Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 103 in total

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  1. Badai SS, Rasid OA, Parveez GKA, Masani MYA
    3 Biotech, 2020 Dec;10(12):530.
    PMID: 33214977 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02514-9
    Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is the preferred detergent in RNA extraction of oil palm tissues. However, the CTAB-based protocol is time-consuming. In this study, a combination of the CTAB-based method and silica-based purification reduced the extraction time from two days to five hours. Quality of total RNA from 27 different tissues of oil palm was shown to have an RNA integrity number (RIN) value of more than seven. The extracted RNA was evaluated by RT-qPCR using three reference oil palm genes (GRAS, CYP2, and SLU7) and three putative mesocarp-specific transcripts annotated as WRKY DNA-binding protein 70 (WRKY-70), metallothionein (MT) and pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) genes. Tissue-specific expression profiling across complete developmental stages of mesocarp and vegetative tissues was determined in this study. Overall, the RNA extraction protocol described here is rapid, simple and yields good quality RNAs from oil palm tissues.
  2. Yee W, Abdul-Kadir R, Lee LM, Koh B, Lee YS, Chan HY
    3 Biotech, 2018 Aug;8(8):354.
    PMID: 30105179 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1381-1
    In this work, a simple and inexpensive physical lysis method using a cordless drill fitted with a plastic pellet pestle and 150 mg of sterile sea sand was established for the extraction of DNA from six strains of freshwater microalgae. This lysis method was also tested for RNA extraction from two microalgal strains. Lysis duration between 15 and 120 s using the cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) buffer significantly increased the yield of DNA from four microalgalstrains (Monoraphidium griffithii NS16, Scenedesmus sp. NS6, Scenedesmus sp. DPBC1 and Acutodesmus sp. DPBB10) compared to control. It was also found that grinding was not required to obtain DNA from two strains of microalgae (Choricystis sp. NPA14 and Chlamydomonas sp. BM3). The average DNA yield obtained using this lysis method was between 62.5 and 78.9 ng/mg for M. griffithii NS16, 42.2-247.0 ng/mg for Scenedesmus sp. NS6, 70.2-110.9 ng/mg for Scenedesmus sp. DPBC1 and 142.8-164.8 ng/mg for Acutodesmus sp. DPBB10. DNA obtained using this method was sufficiently pure for PCR amplification. Extraction of total RNA from M. griffithii NS16 and Mychonastes sp. NPD7 using this lysis method yielded high-quality RNA suitable for RT-PCR. This lysis method is simple, cheap and would enable rapid nucleic acid extraction from freshwater microalgae without requiring costly materials and equipment such as liquid nitrogen or beadbeaters, and would facilitate molecular studies on microalgae in general.
  3. Nawawi O, Abdullah MP, Yusuf CYL
    3 Biotech, 2023 Jul;13(7):224.
    PMID: 37292140 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03647-3
    Positive selection vectors carry a lethal gene encoding a toxic product that is harmful to most laboratory E. coli strains. Previously, we reported a strategy for in-house production of a commercial positive selection vector, the pJET1.2/blunt cloning vector, using common laboratory E. coli strains. However, the strategy involves lengthy gel electrophoresis and extraction procedures to purify the linearized vector after digestion. Here, we streamlined the strategy to eliminate the gel-purification step. A uniquely designed short fragment called the Nawawi fragment was inserted into the coding sequence of the lethal gene of the pJET1.2 plasmid, resulting in the pJET1.2N plasmid that can be propagated in the E. coli strain DH5α. Digestion of the pJET1.2N plasmid with EcoRV released the Nawawi fragment, and the resulting blunt-ended pJET1.2/blunt cloning vector can be used directly for DNA cloning without prior purification. Cloning of a DNA fragment was not hindered by the Nawawi fragments carried over from the digestion step. After transformation, the pJET1.2N-derived pJET1.2/blunt cloning vector produced > 98% positive clones. The streamlined strategy accelerates the in-house production of the pJET1.2/blunt cloning vector and enables DNA cloning at a lower cost.

    SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03647-3.

  4. Salihu A, Abbas O, Sallau AB, Alam MZ
    3 Biotech, 2015 Dec;5(6):1101-1106.
    PMID: 28324400 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0294-5
    Different agricultural residues were considered in this study for their ability to support cellulolytic enzyme production by Aspergillus niger. A total of eleven agricultural residues including finger millet hulls, sorghum hulls, soybean hulls, groundnut husk, banana peels, corn stalk, cassava peels, sugarcane bagasse, saw dust, rice straw and sheanut cake were subjected to three pretreatment (acid, alkali and oxidative) methods. All the residues supported the growth and production of cellulases by A. niger after 96 h of incubation. Maximum cellulase production was found in alkali-treated soybean hulls with CMCase, FPase and β-glucosidase yields of 9.91 ± 0.04, 6.20 ± 0.13 and 5.69 ± 0.29 U/g, respectively. Further studies in assessing the potential of soybean hulls are being considered to optimize the medium composition and process parameters for enhanced cellulase production.
  5. Nayak AG, Kumar N, Shenoy S, Roche M
    3 Biotech, 2020 Nov;10(11):476.
    PMID: 33083200 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02462-4
    The study investigates the ability of methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata (MAP) to supplement polyvalent anti-snake venom (ASV) in inhibiting neurotoxic enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and 'spreading factor' hyaluronidase from Naja naja (N.N) venom. AChE and hyaluronidase activity were measured in 100 or 200 µg of crude venom, respectively, and designated as 'control'. In Test Group I, enzyme assays were performed immediately after the addition of ASV/MAP/ASV + MAP to the venom. Inhibition of AChE by ASV (100-367 µg) was 12-17%, and of hyaluronidase (22-660 µg) was 33-41%. Under the same conditions, MAP (100-400 µg) inhibited AChE and hyaluronidase to the extent of 17-33% and 17-52%, respectively. When ASV (220 µg) and MAP (100-200 µg) were added together, AChE and hyaluronidase were inhibited to a greater extent from 39-63 to 36-44%, than when either of them was used alone. In Test Group 2, the venom was incubated with ASV/MAP/ASV + MAP for 10-30 min at 37 °C prior to the assay which enhanced AChE inhibition by 6%, 82% and 18% respectively, when compared to Test Group I. Though there was no change in inhibition of hyaluronidase in the presence of ASV, MAP could further increase the extent of inhibition by 27% and ASV + MAP upto 4%. In Test Group III, venom and substrate were incubated for 90 min and hyaluronidase activity was measured after the addition of inhibitors. Here, ASV + MAP caused increased inhibition by 69% compared to ASV alone. The study confirms the ability of phytochemicals in MAP to contribute to a multipronged strategy by supplementing, thereby augmenting the efficacy of ASV.
  6. Wang X, Gopinath SCB, Li J
    3 Biotech, 2020 Sep;10(9):377.
    PMID: 32802719 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02370-7
    This work focused on the detection of cortisol on an interdigitated electrode sensor surface using an anti-cortisol antibody. To improve immobilization, antibodies were conjugated with silver nanoparticles and attached to the surface of the sensor. Cortisol interacted in a dose-dependent manner on the antibody-immobilized sensor surface, and current changes were observed. Linear regression analysis was performed by a 3σ calculation, and the limit of detection fell into the range of 0.01 and 0.1 ng/mL. The sensitivity of cortisol was calculated to be 0.01 ng/mL and the sensor discriminated against other hormones, namely norepinephrine and progesterone, with higher selectivity for cortisol. This result represented the selective detection of cortisol with high performance, which can help to determine anxiety disorders.
  7. Hafshejani MK, Ogugbue CJ, Morad N
    3 Biotech, 2014 Dec;4(6):605-619.
    PMID: 28324306 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-013-0192-7
    The decolorization and degradation of Direct Blue 71 were investigated using a mono culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacterium was able to decolorize the dye medium to 70.43 % within 48 h under microaerophilic conditions. The medium was then aerated for 24 h to promote the biodegradation of the aromatic amines generated from azo bond cleavage. Reduction in total organic carbon in dye medium was 42.58 % in the microaerophilic stage and 78.39 % in the aerobic stage. The degradation metabolites formed were studied using UV-vis techniques, high performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis. Data obtained provide evidence for the formation of aromatic amines and their subsequent oxidative biodegradation by a single strain of P. aeruginosa during successive microaerophilic/aerobic stages in the same flask. The influence of incubation temperature (20-45 °C), medium pH (5-10) and initial dye concentration (25-150 mg/L) on decolorization was evaluated to greatly influence decolorization extent. The optimal decolorization conditions were determined by response surface methodology based on three-variable central composite design to obtain maximum decolorization and to determine the significance and interaction effect of the variables on decolorization. The optimal conditions of response were found to be 35.15 °C, pH 8.01 and 49.95 mg/L dye concentration giving an experimental decolorization value of 84.80 %. Very high regression coefficient between the variables and the response (R(2) = 0.9624) indicated a good evaluation of experimental data by polynomial regression model.
  8. Ismail NZ, Arsad H, Samian MR, Hamdan MR, Othman AS
    3 Biotech, 2018 Jan;8(1):62.
    PMID: 29354373 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1092-7
    This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using three plastid DNA regions (matK, trnH-psbA, and rbcL) as DNA barcodes to identify the medicinal plant Clinacanthus nutans. In this study, C. nutans was collected at several different locations. Total genomic DNA was extracted, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequenced using matK, trnH-psbA, and rbcL, primers. DNA sequences generated from PCR were submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information's (NCBI) GenBank. Identification of C. nutans was carried out using NCBI's Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). The rbcL and trnH-psbA regions successfully identified C. nutans with sequencing rates of 100% through BLAST identification. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) 6.0 was used to analyze interspecific and intraspecific divergence of plastid DNA sequences. rbcL and matK exhibited the lowest average interspecific distance (0.0487 and 0.0963, respectively), whereas trnH-psbA exhibited the highest average interspecific distance (0.2029). The R package Spider revealed that trnH-psbA correctly identified Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) 96%, best close match 79%, and near neighbor 100% of the species, compared to matK (BOLD 72%; best close match 64%; near neighbor 78%) and rbcL (BOLD 77%; best close match 62%; near neighbor 88%). These results indicate that trnH-psbA is very effective at identifying C. nutans, as it performed well in discriminating species in Acanthaceae.
  9. Ting ASY, Zoqratt MZHM, Tan HS, Hermawan AA, Talei A, Khu ST
    3 Biotech, 2021 Feb;11(2):40.
    PMID: 33479595 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02617-3
    Microbial communities from a lake and river flowing through a highly dense urbanized township in Malaysia were profiled by sequencing amplicons of the 16S V3-V4 and 18S V9 hypervariable rRNA gene regions via Illumina MiSeq. Results revealed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant prokaryotic phyla; whereas, eukaryotic communities were predominantly of the SAR clade and Opisthokonta. The abundance of Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium in all sites suggested the possible presence of pathogens in the urban water systems, supported by the most probable number (MPN) values of more than 1600 per 100 mL. Urbanization could have impacted the microbial communities as transient communities (clinical, water-borne and opportunistic pathogens) coexisted with common indigenous aquatic communities (Cyanobacteria). It was concluded that in urban water systems, microbial communities vary in their abundance of microbial phyla detected along the water systems. The influences of urban land use and anthropogenic activities influenced the physicochemical properties and the microbial dynamics in the water systems.

    Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02617-3.

  10. Yeasmin L, Ali MN, Gantait S, Chakraborty S
    3 Biotech, 2015 Feb;5(1):1-11.
    PMID: 28324361 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0201-5
    Genetic diversity represents the heritable variation both within and among populations of organisms, and in the context of this paper, among bamboo species. Bamboo is an economically important member of the grass family Poaceae, under the subfamily Bambusoideae. India has the second largest bamboo reserve in Asia after China. It is commonly known as "poor man's timber", keeping in mind the variety of its end use from cradle to coffin. There is a wide genetic diversity of bamboo around the globe and this pool of genetic variation serves as the base for selection as well as for plant improvement. Thus, the identification, characterization and documentation of genetic diversity of bamboo are essential for this purpose. During recent years, multiple endeavors have been undertaken for characterization of bamboo species with the aid of molecular markers for sustainable utilization of genetic diversity, its conservation and future studies. Genetic diversity assessments among the identified bamboo species, carried out based on the DNA fingerprinting profiles, either independently or in combination with morphological traits by several researchers, are documented in the present review. This review will pave the way to prepare the database of prevalent bamboo species based on their molecular characterization.
  11. Karamba KI, Ahmad SA, Zulkharnain A, Yasid NA, Ibrahim S, Shukor MY
    3 Biotech, 2018 Jan;8(1):11.
    PMID: 29259886 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-1025-x
    The evaluation of degradation and growth kinetics of Serratia marcescens strain AQ07 was carried out using three half-order models at all the initial concentrations of cyanide with the values of regression exceeding 0.97. The presence of varying cyanide concentrations reveals that the growth and degradation of bacteria were affected by the increase in cyanide concentration with a total halt at 700 ppm KCN after 72 h incubation. In this study, specific growth and degradation rates were found to trail the substrate inhibition kinetics. These two rates fitted well to the kinetic models of Teissier, Luong, Aiba and Heldane, while the performance of Monod model was found to be unsatisfactory. These models were used to clarify the substrate inhibition on the bacteria growth. The analyses of these models have shown that Luong model has fitted the experimental data with the highest coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.9794 and 0.9582 with the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.000204 and 0.001, respectively, for the specific rate of degradation and growth. It is the only model that illustrates the maximum substrate concentration (Sm) of 713.4 and empirical constant (n) of 1.516. Tessier and Aiba fitted the experimental data with a R2 value of 0.8002 and 0.7661 with low RMSE of 0.0006, respectively, for specific biodegradation rate, while having a R2 value of 0.9 and RMSE of 0.001, respectively, for specific growth rate. Haldane has the lowest R2 value of 0.67 and 0.78 for specific biodegradation and growth rate with RMSE of 0.0006 and 0.002, respectively. This indicates the level of the bacteria stability in varying concentrations of cyanide and the maximum cyanide concentration it can tolerate within a specific time period. The biokinetic constant predicted from this model demonstrates a good ability of the locally isolated bacteria in cyanide remediation in industrial effluents.
  12. Hessami MJ, Cheng SF, Ambati RR, Yin YH, Phang SM
    3 Biotech, 2019 Jan;9(1):25.
    PMID: 30622863 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1549-8
    In this study, Gelidium elegans is investigated for ethanol production. A combination of factors including different temperatures, acid concentration and incubation time was evaluated to determine the suitable saccharification conditions. The combination of 2.5% (w/v) H2SO4 at 120 °C for 40 min was selected for hydrolysis of the seaweed biomass, followed by purification, and fermentation to yield ethanol. The galactose and glucose were dominant reducing sugars in the G. elegans hydrolysate and under optimum condition of dilute acid hydrolysis, 39.42% of reducing sugars was produced and fermentation resulted in ethanol concentration of 13.27 ± 0.47 g/L. A modified method was evaluated for sample preparation for gas chromatography (GC) analysis of the ethanol content. A solvent mixture of acetonitrile and iso-butanol precipitated dissolved organic residues and reduced water content in GC samples at least by 90%. Results showed that this method could be successfully used for bioethanol production from seaweed.
  13. Neoh CH, Lam CY, Ghani SM, Ware I, Sarip SH, Ibrahim Z
    3 Biotech, 2016 Dec;6(2):143.
    PMID: 28330215 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0455-1
    The biggest agricultural sector that contributes to the Malaysian economy is the oil palm industry. The effluent generated during the production of crude palm oil known as palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME undergoes anaerobic treatment that requires long retention time and produces large amount of methane that consequently contributes to global warming. In this study, an isolated bacteria was selected based on its ability to degrade kraft lignin (KL) and identified as Ochrobactrum sp. The bacteria were able to treat POME (from anaerobic pond) under the aerobic condition without addition of nutrient, resulting in a significant chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 71 %, removal rate of 1385 mg/l/day, and 12.3 times higher than that of the ponding system. It has also resulted in 60 % removal of ammoniacal nitrogen and 55 % of total polyphenolic after 6-day treatment period with the detection of lignocellulolytic enzymes.
  14. Rupani PF, Embrandiri A, Ibrahim MH, Shahadat M, Hansen SB, Mansor NNA
    3 Biotech, 2017 Jul;7(3):155.
    PMID: 28623493 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0770-1
    Several technologies are being applied for treatment of palm oil mill wastes. Among them, the biological treatments (vermicomposting) have widely been recognized as one of the most efficient and eco-friendly methods for converting organic waste materials into valuable products. The present study focuses on vermicomposting of acidic palm oil mill effluent (POME) mixed with the palm pressed fibre (PPF) which are found difficult to decompose in the environment. The industrial waste (POME) was vermicomposted using Lumbricus rubellus under laboratory conditions for a period of 45 days. A significant improvement in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content was monitored during vermicomposting process. In addition, the decline in C:N ratio of vermicompost (up to 17.20 ± 0.60) reflects the degree of stabilization of POME-PPF mixture. Different percentages of the vermicompost extract obtained from POME-PPF mixture were also examined for the germination of mung bean (Vigna radiata) seed. The results showed that 75% vermicompost extract demonstrated better performance for the seed germination. On the basis of significant findings, POME-PPF mixture can be successfully used as a feeding material for the earthworms, while on the other hand, it can also be used as a cost-effective fertilizer for the germination and the proper growth of mung bean.
  15. Musa H, Kasim FH, Gunny AAN, Gopinath SCB, Ahmad MA
    3 Biotech, 2019 Aug;9(8):314.
    PMID: 31406636 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1845-y
    Initially, a new moderate halophilic strain was locally isolated from seawater. The partial 16S rRNA sequence analysis positioned the organism in Marinobacter genus and was named 'Marinobacter litoralis SW-45'. This study further demonstrates successful utilization of the halophilic M. litoralis SW-45 lipase (MLL) for butyl ester synthesis from crude palm fruit oil (CPO) and kernel oil (CPKO) in heptane and solvent-free system, respectively, using hydroesterification. Hydrolysis and esterification of enzymatic [Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL)] hydrolysis of CPO and CPKO to free fatty acids (FFA) followed by MLL-catalytic esterification of the concentrated FFAs with butanol (acyl acceptor) to synthesize butyl esters were performed. A one-factor-at-a-time technique (OFAT) was used to study the influence of physicochemical factors on the esterification reaction. Under optimal esterification conditions of 40 and 45 °C, 150 and 230 rpm, 50% (v/v) biocatalyst concentration, 1:1 and 5:1 butanol:FFA, 9% and 15% (w/v) NaCl, 60 and 15 min reaction time for CPO- and CPKO-derived FFA esterification system, maximum ester conversion of 62.2% and 69.1%, respectively, was attained. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis confirmed the products formed as butyl esters. These results showed halophilic lipase has promising potential to be used for biosynthesis of butyl esters in oleochemical industry.
  16. Ahmad W, Husain I, Ahmad N, Amir M, Sarafroz M, Ansari MA, et al.
    3 Biotech, 2020 Apr;10(4):165.
    PMID: 32206499 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2154-1
    Boerhavia diffusa (BD) Linn. (Nyctaginaceae) is one of the most commonly used herbs in the Indian traditional system of medicine for the urinary disorders. The aim of the current investigation was to carry out initiation, development, and maintenance of BD callus cultures and quantitative estimation of punarnavine in plant and callus extracts. Leaves and stem of BD were used as explant for the tissue culture studies using Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium. MS Media comprising 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) (1 ppm) and 2,4-D (1 ppm) + Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (1.0 ppm) were found to yield friable callus from leaf explant; similarly, 2,4-D (0.3 ppm) + IAA (0.75 ppm) + Kinetin (0.3 ppm) and 2,4-D (0.5 ppm) + Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (1.5 ppm) + Kinetin (0.3 ppm) were found to yield friable callus from the stem explant. High-performance thin-layer chromatography method was been developed for the quantitative estimation of punarnavine (Rf = 0.73) using mobile phase containing toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid in the ratio (7.0:2.5:0.7, v/v/v) at 262 nm. The validated method was found linear (r2 = 0.9971) in a wide range (100-1000 ng spot-1), precise, accurate, and robust. The values of limit of detection, LOD = 30.3 ng spot-1, and limit of quantification, LOQ = 100.0 ng spot-1. The robustness of the method was proved by applying the Box-Behnken design (BBD). The developed method found appropriate for the quality control of medicinal plants containing punarnavine as a constituent.
  17. Manogaran M, Ahmad SA, Yasid NA, Yakasai HM, Shukor MY
    3 Biotech, 2018 Feb;8(2):117.
    PMID: 29430378 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1141-2
    In this novel study, we report on the use of two molybdenum-reducing bacteria with the ability to utilise the herbicide glyphosate as the phosphorus source. The bacteria reduced sodium molybdate to molybdenum blue (Mo-blue), a colloidal and insoluble product, which is less toxic. The characterisation of the molybdenum-reducing bacteria was carried out using resting cells immersed in low-phosphate molybdenum media. Two glyphosate-degrading bacteria, namelyBurkholderia vietnamiensisAQ5-12 andBurkholderiasp. AQ5-13, were able to use glyphosate as a phosphorous source to support molybdenum reduction to Mo-blue. The bacteria optimally reduced molybdenum between the pHs of 6.25 and 8. The optimum concentrations of molybdate for strainBurkholderia vietnamiensis strainAQ5-12 was observed to be between 40 and 60 mM, while forBurkholderiasp. AQ5-13, the optimum molybdate concentration occurred between 40 and 50 mM. Furthermore, 5 mM of phosphate was seen as the optimum concentration supporting molybdenum reduction for both bacteria. The optimum temperature aiding Mo-blue formation ranged from 30 to 40 °C forBurkholderia vietnamiensis strainAQ5-12, whereas forBurkholderiasp. AQ5-13, the range was from 35 to 40 °C. Glucose was the best electron donor for supporting molybdate reduction, followed by sucrose, fructose and galactose for both strains. Ammonium sulphate was the best nitrogen source in supporting molybdenum reduction. Interestingly, increasing the glyphosate concentrations beyond 100 and 300 ppm forBurkholderia vietnamiensis strainAQ5-12 andBurkholderiasp. AQ5-13, respectively, significantly inhibited molybdenum reduction. The ability of these bacteria to reduce molybdenum while degrading glyphosate is a useful process for the bioremediation of both toxicants.
  18. Teoh WK, Salleh FM, Shahir S
    3 Biotech, 2017 Jun;7(2):97.
    PMID: 28560637 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0740-7
    Microbial arsenite oxidation is an essential biogeochemical process whereby more toxic arsenite is oxidized to the less toxic arsenate. Thiomonas strains represent an important arsenite oxidizer found ubiquitous in acid mine drainage. In the present study, the arsenite oxidase gene (aioBA) was cloned from Thiomonas delicata DSM 16361, expressed heterologously in E. coli and purified to homogeneity. The purified recombinant Aio consisted of two subunits with the respective molecular weights of 91 and 21 kDa according to SDS-PAGE. Aio catalysis was optimum at pH 5.5 and 50-55 °C. Aio exhibited stability under acidic conditions (pH 2.5-6). The V max and K m values of the enzyme were found to be 4 µmol min(-1) mg(-1) and 14.2 µM, respectively. SDS and Triton X-100 were found to inhibit the enzyme activity. The homology model of Aio showed correlation with the acidophilic adaptation of the enzyme. This is the first characterization studies of Aio from a species belonging to the Thiomonas genus. The arsenite oxidase was found to be among the acid-tolerant Aio reported to date and has the potential to be used for biosensor and bioremediation applications in acidic environments.
  19. Lam MQ, Nik Mut NN, Thevarajoo S, Chen SJ, Selvaratnam C, Hussin H, et al.
    3 Biotech, 2018 Feb;8(2):104.
    PMID: 29404232 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1133-2
    A halophilic bacterium, Virgibacillus sp. strain CD6, was isolated from salted fish and its extracellular protease was characterized. Protease production was found to be highest when yeast extract was used as nitrogen source for growth. The protease exhibited stability at wide range of salt concentration (0-12.5%, w/v), temperatures (20-60 °C), and pH (4-10) with maximum activity at 10.0% (w/v) NaCl, 60 °C, pH 7 and 10, indicating its polyextremophilicity. The protease activity was enhanced in the presence of Mg2+, Mn2+, Cd2+, and Al3+ (107-122% relative activity), and with retention of activity > 80% for all of other metal ions examined (K+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Fe3+). Both PMSF and EDTA inhibited protease activity, denoting serine protease and metalloprotease properties, respectively. High stability (> 70%) was demonstrated in the presence of organic solvents and detergent constituents, and the extracellular protease from strain CD6 was also found to be compatible in commercial detergents. Proteinaceous stain removal efficacy revealed that crude protease of strain CD6 could significantly enhance the performance of commercial detergent. The protease from Virgibacillus sp. strain CD6 could serve as a promising alternative for various applications, especially in detergent industry.
  20. Roslan HA, Anji SB
    3 Biotech, 2011 Jul;1(1):27-33.
    PMID: 22558533
    Chitinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of chitin, commonly induced upon the attack of pathogens and other stresses. A cDNA (MsChi1) was isolated from Metroxylon sagu and expressed predominantly in the inflorescence tissue of M. sagu, suggesting its role in developmental processes. The chitinase cDNA was detected and isolated via differential display and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Primers specific to M. saguchitinase were used as probes to amplify the 3'-end and 5'-end regions of chitinase cDNA. Transcript analysis showed that chitinase is expressed in inflorescence and meristem tissues but was not detected in the leaf tissue. Sequence analysis of amplified cDNA fragments of 3'-end and 5'-end regions indicated that the chitinase cDNA was successfully amplified. The M. saguchitinase cDNA isolated was approximately 1,143 bp long and corresponds to 312 predicted amino acids. Alignments of nucleotide and amino acid have grouped this chitinase to family 19 class I chitinase.
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