Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 232 in total

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  1. Sama Naziyah Shaban, Abdelkader Elbadawy Abbas Ashour, Khairani Idah Mokhtar, Solachuddin JauhariAriefIchwan, Basma Ezzat Mustafa Alahmad
    Ann Dent, 2020;27(1):50-54.
    MyJurnal
    Natural products have demonstrated various activities beneficial to general health. Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) has been reported in many studies for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, flaxseed extracts have skin wound healing activity and potential for treating oral ulcers.L. usitatissimum was extracted using 70% ethanol via soxhlet method and gas chromatography mass spectrum (GC-MS) was used to analyze the components of L. usitatissimum extract. The crude flaxseed oil were applied to human oral fibroblasts (HOrF), and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to assess the cell viability after 24, 48 and 72 hours. Scratched HOrF cells were treated with crude flaxseed oil and healing was monitored per wound healing assay. GC-MS indicate that the major components present in L. usitatissimum oil extract are linolic, palmitic and oleic acid. L. usitatissimum crude oil extract showed high proliferation effect on HOrF cells at 24 and 48 hours, while the highest proliferation effect was recorded at 72 hours post-treatment. The wound healing assay results showed that healing activity of HOrF cells occurred as soon as 18 hours post-treatment when treated with L. usitatissimum crude oil extract. L. usitatissimum crude oil extract has proliferating and healing effects on HOrF cell line. Therefore, it can be considered as a potential promising oral wound healing agent.
  2. Nor Azlida Mohd Nor, Zamros Yuzadi Mohd Yusof, Wan Nurazreena Wan Hassan, Mohd ZambriMohamed Makhbul
    Ann Dent, 2020;27(1):33-40.
    MyJurnal
    Dental quackery has been a problem for decades and is becoming a major concern in many countries, including Malaysia. Recent development of a new service offered by quacks in Malaysia is “fake braces”, which alarmed dental professionals. The fake braces appear similar to the professionally fitted orthodontic appliances comprising of archwires that are secured on brackets by coloured ligatures except they are fitted by unqualified individuals who have no formal clinical training. In addition, the orthodontic materials and dental equipment used for this illegal service were substandard and unregulated. Therefore, such fitted appliances are harmful to the teeth and oral health. Efforts to record the extent of fake braces practice and its oral health consequences have been challenging as they are marketed through the social media, and the victims were either reluctant to come forward or did not know the appropriate channel to file a complaint to the health authority. This is an expert opinion paperwith theaimsto highlight typical presentation of fake braces, modus operandi of fake braces providers, the harmful effects of fake braces on the patient’s oral health, the role of social media advertising in promoting fake braces, and the impacts to the illegal providers.
  3. Mohd Shahminan Ibrahim, Wen, Yap Kai, Gonzalez, Maria Angela Garcia, Noor Azlin Yahya
    Ann Dent, 2020;27(1):41-49.
    MyJurnal
    This study compared the surface roughness of selected tooth coloured restorative materials that were polished according to manufacturers’ instructions and Sof-Lex. It also assessed the surface roughness of polished materials after thermocycling.Filtek Z350XT, Beautifil-Bulk Restorative and Cention N, were used in this study. A stainless steel mould (10mm diameter x 2mm height) was used to fabricate 75 cylindrical specimens: 15 Filtek Z350XT (FZ), 30 Beautifil-Bulk Restorative (BB) and 30 Cention N (CN). All 15 FZ specimens were polished with Sof-Lex. Fifteen BB and CN specimens were polished according to manufacturers’ instructions. The remaining fifteen BB and CN specimens were polished using Sof-Lex. All the specimens were subjected to thermocycling (1000 cycles). Surface roughness was assessed quantitatively with profilometry after specimen preparation (Mylar stage), polishingand thermocycling. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25.0 at α=0.05. When polished according to manufacturers’ instructions, BB had the lowest mean surface roughness (Ra) values (0.13±0.01μm) followed sequentially by CN (0.14±0.03μm) and FZ (0.15±0.02μm). The differences were not statistically significant. When polished with Sof-Lex, BB exhibited the smoothest surface (0.116±0.03μm) followed sequentially by and FZ (0.150±0.02μm) and CN (0.157±0.02μm). Thermocycling caused an increase in the Ra. The differences were statistically significant. All materials tested had Ra values below the threshold value of 0.2 μm at Mylar stage and after polishing with their recommended polishing system and Sof-Lex. Thermocycling produced rougher surfaces that did not exceed the threshold Ra value. Polishability was material dependent.
  4. Mohd Tahir MKA, Ramanathan A, Foo GBT, Gopalan S, Zainal Abidin M, Abdul Rahman F
    Ann Dent, 2020;27(1):28-32.
    MyJurnal
    Pilomatrixoma is a relatively common benign tumour arising from the matrix and inner sheath of a normal hair follicle as well as hair cortex. It is usually presented as a superficial, solitary, firm mass which is asymptomatic and slowly growing. It accounts for about 0.2% of all routine skin specimens and may poses a diagnostic challenge as it may resemble other common benign lesions found in the head and neck region. We report a case of a 33-year old men presented to us with a pilomatrixoma of the right cheek, surgical management and histological findings.
  5. Siti Mazlipah Ismail, Firdaus Hariri
    Ann Dent, 2020;27(1):66-68.
    MyJurnal
    There is a wide variation in the morphology of third maxillary molar which can be difficult to be identified radiographically. We present a case of a 26 year-old Yemeni female patient presented with difficult extraction of her left maxillary third molar. The extracted tooth showed a rare variation of root morphology, having four roots with three roots curving palatally at the apices. This report emphasized the potential complex morphological variation of maxillary third molar which may lead to the difficulty of a routine straight forward procedure thus needing careful extraction maneuvering to prevent any complications.
  6. Azizah Murtuzah Shekh, Noor Azlin Yahya
    Ann Dent, 2019;26(1):1-7.
    MyJurnal
    The study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) and to analyse the failure mode at the resin-dentine interface of different dental adhesive systems. A total of 75 sound premolar teeth were selected and randomly assigned into five different adhesive groups (n=15): OptiBond Solo (OBS, total-etch), OptiBond Versa (OBV, two-bottles, self-etch), Adhe SE Ivoclar (ADHE, two-bottles, self-etch), G-Bond (GB, one-bottle, self-etch), and OptiBond All in One (OBO, one-bottle, self-etch). The occlusal surface of each tooth was flattened and composite resin cylinder (4x2 mm) was built up on the flat dentine surface using a custom made mould. The specimens were then subjected to 500 thermal cycles between 5 °C and 55 °C and dwell time of 20s. The SBS test was conducted using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett T3 Test. Failure mode was determined as adhesive, cohesive or mixed mode using a stereomicroscope and the data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. The total-etch (OBS) had significantly higher value of SBS than the two self-etch (ADHE and GB) adhesive systems. Within the self-etch systems, OBV showed significantly higher SBS value compared to ADHE and GB. There were no statistically significant differences between types of failure mode (p > 0.05) and adhesive group. It can be concluded that the different compositions in the self-etch adhesive materials may contribute to the different SBS value. The failure modes detected within all tested groups did not show clinically important differences.
  7. Nurul Farahah Bahari, Nur Iffah Izzaty Jamal, John, Jacob
    Ann Dent, 2019;26(1):8-14.
    MyJurnal
    This cross sectional study investigated the clinical and radiographic status of crowned teeth with and without root canal treatment. The study used secondary data from records of patients who received crown treatment at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya before 2015 and walk-in patients attending the primary care clinic between July - December 2016. The inclusion criterion was crown fitted for more than 12 months. Once identified, the patients were assessed for clinical and radiographic status. Data were entered into and analysed using SPSS Version 20 software. A total of 66 crowns [35 root canal treated (RCT) and 31 non-root canal treated (n-RCT)] were identified. Chi-square test was carried out to determine the health of crowned teeth and for its longevity in the oral cavity. There were 43 crowns (46.5% RCT; 53.5% n-RCT) with plaque accumulation, 15 (66.7% RCT; 33.3% n-RCT) with gingival swelling/recession, 17 (46.5% RCT; 53.5% n-RCT) with widening of the periodontal ligament, 13 (53.8% RCT; 46.2% n-RCT) with bone loss and 5 (60% RCT; 40% n-RCT) crowns with periapical lesion. There was no statistically significant difference except for poorer alveolar bone condition for crowns that have been in the mouth for >10 years. Based on the study, no significant adverse pulpal involvement between crown with RCT and crown without RCT was observed.
  8. Siti Zaleha Raduan, Khairah Nasrin Abdul Khalid, Ak Jihek, Mark Fitchell, Ganasan, Sivagami, Umi Syazana Salim, Muhammad Wahizul Haswan Abdul Aziz
    Ann Dent, 2019;26(1):22-29.
    MyJurnal
    Solanum ferox L. is a plant species which belongs to the Solanaceae family and the genus Solanum. The Solanum genus was found to exhibit anticariogenic activity and was traditionally used to treat oral diseases. However, there is no scientific study done specifically for Solanum ferox L. Hence the aim of the study is to determine the anticariogenic properties of flesh and leaf of ethanolic extract of Solanum ferox L. Alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins were detected in the leaf ethanolic extract via preliminary phytochemical screening. The presence of these phytochemicals may contribute to the anticariogenic activity. Treatment with different concentrations of flesh and leaf of ethanolic extract were used against Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus via the method of agar well diffusion to indicate zones of inhibition. The antibiofilm activity of the flesh and leaf ethanolic extracts was tested. The flesh and leaf ethanolic extracts possess antimicrobial activity dose-dependently and positive antibiofilm activity against respective pathogens. The flesh ethanolic extract has stronger anticariogenic activity compared to leaf ethanolic extract against respective pathogens. Streptococcus pyogenes exhibited higher susceptibility as compared to Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, it has been shown that the ethanolic extract of Solanum ferox L. exhibit anticariogenic properties against Streptococus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus.
  9. Mohd Zambri Mohamed Makhbul, Wan Nurazreena Wan Hassan
    Ann Dent, 2019;26(1):34-41.
    MyJurnal
    Fixed functional appliances are non-compliance dependent devices, which can assist the correction of Class II malocclusion. The mechanics of the fixed functional appliances may vary depending on the type of device used. We report the observed biomechanical effects of using the ForsusTM Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) fixed functional appliance. The patient was a 14-year-old female presented with a Class II division I malocclusion on a Class II skeletal base. The malocclusion was complicated by a 10mm overjet and increased traumatic overbite. She was treated with the ForsusTM FRD appliance worn for 5 months after the alignment with fixed appliances (0.022” X0.028” MBT prescriptions) and finished on a non-extraction base. Dento-alveolar changes were the main contribution to the correction of the malocclusion and simultaneously improved the patient’s profile in the end of treatment. In conclusion, ForsusTM FRD appliance can be suggested to effectively correct Class II malocclusion.
  10. Wei, Cheah Chia, Vaithilingam, Rathna Devi, Norazlina Mohammad, Huat, Siar Chong
    Ann Dent, 2019;26(1):30-33.
    MyJurnal
    Desquamative gingivitis (DG) is a manifestation of a number of mucocutanenous disorders, one of it being oral lichen planus (OLP). OLP is an autoimmune disease. The aetiology for this condition is unknown, but there are few factors associated with its occurrence, for example alcohol drinking, smoking, allergic reaction to certain medications or restorative material. DG lesions increase the long-term risk for plaque-induced periodontal disease. At the same time, dental plaque and calculus cause gingival OLP resulting in the erosive disease. This report presents the management of a case of oral lichen planus associated with desquamative gingivitis with periodontitis. The expertise involved are from the oral medicine, periodontic and prosthodontic clinics. The uniqueness of the case management was the introduction of single tufted brush, Tepe® compact tuft toothbrush, to perform “solo brushing technique”. It was able to remove plaque effectively and did not cause irritation to the gingivae. Patients presenting with mucocutaneous disorders which exarcebates other oral conditions requires multidisciplinary management. Proper treatment planning will significantly improve their oral health related quality of life.
  11. Wan Nurazreena WH, Rashidah B., Mohd Zambri M.M., Maria J.G.
    Ann Dent, 2018;25(1):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    To determine the number of cases that are at risk of poor stability in terms of arch width changes following fixed appliances treatment at the Orthodontic Unit, Klinik Pergigian Cahaya Suria, Kuala Lumpur. In a retrospective audit, 101 pre- and post-treatment lower study casts were selected from cases completed in the year 2015 at the Orthodontic Unit, Klinik Pergigian Cahaya Suria, Kuala Lumpur. Samples were measured using a universal caliper by a single calibrated operator. Samples was categorised as extraction or non-extraction types. Arch width changes was determined using paired T-test. The recommended limit was 0mm for inter-canine width, 2 mm for inter-first premolar width and 3mm for inter-second premolar and inter-molar width. Differences were considered “within limits”, if the changes were within the recommended limit ±0.25mm (for possible marginal measurement error) and “expanded”, if above the range for within limits. 42.6% were non-extraction while 57.4% were extraction cases. In the non-extraction group, 52.2% cases had expanded inter-canine widths, followed by inter-first and second premolars (27.9%) and interfirst molar (20.9%) widths. Arch width changes for the inter-first and second premolars and inter-molars widths were statistically significantly different (p<0.05) but bot clinically significant. In the extraction group, 67.2% had expanded inter-canine widths, followed by inter-first premolar (64.3%), inter-second premolar (9.1%) and inter-first molar (5.2%) widths. The inter-canine (M=1.43; SD=2.71, p<0.05) and inter-first premolar (M=2.87; SD=2.61, p<0.05) widths statistically and clinically significant expansion but the inter-second premolar and molar were significantly contracted (p<0.05). The number of cases with expanded arch widths was high regardless of the extraction type.
    Keywords: Arch width expansion, stability
  12. Tay, M.J., Chow, C.Y., Ab-Murat, N., Mohamed Rohani M.
    Ann Dent, 2018;25(1):23-30.
    MyJurnal
    To assess the oral health behaviour and preventive dental care experiences of patients with special health
    care needs (SHCN) who attended the Special Care Dental (SCD) Clinic at University of Malaya. Data
    were collected from 31 patients using a self-administered questionnaire which consisted of questions
    pertaining to their oral health behaviours and experiences on receiving preventive dental care (PDC).
    For patients who were unable to answer due to existing health conditions, parents or primary caregivers
    were approached as proxy. Descriptive analysis was conducted and reported based on percentages to
    identify the oral health behaviour and PDC of the individuals. Majority brushed their teeth at least once a
    day (84%), used fluoridated toothpaste (87%) and oral hygiene aids (58%). However, almost half of them
    (48%) required assistance from parents or caregivers during tooth brushing and consumed sugary snacks
    in between meals (58%). About 80% had received PDC where the type of care received was mainly oral
    hygiene advice (77%). Slightly more than 80% preferred the one-to-one demonstration method during
    PDC. Most gave positive evaluation on their PDC experience especially on items pertaining to the dentist’s
    attitude. Whilst most of the SHCN patients in this study had positive perception on the PDC that they
    received and practised good brushing behaviour, their dietary habits need to be improved. Thus, regular
    preventive dental visit amongst SHCN patients is important for appropriate and comprehensive dental care
    in maintaining oral health.
  13. Mohd Zambri M.M., Wan Nurazreena W.H.
    Ann Dent, 2018;25(1):1-10.
    MyJurnal
    This report aimed to describe an effective biomechanics to control the upper incisors inclination during the
    correction of gummy smile with bimaxillary proclinations. A 14-year-old female presented with a Class II
    division I incisor relationship complicated with bimaxillary proclination on a Class 2 skeletal base. The lips
    were incompetent, showing 7 mm of upper incisors at rest and 5mm maxillary gingival display on smiling
    with normal upper lip length. Treatment involved extraction of all first permanent premolars followed by
    upper and lower fixed appliances. Intrusion of the upper incisors with controlled labial crown torque was
    accomplished with mini-implant anchorage placed bilaterally on the infrazygomatic crests with the retraction
    forces above the centre of resistance using 0.019x0.025-in stainless steel archwire in 0.022-in slot. The
    0.019x0.025-in stainless steel archwire in 0.022-in slot provided the vertical play to favour lingual crown
    tipping despite having forces above the centre of resistance for concurrent anterior segment intrusion.
  14. Mohamad Hanis Mat Nazri, Mohd Fakhrul Ridwan Mohd Azmi, Nor Adinar Baharuddin, Nur Ayman Abdul Hayei, Roslan Saub, Vaithilingam, Rathna Devi
    Ann Dent, 2018;25(2):36-42.
    MyJurnal
    To evaluate patient’s subjective preferences to scaling with narrow probe-shaped EMS Perio Slim PS tips
    compared to conventional tip based on pain perception using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Ten patients
    were treated using a piezoelectric ultrasonic device (EMS) and two different scaler tips representing a
    conventional scaler tip and a Perio Slim PS scaler tip in a split-mouth design. Pain was evaluated after 2
    minutes scaling using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Data obtained was analysed by SPSS version 19.0 using
    Wilcoxon test. Pain assessment after treatment confirmed by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) showed that
    the Perio Slim PS scaler tip (maximum pain score: 4, minimum: 2) caused less pain than the conventional
    scaler tip (maximum: 8, minimum: 3) (p-value = 0.007). Using Perio Slim PS scaler tip caused less pain and
    discomfort during scaling treatment when compared with conventional scaler tip.
  15. Maryani Mohamed Rohani, Nur Fatin Baharozaman, Nur Syadiyah Khalid, Norintan Ab-Murat
    Ann Dent, 2018;25(2):43-52.
    MyJurnal
    To assess the oral health behaviors of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and explore attitudes
    and barriers in providing oral care by their parents. A cross-sectional, mixed method study design, which
    comprised of quantitative and qualitative sections was conducted. The quantitative part assessed the oral
    health behavior through a parent-proxy report questionnaire whilst the qualitative part assessed parents’
    overall perspective on maintenance of oral health in children with ASD through an in-depth interview using
    semi-structured questions. All children below the age of 16 who have been clinically diagnosed with ASD and
    registered at the Pediatric Dental Clinic were included. The sample consisted of twenty children with ASD.
    Most of the sample were male and between 5-8 years old. Majority had good oral health behaviors but some
    exhibited self-injurious behaviors that may affect oral health. Severe characteristics of ASD, co-morbid
    conditions and incompetent health professionals were reported as barriers in oral care by parents of these
    children. Despite having good oral health behaviors, several barriers and challenges were expressed by these
    parents with ASD when providing home oral care or bringing them for dental appointment. Continuous
    support for parents with ASD child by dental professionals is essential to help overcome the real challenges
    and barriers in providing oral care among these parents.
  16. Lee, Wei May, Lim, Ghee Seong
    Ann Dent, 2018;25(2):58-68.
    MyJurnal
    Acrylic resin is commonly used to fabricate removable prostheses due to its adequate physical, mechanical
    properties and cost effectiveness. There has been continuous development of the materials to improve their
    properties and to widen their applications in different clinical settings. This study aimed to provide a
    historical development of the acrylic resin and elaborate on the properties of different types and the
    processing methods of acrylic resins used to fabricate denture base which are commercially available in the
    market. This would help dental clinicians to choose the best material of choice in the market. The authors
    have summarized the history, development and classification of different types of acrylic resins used in
    fabricating dentures and processing methods based on published research available on this topic using
    published materials available in the Dental Library, University of Malaya and the database (Science Direct,
    PubMed). Every type of acrylic denture base material has its pros and cons. Therefore, careful selection of
    the material and processing method is crucial to ensure patients are receiving the best outcome in
    prosthodontic treatment hence upholding the patients’ best interest and improving their quality of life.
  17. Noor Hayati Azami, Nora Sakina Mohd Noor, Wei, Pin Ngan, Tze, Jovian Yu Then, Yeong, Chee Teoh
    Ann Dent, 2018;25(2):53-57.
    MyJurnal
    Aesthetic or cosmetic dentistry is one of the main areas of dental practice. Increasing demands of patients for
    aesthetics has resulted in the development of several techniques for restoring the anterior teeth. Composite
    resin restorations have become an integral part of contemporary restorative dentistry and can be called “star
    of minimal invasion” due to its conservative concepts. The direct composite veneering allows restoring the
    tooth in a natural way and preservation of sound tooth structure when compared to indirect restorations.
    Before placement of direct composite veneers, a proper diagnosis, available treatment options, cost of
    treatment, patient’s expectations and duration of treatment should be taken into consideration. This article
    presents three case reports of aesthetic rehabilitation of anterior teeth using direct composite with
    satisfactory outcome that mimic the natural dentition.
  18. Rozano, A.S., Asman, N., Zubaidah Z.A., Lim, G.S.
    Ann Dent, 2017;24(2):33-38.
    MyJurnal
    Prescription of flexible denture (FD) is non preference by the clinician in Ministry of Health Malaysia and it was not included in the curriculum of public university. However, among private dental practitioner (PDP) this treatment modality is highly favourable. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge and perception on the flexible dentures by the PDP. The level of perception and knowledge on FD was analysed using validated questionnaire. 42 PDP had participated. An independent t-test was employed to determine the statistical difference between genders. One Way ANOVA was used to evaluate the statistical difference between their years of experience in private sector on knowledge and perception of flexible denture. There was no significant different in knowledge between female and male (p=0.892) and years of experience (p=0.617). Perceptions of flexible denture, was not significantly influence by genders (p=0.068) but by year of experiences between group A and B (p=0.039), and between group B and group C (p=0.039). P value was set at 0.05. In conclusion, there is a correlation between perceptions of flexible denture and years of experience of private dental practitioner.
  19. Asli, N., Ahmad Nizam, N.D.S., Che Ab Aziz, Z.A., Azami, N.H.
    Ann Dent, 2017;24(2):1-7.
    MyJurnal
    This study aimed to evaluate the coronal microleakage of different thickness of different restorative materials (glass ionomer cement (GIC, GC Gold Label 2), composite restoration (SDR, Dentsply Sirona) and (Filtek Z350 XT, 3M ESPE)) used as final restoration in endodontically treated teeth. 72 sound maxillary incisors were used. Following instrumentation, all canals were obturated with gutta-percha (Dentsply Maillefer) and Roth sealer (Roth International Ltd). After 2mm of gutta-percha removal below cemento-enamel junction, the crown was cut until length of 6mm from the gutta-percha to the incisal edge was achieved. The teeth were divided into four experimental groups (n=18) and access restorations were placed in different thickness combinations. Group 1 (G1): 2mm SDR + 4mm Filtek; Group 2 (G2): 4mm SDR + 2mm Filtek; Group 3 (G3): 2mm GIC + 2mm SDR + 2mm Filtek; Group 4 G4): 6mm SDR. All samples were thermocycled (500 thermal cycles between 5o and 55o C and dwell time of 30s), coated with nail varnish leaving 1mm margin around the filling material, immersed in 2% Rhodamine B solution and sectioned longitudinally. The dye penetration was observed under a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZX7) with 1.25x magnification. The data were analysed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, ANOVA test and post-hoc Tukey’s HSD test. There was significant difference of microleakage among all groups. G1 showed least microleakage but with no significant difference between G1 and G3 (p=0.513) and G1 and G4 (p=0.477). G2 showed significant microleakage compared to G1, G3 and G4 (p
  20. Chang, S.V., Ooi, X.D., Ismail, S.M., Rahman, M.T., Radzi, Z.
    Ann Dent, 2017;24(2):9-15.
    MyJurnal
    The information of biomechanical properties is crucial in the study of biological tissue and its clinical relevance. 3mm x 3mm free gingival human tissues was taken using disposable punch biopsy (Accu sharp blade, India) and stored in 0°C Freezer. The sample was sectioned to a thickness of 10μm using high profile microtome blade (Leica 818, Germany) and cryostat (Leica CM1850UV, United Kingdom). The sample was analysed using Atomic Force Microscope (Nanowizard® 3, JPK Instruments, Germany) at room atmosphere. The collagen fibrils of the free gingival tissues appeared to be stacked in basket weave like structure. The mean value of free gingival collagen fibrils width and the length of D-band were 106.71±11.18nm and 65.82 ± 3.04nm respectively. The Young’s modulus of collagen fibrils for human free gingival tissue at overlap region was 212.88 ± 242.58 MPa, whereas at the gap region was 207.00 ± 230.71 MPa. Within the limitation of the study, the collagen fibrils appeared to be stacked in basket weavelike structure. The length and width of the collagen fibril were similar to the values investigated using other techniques. There was significant linear relationship between Young’s modulus of overlap and gap regions.
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