Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 232 in total

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  1. Huq, N.L., DeAngelis, A., Rahim, Z.H.A., Ung, M., Lucas, J., Cross, K.J., et al.
    Ann Dent, 2004;11(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    The aim was to examine the protein profiles of whole and parotid saliva using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The banding patterns of proteins exhibited by the unstimulated whole saliva samples on the gel remained quite constant but the intensity of the protein bands were slightly different from one sample to another. Comparison of the protein profiles of unstimulated whole saliva and stimulated parotid saliva showed almost similar banding pattern. The exception is the presence of a pink protein band in the 65-67 kD region in the stimulated parotid saliva samples which was also observed in the unstimulated whole saliva sample contributed by a cerebral palsy patient. Analysis of the saliva samples using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry also revealed that the stimulated parotid saliva samples exhibited some peaks that were in the same region as those for the unstimulated whole saliva sample of the cerebral palsy subject. This may imply that there is ineffective control of the parotid secretion in cerebral palsy subject under unstimulated condition. The SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF analyses may provide more information on the profiles of the salivary proteins which could be beneficial in the diagnosis of salivary gland dysfunction.
  2. Abdul Aziz, A., Abu Kasim, N.H., Ramasindarum, C., Mohamad Yusof, M.Y.P., Paiizi, M., Ahmad, R.
    Ann Dent, 2011;18(1):1-7.
    MyJurnal
    The aim of this study was to assess the wear of tungsten carbide burs and round rotary diamond instruments through measurements of rake angle and visual observations respectively under a field emission scanning electron microscope. Sixty short and long head pear-shaped tungsten carbide burs and 18 round rotary diamond instruments that had been used to complete < 5, > 5 and > 10 cavity preparations (n=10/group) were selected from the 3rd and 4th year dental students, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya. There were two control groups consisting of long and short tungsten carbide burs of ten each. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyse the rake angle data. The data from the two control groups were collectively analysed following multiple paired t-test (p>.05) which showed no significant difference between the two types of tungsten carbide bur (short and long head). The mean rake angle of the control group was significantly higher (p < .05) compared to the < 5, > 5 and > 10 cavity preparation groups. The rake angle of the > 10 cavity preparation group was significantly lower than the other two test groups (p < .05). Round rotary diamond instruments in the < 5 cavity preparation group showed intact diamond particles with distinct cutting facets comparable to the control group. However, diamonds instruments in the > 5 and > 10 cavity preparation groups showed blunt diamond particles. In conclusion, wear of tungsten carbide burs and round rotary diamond instruments were evident after repeated use. Wear was more pronounced when instruments were used to prepare more than ten cavities.
  3. Mohd Zambri M.M., Wan Nurazreena W.H.
    Ann Dent, 2018;25(1):1-10.
    MyJurnal
    This report aimed to describe an effective biomechanics to control the upper incisors inclination during the
    correction of gummy smile with bimaxillary proclinations. A 14-year-old female presented with a Class II
    division I incisor relationship complicated with bimaxillary proclination on a Class 2 skeletal base. The lips
    were incompetent, showing 7 mm of upper incisors at rest and 5mm maxillary gingival display on smiling
    with normal upper lip length. Treatment involved extraction of all first permanent premolars followed by
    upper and lower fixed appliances. Intrusion of the upper incisors with controlled labial crown torque was
    accomplished with mini-implant anchorage placed bilaterally on the infrazygomatic crests with the retraction
    forces above the centre of resistance using 0.019x0.025-in stainless steel archwire in 0.022-in slot. The
    0.019x0.025-in stainless steel archwire in 0.022-in slot provided the vertical play to favour lingual crown
    tipping despite having forces above the centre of resistance for concurrent anterior segment intrusion.
  4. Mohd Zefri A.A., Nukman A., Nambiar P.
    Ann Dent, 2017;24(1):33-40.
    MyJurnal
    This study aims to determine which age assessment data using the third molar development values
    (local or international) is suitable for estimating the age of Malays or Chinese in Malaysia. A sample of 60
    panoramic images of Malays and Chinese aged between 13.58 to 21.25 years were selected. Different
    assessment surveys which included the studies by Yusof et al. (2015), Wilson (2005), Johan et al. (2012),
    Mincer et al. (1993), AlQahtani et al. (2010) and Gunst et al. (2003) were employed to estimate the age
    from the developing third molar on the panoramic images studied. The estimated ages were compared
    to the chronological age of the selected Malaysians. All the datas were then recorded on Microsoft Excel
    sheet. The two observers were then subjected to the Intraclass Correlation Coeffecient (ICC) inter-observer
    reliability test.The highest number of correspondence (65%) between the chronological and estimated age
    (within one year) was for the survey conducted by Wilson. With regards to ethnicities, 70% of Chinese
    matched the mean estimated age by Wilson while Malays showed a high correspondence for the study
    by Mincer et al. (63.3%). Furthermore the ICC reliability test showed strong agreement between the two
    observers. There were similarities between the Malay and Chinese population in the correspondence of
    the estimated age to the chronological age employing the different dental estimation surveys; in addition
    the study by Wilson and Mincer et al. yielded best matching for these Malaysians.
  5. Nambiar, P., Shukor, N., Tarmidzi, N.R.A., Mohamed, N.H.
    Ann Dent, 2012;19(1):11-18.
    MyJurnal
    To determine the amount of displacement of a structure
    noticed on an image when the tube of a dental X-ray
    machine was shifted vertically and horizontally. In
    addition, various intraoral images were combined with
    dental panoramic images to determine the location of
    structures. Our research is based on the parallax
    technique which requires manipulation of horizontal
    and vertical angulations of the X-ray tube. A metal
    object is positioned on the buccal and palatal side of
    the maxilla on the canine area of a skull. The X-ray
    tube is shifted incrementally to obtain images on
    phosphor plates. Subsequently, panaromic and occlusal
    images were taken to assist in localization of the metal
    object. To obtain a clear image shift of 2-3mm using
    the parallax method, there must be an adequate
    horizontal tube shift of approximately 30-35 degrees.
    When images were used in combination of dental
    panoramic images, it was found that the buccally
    placed structures can be accurately located with the
    periapical or occlusal images. However, the
    displacement of images in the palatally placed
    structures in panoramic imaging is not fully
    appreciated with the principle of parallax method. Tube
    movement of 30-35 degrees horizontally is needed for
    a 2-3 mm image shift. To successfully localize a buccal
    structure, a combination of either periapical or occlusal
    images with a dental panoramic imaging can be
    employed. However, this combination with panoramic
    imaging is limited when looking at palatally placed
    structures.
  6. A, Ramanathan, RM, Chong, ZW, Tay, C, Siow-Wee, TG, Kallarakkal, Kassim NLA
    Ann Dent, 2014;21(1):16-23.
    MyJurnal
    There is significant amount of research done
    on Oral Squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). One research
    technique is immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis using
    whole sections. With little availability of OSCC tissues
    high throughput analysis such as Tissue Microarray
    (TMA) are capable of efficient analysis of small samples.
    However, the results become questionable if the tumor
    exhibits high degree of heterogeneity as TMA cores might
    not accurately represent the whole section. Aim: The aim
    of this study is to determine the optimal number of TMA
    cores required to provide an accurate representation of
    the whole section with IHC analysis in OSCC. Materials
    and Methods: Twenty tissue samples stained with
    anti-p53 antibody were scanned at 40x magnification.
    Three to six virtual cores of size 0.6 mm, 1.0 mm and
    1.5 mm were drawn on the scanned slides. H-scores
    were obtained for both whole sections and cores using
    NuclearQuant (3DHistech, Budapest, Hungary) software
    after eliminating non-tumour cells and artifacts manually.
    The correspondence between the cores and whole sections
    were calculated using intra-class correlation and one
    sample t-test. Results: Good correlation was obtained
    with just a single core of 0.6mm (0.826). Subsequent
    increase in core number and size resulted in improved
    correlation coefficient and smaller confidence interval.
    Conclusion: Three TMA cores of 0.6 mm would be the
    most optimal, as not only was there very strong correlation
    with the whole tissue section, the extra core will also be
    able to act as confirmation if the results of the first 2 cores
    are in doubt.
  7. A, Ramanathan, NA, Rosedee, SA, Edwer, EP, John, K, Palaniswany, Bakar ZA
    Ann Dent, 2014;21(1):6-15.
    MyJurnal
    The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in elderly
    population is 22.8% to 61.6%. Conventional oral
    examination (COE) is usually carried out to detect oral
    mucosal lesions (OML). However, new diagnostic aids
    have been introduced to improve OML detection. This
    study aimed to determine the utility of autofluorescence
    (AF) imaging in detecting OML from normal oral mucosa
    and its anatomic variation among institutionalised elderly
    Malaysian when compared with COE. Fifty subjects
    randomly selected from 9 nursing homes and COE and AF
    imaging using VELscope Vx, (LED Dental, Vancouver,
    British Columbia, Canada) were carried out. Sensitivity,
    specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive value
    (NPV) and accuracy of AF imaging were calculated.
    From the study, fifteen subjects had normal oral mucosa,
    15 anatomic variations and 36 lesions were identified.
    The sensitivity and specificity of AF imaging were 100%
    and 70% whereas the PPV and NPV were 80% and 100%
    respectively. The accuracy of AF imaging was 86.37%
    when compared to COE. In conclusion AF imaging was
    able to detect OML and differentiate them from normal
    oral mucosa. However it has limited usefulness in
    differentiating between these lesions. This study however,
    was able to detail the AF imaging profile of normal oral
    mucosa, its normal variants and some common reactive or
    infective lesions which can be used in future OML studies
    as comparison to oral potentially malignant lesions.
  8. NA, Arbi, Mohd Zulkiflee AH, MA, Gonzalez
    Ann Dent, 2014;21(2):27-36.
    MyJurnal
    This study was undertaken to explore the perception of Year IV and Year V University of Malaya dental
    students on different domains related to the competency based test (CBT). Methodology: A questionnaire
    was constructed and a survey conducted to explore the students’ perception on four domains related to
    the competency test: 1) benefits, 2) readiness to take, 3) timing and 4) lecturers’ supervision. Results: In
    general, majority of the students agreed that they benefited from the competency test and felt adequately
    prepared for each test. Students’ agreeing on feeling confident to sit for each test ranged from 70.0%-
    81.4% for Year IV and 45.1%-70.4% for Year V. Majority of Year IV and Year V students perceived that
    the timing of each competency test was ‘just right’. There was a high response of ‘Strongly agree/agree’
    to availability of patients for practice and assessment, self-confidence and amount and distribution of
    clinical session as factors affecting when they take the CBT. Majority of Year IV students agreed that the
    assessment of lecturers was consistent for each tests while Year V had a high percentage of ‘Neutral’
    response. Students’ agreeing that there was feedback after the test was 52.9%-71.4% for Year IV and
    31.0%-56.5% for Year V. ‘Strongly agree/agree’ response of 68.6%-75.0% for Year IV and 36.6%-52.1%
    for Year V was recorded for the level of supervision being the same after passing the test. Conclusion:
    Overall, majority of students gave positive perception towards CBT in relation to four main domains
    explored in this reseThis study was undertaken to explore the perception of Year IV and Year V University of Malaya dental
    students on different domains related to the competency based test (CBT). Methodology: A questionnaire
    was constructed and a survey conducted to explore the students’ perception on four domains related to
    the competency test: 1) benefits, 2) readiness to take, 3) timing and 4) lecturers’ supervision. Results: In
    general, majority of the students agreed that they benefited from the competency test and felt adequately
    prepared for each test. Students’ agreeing on feeling confident to sit for each test ranged from 70.0%-
    81.4% for Year IV and 45.1%-70.4% for Year V. Majority of Year IV and Year V students perceived that
    the timing of each competency test was ‘just right’. There was a high response of ‘Strongly agree/agree’
    to availability of patients for practice and assessment, self-confidence and amount and distribution of
    clinical session as factors affecting when they take the CBT. Majority of Year IV students agreed that the
    assessment of lecturers was consistent for each tests while Year V had a high percentage of ‘Neutral’
    response. Students’ agreeing that there was feedback after the test was 52.9%-71.4% for Year IV and
    31.0%-56.5% for Year V. ‘Strongly agree/agree’ response of 68.6%-75.0% for Year IV and 36.6%-52.1%
    for Year V was recorded for the level of supervision being the same after passing the test. Conclusion:
    Overall, majority of students gave positive perception towards CBT in relation to four main domains
    explored in this resarch.
  9. Mohd. Bakri, M., Whittaker, D.A.
    Ann Dent, 2003;10(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    The ultrastructure of the odontoblast reflects the certain phases that the cell undergoes in their lifecycle. Ultrastructure studies of the odontoblasts have often been carried out using young teeth. In this study, teeth from an older individual have been used to study the odontoblasts from the crown and root area. The odontoblasts from the crown area retain their columnar shape while odontoblasts from the root area appeared to be flattened. The organelles present in the odontoblasts either from the crown or root area was observed to be reduced.
  10. Esa, R., Razak, I.A.
    Ann Dent, 1996;3(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    In Malaysia the School Dental Service (SDS) provides comprehensive dental treatment with the aim of rendering the child dentally fit before leaving primary school at 12 years. Hence the purpose of this study was to investigate I) the prevalence and treatment needs of traumatised permanent incisors and 2) to assess their relationship to the degree of incisor overjet amongst 12-13 year-old schoolchildren. The sample comprised of 1519 schoolchildren attending 20 secondary government and government-aided schools in Klang district. There were 772 boys and 747 girls. The sampling procedure involved a multistage, clustered and stratified random sampling. The prevalence of traumatic injuries in permanent incisors was 2.6% which confirmed the results of a previous local study. Boys suffered more trauma than girls with a ratio of about 1.5:I. A majority (77.5% ) of the children had one tooth affected. The most commonly affected teeth were the upper central incisors (91.8%) followed by the lower central incisors (4.1%). A high percentage (57.5%) of children with traumatised anterior teeth had increased overjet (>3mm). Almost all cases (93.9%) required two or more surface fillings. However the majority of affected children (56%) were satisfied with their appearance. It is concluded that traumatic dental injuries should be incorporated as part of the treatment plan for the SDS and appropriately managed soon after occurrence or not later than 12 years after which they leave the SDS. Future epidemiological studies should also give due emphasis to the relative importance of traumatised teeth in children.
  11. Ngeow, W.C.
    Ann Dent, 1996;3(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    Supernumerarypremolars have been reported to occur in 0.29% of the general populationand to represent about 9.1% of all supernumerary teeth. Most of the supernumerary teeth reported in the literature were detected by radiographsas most of them were unerupted or impacted.Asearch of the literature revealed not many cases of fully erupted and well aligned supernumerary premolars being reported. A case of a unilateral transposed supernumery premolarthat had erupted into alignment is presented here. The remarkable featureof this case is that the supernumery premolar is transposed between the first and second permanent maxillary molars. The etiology of supernumeraryteeth is also reviewed.
  12. Saub, R.
    Ann Dent, 1998;5(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    This study was undertaken to investigate the number and types (fluoride or non-fluoride) of toothpaste products available in the Malaysian market based on the label. Thirty-five brands of toothpaste were identified, of which ten (29%) were specifically recommended for children. Two of the children's toothpaste recommended that children below seven years old use a pea size amount of toothpaste. One (3%) was recommended for both children and adult. The remaining 24 (69%) did not state if they were recommended for either children or adults. To improve the flavour of the toothpastes, a variety of flavours had been added especially in children's toothpaste. Almost half of the toothpastes were for prevention of tooth decay and gum disease. Other indications were for tooth sensitivity, tooth whitening and stain removal. Twentyseven (77%) of the toothpastes were imported, while eight (23%) were made in Malaysia. Twenty-six (74%) of the toothpaste contained fluoride and the most common type of fluoride used was sodium monofluorophosphate (NaMFP). The fluoride concentration was not labeled in more than half (63%) of the fluoridated toothpaste. Of those that were fluoridated, different units of measurement were used. As there is no uniformity in the labelling of these products, it is recommended that the responsible authorities should take more action in enforcing proper labelling of the fluoride concentration in the toothpaste using standardized units.
  13. Ghani, S.H.A.
    Ann Dent, 1996;3(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    Fixed-removable appliance is frequently used to extrude a tooth but the idea of incorporating an acrylic capping or stop has not been documented in the literature. This article reports on a case treated with this new approach and describes the technique used.
  14. Roslan S., Mohamad Mohsin M.N., Wan Othman W.N.
    Ann Dent, 2017;23(2):9-18.
    MyJurnal
    To explore the phenomenon of tongue piercing in Klang Valley. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were
    conducted with piercers and those who had their tongue pierced (“piercees”) in Klang Valley. Five piercers
    and eight piercees were interviewed. Piercees had their tongue pierced at age 16-25 years. Three main
    reasons for tongue piercing were to enhance appearance, express their individuality, and out of curiosity.
    They reported that they experienced various immediate and late complications. However, most were aware
    of and expected the complications. The majority of piercers reported adequate infection control procedures
    and enquired about the client’s health prior to piercing. Although some clients reported problems, such
    reports were rare. Tongue piercing is an invasive procedure with some risks, but precautions such as
    proper infection control procedures minimize the likelihood of encountering serious problems. The reasons
    for tongue piercing varied between individuals. Although the majority of the interviewed piercers reported
    cross-infection control, their knowledge of the medical risks associated with tongue piercing varied widely.
  15. Goh, Y.C., Lau, S.L., Ramanathan, A., Swaminathan, D.
    Ann Dent, 2013;20(2):24-28.
    MyJurnal
    The purpose of this study was to assess the tissue
    response of Type 2 diabetic subjects towards non surgical
    periodontal therapy as compared with matched, nondiabetic
    subjects. This was a retrospective, comparative
    study using periodontal case notes of 40 subjects attending
    undergraduates’ periodontal clinics (20 diabetics, 20 nondiabetics),
    who were selected based on the inclusion
    and exclusion criteria. Response towards non surgical
    periodontal therapy was assessed through three clinical
    periodontal parameters, namely plaque score, gingivitis
    score and number of periodontal pocket ≥5mm at the
    baseline and after initial non surgical periodontal therapy.
    Data obtained was then analyzed by SPSS Version 12.
    Both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects showed significant
    improvements (p-value = 0.021; 0.000; 0.001 and 0.010;
    0.014; 0.001) in all three parameters after the therapy.
    However, when comparison was made between the two
    groups, there was no significant difference (p-value = 0.913;
    0.892 and 0.903) in any of the parameters. Periodontal
    conditions improved clinically in both diabetic and nondiabetic
    subjects after non-surgical periodontal therapy.
    Therefore, both groups responded similarly towards the
    therapy and thus it can be postulated that well-controlled
    diabetic status does not have a significant effect on the
    outcome of periodontal therapy.
  16. Lee, Soo Leng, Zainal Ariff Abdul Rahman, Tsujigiwa, Hidetsugu, Takabatake, Kiyofumi, Nakano, Keisuke, Chai, Wen Lin, et al.
    Ann Dent, 2016;23(1):13-22.
    MyJurnal
    In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cell culture models have earned great attention, especially in the field of human cancer disease modelling research as they provide a promising alternative towards the conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture of cells with improved tissue organization. In 2D cell culture systems, the complexity of cells on a planar surface does not accurately reflects the in vivo cellular microenvironment. Cells propagated in 3D cell culture model, on the other hand, exhibit physiologically relevant cell-to-cell interactions and cell-to-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, important in maintaining a normal homeostasis and specificity of tissues. This review gives an overview on 2D models and their limitations, followed by 3D cell culture models, their advantages, drawbacks and challenges in present perspectives. The review also highlights the dissimilarities of 2D and 3D models and the applicability of 3D models in current cancer research
  17. Baharuddin, N.A., Al Bayaty, F.H.
    Ann Dent, 2008;15(2):59-66.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: this study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between smoking and periodontal status in a selected Malaysian population. The sample for this cross-sectional study involved 39 subjects who were smokers. Each subject was required to answer the guided questionnaire followed by clinical examination. The questionnaires had 11 questions and were set in English and Bahasa Melayu. Basically, the questionnaire consisted of 3 sections: socio-demographic data, smoking status and subject's knowledge on periodontal health. The clinical parameters used in this study were: Community Periodontal Index, Visible Plaque score, Gingival Bleeding Index and Calculus Surface Index. Results showed that out of 39 subjects, 28 subjects (71.8%) were current smokers, followed by 6 subjects (15.4%) and 5 subjects (12.8%) who were former and who never smoked respectively. From the 216 sextants examined, 42 sextants (19.4%) were healthy gingival, 127 sextants (58.8%) suffered from gingivitis and 47 (21.8%) sextants suffered from periodontitis. There were positive relationships between smoking and periodontal status.
  18. Yusof ZYM, Mohamed NH, Radzi Z, Yahya NA, Ramli AS, Abdul Kadir R
    Ann Dent, 2007;14(1):31-38.
    MyJurnal
    Background: The high prevalence and impacts of orofacial pain (OFP) have caused major sufferings to individuals and society. The purpose of the study was to investigate the problems and impacts of OFP among a group of Malaysian aborigines. The objectives were to determine (i) the prevalence, aetiology, duration, severity, types and persistence of OFP during the past 3 months preceding the study; (ii) its associated impact on daily performance; and (iii) the measures taken for pain relief.
    Methods: This is a cross sectional study carried out in Kuala Lipis, Pahang involving 6 villages of Orang Asli Bateq and Semai. Study sample was chosen using convenient sampling including adults aged 16 years and above. Participants were invited for an interview using structured questionnaire followed by clinical examination. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS ver12.
    Results: Response rate was low at 20% (n = 140). Over one-quarter (26.4%) of the sample experienced OFP in the previous 3 months. Toothache was found to be the main aetiology (83.3%) followed by gingival pain (18.9%), temporomandibular joint (10.8%) and facial pain (8.1%). Mean duration of pain was 9.8 days for toothache, 162.4 days for gingival pain, 7.3 days for TMJ and 5.7 days for facial pain. Of those who had OFP, over half rated the pain as moderate (37.8%) and severe (29.7%) and most of the pain was ‘intermittent’ in nature (81.1%). Over half (62.2%) admitted the pain had disappeared during the interview. In terms of pain relief, 56.8% of the sample used traditional medicine. The pain had impacted on the chewing ability (70.3%, p=0.01), ability to sleep at night (73.0%, p<0.001), levels of anxiety (70.3%), ability to perform daily chores (33.3%) and social life (35.1%) of the Orang Asli sample.
    Conclusion: This study suggests the prevalence of OFP was high among the Orang Asli sample, which imposed considerable physical and psychological impacts on daily life.
    Key words: orofacial pain; impacts; quality of life; Malaysian aborigines
  19. Jaafar, N., Saub, R., Razak, I.A.
    Ann Dent, 1997;4(1):9-12.
    MyJurnal
    A pilot study was conducted on 135 sixteen-year-old students from three rural schools in Kelantan to establish the prevalence of orofacial pain and discomfort. About 44% reported to have experienced some oro-facial pain in the preceding four weeks. About 27% of those with pain, still experienced the pain at the time of clinical examination but only 8% have consulted professional help. Most of the pain encountered were only mild or moderate in nature. Only 7% and 10% respectively, reported that the pain affected their sleep and concentration to study. The main cause was toothache and sensitivity. The prevalence of discomfort was 22%, the most common causes being recurrent oral ulcers and bleeding gums. The impacts of orofacial pain was mainly manifested at the personal level, and very few affecting social functioning. However, untreated decay and missing teeth were very low (mean DT 0.47, mean MT 0.27), while filled teeth (mean Ff 2.9) was the main component of the DMFf (mean 3.66, sd ± 2.6). Severe periodontal disease and the prevalence of traumatised teeth was not a major public health problem. The high prevalence of pain merit further research. Therefore a larger study involving other age-groups in other states is planned.
  20. Khoo SP, Lee, K.W.
    Ann Dent, 1995;2(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    A study was carried out to investigate whether smoking had any effect on the Langerhans cells in the oral mucosa, which might throw light onto the mechanism of malignant transformation of some keratotic lesions in the oral cavity. Thirty-two cases of keratotic lesions from biopsy specimens of smokers and non-smokers were studied. Langerhans cells were identified by immuno cytochemical staining for 5100 proteins and their densities quantified. Smokers were associated with a significant reduction in the Langerhans cell population compared to non-smokers. The mean values of Langellans cell density in light smokers and heavy smokers were 2 2 2 28.64/mm and 33.421mm respectively compared to 66.51/mm in non- smokers. There was a dose-response relation between the number of cigarettes smoked daily and the effect on cell counts. These findings of a local immunological effect of smoking on oral epithelium may explain the means by which cigarette smoking contributes to the development of oral cancer.
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