MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty adult Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups: control, LPS (5 mg/kg), LPS treated with minocycline (25 mg/kg), LPS treated with minocycline (50 mg/kg) and LPS treated with memantine (10 mg/kg). The immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to analyse the expressions and densities of microglia marker (Iba-1) and astrocyte marker, (GFAP) while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the protein carbonyl (PCO), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels.
RESULTS: In comparison to the control group, the expression and density of Iba-1 and GFAP were significantly enhanced in the LPS group (p
METHODS: Fifty adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly allocated to 1 of 5 groups: control, LPS (5 mg/kg), LPS + minocycline (25 mg/kg), LPS + minocycline (50 mg/kg) and LPS + memantine (10 mg/kg). Minocycline and memantine were administered intraperitoneally (i.p) for two weeks, and LPS was injected i.p. once on day 5. ELISA was used to determine the level of phosphorylated tau protein in SD rats' hippocampal tissue. The density and expression of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-кβ), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 were determined using Western blot and immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: Minocycline, like memantine, prevented LPS-induced increasein phosphorylated tau protein level suggested via reduced density and expression of TLR-4, NF-кβ, TNF-αand COX-2 proteins in rat hippocampal tissue. Interestingly, higher doses were shown to be more neuroprotective than lower doses.
CONCLUSION: This study suggests that minocycline suppresses the neuroinflammation signalling pathway and decreased phosphorylated tau protein formation induced by LPS in a dose-dependent manner. Minocycline can be used as a preventative and therapeutic drug for neuroinflammatory diseases such as AD.
METHODS: A retrospective study in a single center, all adult patients who were diagnosed with primary hyperaldosteronism and underwent AVS in our center between 2014 until 2022 were included. Successful samples defined by a selectivity index of ≥2, that is, the ratio of adrenal vein cortisol level to the peripheral vein cortisol level, were evaluated. The baseline demographic characteristics of each patient, technical parameters of AVS, and anatomical parameters of right adrenal vein from the venographic images were evaluated and analyzed to correlate with the outcome of AVS. A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: The overall success rate of AVS in our center was 61.3%. The success rate significantly increased to 80.6% in the trained interventional radiologist (IR) group, which represents a single IR who had completed specific training in AVS, compared to non-trained IR group which consisted of a total of 10 IRs without specific AVS training (P = 0.046). The right AVS had lower success rate than the left AVS (64% vs. 94.6%). The type of right adrenal vein pattern showed significant association with the outcome of AVS (P = 0.014). There were 6 types of right adrenal vein patterns observed in our study; Type 1 - gland-like pattern with numerous branches, Type 2 - delta pattern, Type 3 - triangular pattern with central "blush", Type 4 - no discernible pattern and Type 5 - spidery or stellate pattern. The sixth pattern was the hepatic radicles blush with hepatic drainage, for which blood sampling were also collected due to its appearance was frequently indistinguishable from the Type 1 pattern. The results showed Type 2 pattern had the highest incidence (30.5%; 32/105 samples) and Type 5 had the highest success rate (100%; 11/11 samples), while the hepatic radicles blush pattern had the highest incidence in fail samples resulting in the highest failure rate (94.7%; 18/19 samples). The visualization of the inferior emissary vein (IEV) from the venographic images during right AVS had a significant association with the successful AVS (97.5% success rate; 39/40 samples; P = 0.003). Contrariwise, blood sampling withdrawn from the right adrenal vein in the presence of hepatic drainage communication associated with the failure AVS (86.7% failure rate; 26/30 samples; P = 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: The overall success rate of both AVS in our center was 61.3%, and the success rate was higher in the trained IR group than the non-trained IR group. The visualization of IEV and the type of right adrenal vein patterns were the key determining factors with significant association to the successful right AVS. Conversely, blood sampling withdrawn from the hepatic radicles and hepatic drainage had significant association with the failure right AVS.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search of observational studies conducted in ASEAN countries between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2020 was performed in the Medline, PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The quality of studies was evaluated based on The Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist. The analysis was performed with Review Manager software version 5.4. Metaanalysis of the estimates from primary studies was conducted by adjusting for possible publication bias and heterogeneity.
RESULTS: Twenty-five studies including 19924 postnatal mothers were included in this review. The pooled prevalence of PPD is 22.32% (95% CI: 18.48, 26.17). Thailand has the highest prevalence of PPD with a pooled prevalence of 74.1% (95% CI: 64.79, 83.41). The prevalence of PPD was highest when the assessment for PPD was conducted up to 6 weeks postpartum with a pooled prevalence of 25.24% (95% CI: 14.08, 36.41). The identified determinants of PPD were unplanned pregnancy, term pregnancy, lack of family support and physical violence. There were limited studies done and high heterogeneity in terms of quality, methodology, culture, screening method and time of PPD measurement.
CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one in five postpartum women in ASEAN countries had PPD. The risk factor that lowers the risk of PPD is unplanned and term pregnancies, while women with a lack of family support and experienced physical violence increase the risk of PPD. Robust prevalence studies are needed to assess the magnitude of this problem in ASEAN countries.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study used a validated KAS questionnaire, performed among 338 TB contacts from 5 health clinics in Kedah, Malaysia. The respondents were selected via convenience sampling. Simple and multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS: The mean KAS scores of participants are 73.5% [standard deviation (SD)=17.06], 83.0% (SD=10.33), and 67.0% (SD=16.72), respectively. Higher income (p=0.001), better knowledge score (p<0.001), and higher stigma score (p=0.003) are the significant associated factors for the attitude score.
CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that most of the TB contacts have good knowledge and constructive attitude toward TB prevention and screening, but their level of stigma on TB is high. The implementation of TB education and intervention programs among TB contacts are required especially among low-income groups.
OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to identify self-care approaches, domains, and their effectiveness for a proper self-care educational guide package for women with GDM.
DESIGN: A systematic review using electronic literature databases published between January 2016 and December 2022 was conducted.
DATA SOURCES: Web of Science, Scopus, and Ovid databases were used.
REVIEW METHODS: This review utilized the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes) framework to screen the retrieved articles for eligibility in which mothers with GDM, educational materials, standard practice or intervention, and effectiveness were considered the PICO, respectively. The CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) model served as a framework for adopting the education development model. Mixed methods appraisal tool was used for quality assessment. Data extraction and synthesis without meta-analysis were presented as evidence tables.
RESULTS: A total of 19 articles on GDM were included in the final analysis (16 Intervention studies, two qualitative studies, and one mixed-methods study). Four broad domains emerged from the analysis: 1) information or knowledge of GDM, 2) monitoring of blood glucose levels, 3) practice of healthy lifestyles, and 4) other non-specific activities. The majority of the articles employed a face-to-face approach in executing the educational group sessions, and most studies disclosed their positive effects on GDM management. Other methods of evaluating intervention effectiveness were described as improved self-care behavior, increased satisfaction score, enhanced self-efficacy, good glucose control, and better pregnancy outcome.
CONCLUSION: Knowledge or information about GDM, healthy diet, and exercise or physical activity was found to be the most applied domains of intervention. Framework domains based on the present review can be used in the future development of any interventional program for GDM women in enhancing health information reaching the targeted group in promoting self-efficacy.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42021229610.