated to be 54.9 ± 7.6%. In individual items, the scoring was 81.0%, 45.4%, 49.2%, 63.0%, and 90.0% in knowledge prior to blood transfusion, on pre-transfusion, on post-transfusion, on complications, and on transfusion policy, respectively. The findings of this study indicated that most of the nurses' overall knowledge of blood transfusion was at a moderate level; therefore, training courses and continuous medical education are warranted to improve knowledge and skills of the nurses to ensure good practices of blood transfusion.
Fulltext Clinical predictors of acute kidney injury in children with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: a tertiary centre experience

Wan Yusof WA, Yaacob NM, Nasir A, Yusoff S, Ilias MI

Singapore Med J, 2023 Jan 06.
PMID: 36695277 DOI: 10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2021-092
Coastal meteorology on the dispersion of air particles at the Bachok GAW Station

Rahim HA, Khan MF, Ibrahim ZF, Shoaib A, Suradi H, Mohyeddin N, et al.

Sci Total Environ, 2021 Aug 15;782:146783.
PMID: 33838363 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146783

Meteorology over coastal region is a driving factor to the concentration of air particles and reactive gases. This study aims to conduct a research to determine the level of year-round air particles and the interaction of the meteorological driving factors with the particle number and mass in 2018, which is moderately influenced by Southeast Asian haze. We obtained the measurement data for particle number count (PNC), mass, reactive gases, and meteorological factors from a Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) station located at Bachok Marine Research Center, Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia. For various timeseries and correlation analyses, a 60-second resolution of the data has been averaged hourly and daily and visualized further. Our results showed the slight difference in particle behavior that is either measured by unit mass or number count at the study area. Diurnal variations showed that particles were generally high during morning and night periods. Spike was observed in August for PM2.5/PNC2.5 and PM10/PNC10 and in November for PMCoarse/PNCCoarse. From a polar plot, the particles came from two distinct sources (e.g., seaside and roadside) at the local scale. Regional wind vector shows two distinct wind-blown directions from northeast and southwest. The air mases were transported from northeast (e.g., Philippines, mainland China, and Taiwan) or southwest (e.g., Sumatra) region. Correlation analysis shows that relative humidity, wind direction, and pressure influence the increase in particles, whereas negative correlation with temperature is observed, and wind speed may have a potential role on the decline of particle concentration. The particles at the study area was highly influenced by the changes in regional wind direction and speed.
Conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis for the detection of calreticulin mutations in BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms

Zakaria NA, Rosle NA, Siti Asmaa MJ, Aziee S, Haiyuni MY, Samat NA, et al.

Int J Lab Hematol, 2021 Dec;43(6):1451-1457.
PMID: 34125992 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13628

INTRODUCTION: Calreticulin (CALR) mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) have been reported to be key markers in the molecular diagnosis, particularly in patients lacking JAK2 V617F mutation. In most current reports, CALR mutations were analysed by either allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR), or the more expensive quantitative real-time PCR, pyrosequencing and next-generation sequencing. Hence, we report the use of an alternative method, the conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) for the detection of CALR mutations in BCR-ABL1-negative MPN patients.
METHODS: Forty BCR-ABL1-negative MPN patients' DNA: 19 polycythemia vera (PV), 7 essential thrombocytosis (ET) and 14 primary myelofibrosis (PMF), were screened for CALR mutations by CSGE. PCR primers were designed to amplify sequences spanning between exons 8 and 9 to target the mutation hotspots in CALR. Amplicons displaying abnormal CSGE profiles by electrophoresis were directly sequenced, and results were analysed by BioEdit Sequence Alignment Editor v7.2.6. CSGE results were compared with AS-PCR and confirmed by Sanger sequencing.
RESULTS: CSGE identified 4 types of mutations; 2 PMF patients with either CALR type 1 (c.1099_1150del52) or type 2 (c.1155_1156insTTGTC), 1 ET patient with nucleotide deletion (c.1121delA) and insertion (c.1190insA) and 1 PV patient with p.K368del (c.1102_1104delAAG) and insertion (c.1135insA) inframe mutations. Three patients have an altered KDEL motif at the C-terminal of CALR protein. In comparison, AS-PCR only able to detect two PMF patients with mutations, either type 1 and type 2.
CONCLUSION: CSGE is inexpensive, sensitive and reliable alternative method for the detection of CALR mutations in BCR-ABL1-negative MPN patients.
Fulltext Coracoid Process Morphology using 3D-CT Imaging in a Malaysian Population

Imma II, Nizlan NM, Ezamin AR, Yusoff S, Shukur MH

Malays Orthop J, 2017 Jul;11(2):30-35.
PMID: 29021876 MyJurnal DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.1707.012

Introduction: The aims of this study are to define the coracoid process anatomy in a Malaysian population, carried out on patients in Hospital Serdang with specific emphasis on the dimension of the base of coracoid process which is important in coraco-acromial (CC) ligament reconstruction, to define the average amount of bone available for use in coracoid transfer, and to compare the size of coracoid process based on gender and race, and with findings in previous studies. Materials and Methods: Fifteen pairs of computed tomography (CT) based 3-dimensional models of shoulders of patients aged between 20 to 60 years old were examined. The mean dimensions of coracoid were measured and compared with regards to gender and race. The data were also compared to previously published studies. Results: The mean length of the coracoid process was 37.94 ± 4.30 mm. Male subjects were found to have larger-sized coracoids in all dimensions as compared to female subjects. The mean tip of coracoid dimension overall was 19.99 + 1.93mm length × 10.03 + 1.48mm height × 11.63 + 2.12mm width. The mean base of coracoid dimension was 18.96 + 3.71mm length × 13.84 + 1.76mm width. No significant differences were observed with regards to racial denomination. The overall coracoid size measurements were found to be smaller compared to previous studies done on the Western population. Conclusion: This study may suggest that Malaysians have smaller coracoid dimension compared to Caucasians. The findings further suggest that the incidence of coracoid fracture and implants pull out in Malaysian subjects may be higher.
Cyclospora sp causing diarrhea in man

Sinniah B, Rajeswari B, Johari S, Ramakrishnan K, Yusoff SW, Rohela M

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1994 Mar;25(1):221-3.
PMID: 7825021
Development and application of dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent (dot-ELISA) assay for detection of Brucella melitensis and evaluation of the shedding pattern in infected goats

Onilude OM, Mohd Yusoff S, Emikpe BO, Tanko P, Shahrom SM, Effendy M

J Immunoassay Immunochem, 2017;38(1):82-99.
PMID: 27494045 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2016.1220395

Early and accurate diagnosis of Brucella melitensis is essential for the treatment and control of brucellosis both in animals and humans. The thrust for the development of a rapid diagnostic technique to overcome the limitations of conventional microbiological and serological tests brought about this investigation on the development and application of dot-ELISA for antigen and antibody detection in infected goats. Fifteen apparently healthy Boer aged 2-3 years which tested negative for brucellosis using PCR and ELISA, were grouped into A (10 goats infected intraocularly with 10(7) CFU of B. melitensis) and B (5 goats) as control. Discharges (ocular, nasal, and vaginal) and blood were collected at days 3, 7, 10, 14, weekly until 42 post-infection (pi) for dot-ELISA, PCR, and RBPT. Dot-ELISA detected B. melitensis antigen and antibody in group A at day 3 and 7 pi, respectively with adequate sensitivity and specificity relative to PCR and RBPT. The bacteria shedding detected from discharges at day 3 pi in the nasal and ocular route with dot-ELISA. Group B were consistently negative. Values such as speed, simplicity, field adaptability, high sensitivity, and specificity make dot-ELISA a rapid and adequate technique for diagnosis of brucellosis in B. melitensis infected goats within few hours.
Dexamethasone-induced stress exacerbates shedding, tissue antigen distribution, and pathology of caprine Brucellosis

Tanko P, Mohd Yusoff S, Emikpe BO, Onilude OM, Abdullateef A

J Immunoassay Immunochem, 2021 May 04;42(3):265-284.
PMID: 33577382 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2020.1862862

This study investigated dexamethasone-treatment, shedding routes, tissue antigen distribution, and pathology of caprine Brucellosis. Eighteen non-pregnant goats were randomly grouped into A, B, and C. Group A was administered dexamethasone for 7 days at 2 mg/kg before inoculating 0.5 mL B. melitensis at 107 CFU ocularly while group B was inoculated 0.5 mL B. melitensis only, and C as control negative. Blood samples, ocular, nasal, and vaginal swabs were obtained for evaluation. Three goats were sacrificed from each group at days 21 and 42 post-inoculation (pi) and selected tissues collected for PCR, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Brucella melitensis was detected in the ocular swabs of group A significantly higher than group B. Shedding was prolonged in group A compared to B. The overall shedding was 22.2% in group A and 9.4% in group B. The uterus of both groups A and B revealed mild inflammation and microgranuloma, extensive necrotic lesions in lymph nodes. Liver showed multifocal necrosis predominantly in group A. Lesion scoring showed significantly higher scores in A compared to B. Strong immunostaining was observed in the liver, lungs, and spleen, predominantly at day 21 pi. This study demonstrated dexamethasone prolonged shedding, tissue antigen distribution, and pathology in dexamethasone-treated goats.
Do depression and educational attainment mediate the association between ethnicity and dementia?

Momtaz YA, Hamid TA, Yusoff S, Ibrahim R

Gerontology, 2013;59(3):206-12.
PMID: 23147388 DOI: 10.1159/000342254

Research shows marked differences in the prevalence of dementia among different ethnic groups. However, there is a relative dearth of studies focusing on how ethnicity may influence dementia. The main aim of the current study is to test potential mediating effects of depression and level of education on the association between ethnicity and dementia.
Fulltext Effect of incorporating sodium molybdate in the form of salt lick or in mixed ration on growth and performance of sheep fed palm kernel cake

Yusoff SM, Ibrahim J, Salleh A

Malays J Nutr, 1995 Sep;1(2):171-8.
PMID: 22692061

The objective of the present experiments are to determine if sheep could safely consume high amount of PKC in their diets and if sheep's consumption of PKC require a chelating agent to tie up the high copper level in PKC to protect it against toxicity. Two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1, with four treatment groups of animals, using from 30 to 100% PKC, mixed with other feed ingredients except minerals. Mineral mixtures were separately mixed with Sodium Molybdate, acting as the chelating agent, and the mineral was offered in separate feed troughs ad.libitum, in the pens for each animal group. Although all groups gave high ADG, the animals in the 100% group had high copper in their blood, which were above4 the normal physiological level at the end of the experimental duration of three months. Three animals from this group died and their liver copper contents were very high. The groups fed up to 72% PKC in their ration did not show any significant elevation of copper or toxicity. Sheep fed similar proportions of ingredients in experiment 2, but with Molybdate incorporated together into all the four similar rations as in experiment 1, did not show any signs of toxicity or elevated blood copper. The animals in all groups produced high ADG. The experiment proved that sheep can take up to 100% PKC in their diet, but a chelating agent must be incorporated into the feed to ensure its sufficient uptake to protect it against toxicity. Giving Molybdate separately from the feed would not ensure sufficient intake of the chelating agent voluntarily. This would result in copper toxicity in the animals.
Effects of resveratrol on shedding and pathological dynamics in experimental B. melitensis infection in dexamethasone-treated nonpregnant Boer goats

Tanko PN, Mohd Yusoff S, Emikpe BO, Bejo SK, Salisi S

J Immunoassay Immunochem, 2019;40(4):419-438.
PMID: 31154897 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2019.1620766

Brucellosis constitutes an infectious re-emerging zoonosis. Spread of diseases could be exacerbated by stress-induced immunosuppression. This study evaluated relationship between Brucella melitensis infection, shedding dynamics, dexamethasone-induced stress, pathological alterations and resveratrol ameliorative effects in goats. Twelve nonpregnant goats were divided into four groups A, B, C, and D of three animals each. Groups A and B were administered 107 CFU/mL of B. melitensis ocularly, 21 days prior to 7 days consecutive administration of dexamethasone (2 mg/kg). Group A was further administered resveratrol (5 mg/kg) intravenously for 5 consecutive days from day 31 post B. melitensis inoculation. Group C was administered similar dose of B. melitensis while group D was inoculated normal saline. Blood, nasal, ocular, and vaginal swabs were collected at intervals for analysis. The does were sacrificed at day 42 post inoculation (pi). Tissues were collected for tissue bacterial load determination, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Dexamethasone administration from day 21 pi increased the frequency in the shedding dynamics, tissue bacterial load, pathological alterations (frequency of microgranuloma and intensity of immunostaining) in group B while 5 days treatment with resveratrol following dexamethasone administration significantly reduced tissue bacterial load, decline in shedding dynamics, and ameliorate damage by dexamethasone administration/B. melitensis infection.
Efficacy of an inactivated recombinant vaccine encoding a fimbrial protein of Pasteurella multocida B:2 against hemorrhagic septicemia in goats

Mohd Yasin IS, Mohd Yusoff S, Mohd ZS, Abd Wahid Mohd E

Trop Anim Health Prod, 2011 Jan;43(1):179-87.
PMID: 20697957 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9672-5

This study was carried out to determine the antibody responses and protective capacity of an inactivated recombinant vaccine expressing the fimbrial protein of Pasteurella multocida B:2 following intranasal vaccination against hemorrhagic septicemia in goats. Goats were vaccinated intranasal with 10(6) CFU/mL of the recombinant vaccine (vaccinated group) and 10(6) CFU/mL of pET32/LIC vector without fimbrial protein (control group). All three groups were kept separated before all goats in the three groups were challenged with 10(9) CFU/mL of live pathogenic P. multocida B:2. During the course of study, both serum and lung lavage fluid were collected to evaluate the antibody levels via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It was found that goats immunized with the inactivated recombinant vaccine developed a strong and significantly (p
El Niño driven haze over the Southern Malaysian Peninsula and Borneo

Khan MF, Hamid AH, Rahim HA, Maulud KNA, Latif MT, Nadzir MSM, et al.

Sci Total Environ, 2020 Aug 15;730:139091.
PMID: 32413602 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139091

The Southeast Asian (SEA) region is no stranger to forest fires - the region has been suffering from severe air pollution (known locally as 'haze') as a result of these fires, for decades. The fires in SEA region are caused by a combination of natural (the El Niño weather pattern) and manmade (slash-and-burn and land clearing for plantations) factors. These fires cause the emissions of toxic aerosols and pollutants that can affect millions of people in the region. Thus, this study aims to identify the impact of the SEA haze on the Southern region of the Malaysian Peninsula and Borneo region of East Malaysia using the entire air quality observation data at surface level in 2015. Overall, the concentration of PM10 was about two-fold higher during the haze period compared to non-haze period. The concentrations of CO, flux of CO and flux of BC were aligned with PM10 during the entire observation period. The wind field and cluster of trajectory indicated that the Southern Malaysian Peninsula and Borneo were influenced mainly from the wildfires and the combustion of peat soil in the Indonesian Borneo. This study finds that wildfires from Borneo impacted the Southern Malaysian Borneo more seriously than that from Sumatra region.
Establishment of suitable separation distance by using different methods for malodor mitigation from palm oil mill

Yaacof N, Qamaruz Zaman N, Yusup Y, Yusoff S

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2019 Aug;26(23):24286-24299.
PMID: 31214886 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05517-z

Malaysia is the second-largest producer and exporter of palm oil amounting to 39% of world palm oil production and 44% of world exports (MPOB, 2014). An enormous amount of palm oil mill effluent is released during palm oil milling, and the effluent causes a major odor problem. Many methods, such as biofiltering, can be adopted to manage the malodor. However, these methods are expensive and require high maintenance. The separation distance method can be used as an alternative due to its low cost and effectiveness. This research was conducted to verify the performance of three different methods, namely, in-field monitoring by using an olfactometer, CALPUFF model, and Gaussian plume model. Given that no research has compared the three methods, this study examined the effectiveness of the methods and determined which among them is suitable for use in Malaysia. The appropriate separation distances were 1.3 km for in-field monitoring, 1.2 km for the CALPUFF model, and 0.5 for the Gaussian plume model. These different values of separation distance were due to the various approaches involved in each method. This research determined an appropriate means to establish a proper separation distance for reducing odor nuisance in areas around palm oil mills.
Fulltext Evaluating teachers' pedagogical content knowledge in implementing classroom-based assessment: A case study among esl secondary school teachers in Selangor, Malaysia

Abdul Razak R, Mat Yusoff S, Hai Leng C, Mohamadd Marzaini AF

PLoS One, 2023;18(12):e0293325.
PMID: 38157377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293325

The Malaysian Education Blueprint (PPPM) 2013-2025 has spurred significant reforms in the Primary School Standard Curriculum (KSSR) and Secondary School Standard Curriculum (KSSM), particularly concerning classroom-based assessment (CBA). CBA evaluates students' understanding and progress, informs instruction, and enhances the learning outcomes. Teachers with robust pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) are better equipped to design and implement effective CBA strategies that accurately assess students' comprehension and growth, provide personalised feedback, and guide instruction. This study aims to investigate the relationship between PCK and CBA among English as a Second Language (ESL) secondary school teachers in Selangor, Malaysia. A 5-point Likert-scale questionnaire was administered to 338 teachers across 27 regional secondary schools in Selangor. The Covariance-based structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyse the data. The findings revealed that the secondary school teachers demonstrated a high level of PCK, with content knowledge (CK) obtaining the highest mean, followed by pedagogical knowledge (PK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). The CBA practices among these teachers were also found to be high. SEM analysis showed a positive association between PK and CBA practices and between PCK and CBA. However, no positive association was observed between CK and CBA practices. In order to enhance teachers' PCK and ensure the effective implementation of CBA, which is crucial for student learning outcomes in Malaysian ESL secondary schools, it is recommended that continuous professional development opportunities be provided, specifically focusing on PCK and CBA.
Fulltext Feasibility Studies of Palm Oil Mill Waste Aggregates for the Construction Industry

Kanadasan J, Fauzi AFA, Razak HA, Selliah P, Subramaniam V, Yusoff S

Materials (Basel), 2015 Sep 22;8(9):6508-6530.
PMID: 28793579 DOI: 10.3390/ma8095319

The agricultural industry in Malaysia has grown rapidly over the years. Palm oil clinker (POC) is a byproduct obtained from the palm oil industry. Its lightweight properties allows for its utilization as an aggregate, while in powder form as a filler material in concrete. POC specimens obtained throughout each state in Malaysia were investigated to evaluate the physical, chemical, and microstructure characteristics. Variations between each state were determined and their possible contributory factors were assessed. POC were incorporated as a replacement material for aggregates and their engineering characteristics were ascertained. Almost 7% of density was reduced with the introduction of POC as aggregates. A sustainability assessment was made through greenhouse gas emission (GHG) and cost factor analyses to determine the contribution of the addition of POC to the construction industry. Addition of POC helps to lower the GHG emission by 9.6% compared to control specimens. By channeling this waste into the construction industry, an efficient waste-management system can be promoted; thus, creating a cleaner environment. This study is also expected to offer some guides and directions for upcoming research works on the incorporation of POC.

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