Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 135 in total

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  1. Kabir MA, Nandi SK, Suma AY, Abdul Kari Z, Mohamad Sukri SA, Wei LS, et al.
    PMID: 38489116 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04913-7
    Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) has shown immense potential as a dietary protein supplement and immunostimulant in aquaculture, especially in Nile tilapia production. Four isoproteic diets (30% crude protein) were prepared by including FPH at varying percentages (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%). Nile tilapia fed with FPH diets for 90 days, and their growth performance, feed utilization, blood biochemistry, liver and gut morphology, and resistance against Streptococcus iniae were investigated. The findings revealed that diets physical attributes such as pellet durability index and water stability were remarkably (p 
  2. Aziz T, Qadir R, Anwar F, Naz S, Nazir N, Nabi G, et al.
    PMID: 38386143 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04875-w
    This research work seeks to evaluate the impact of selected enzyme complexes on the optimised release of phenolics from leaves of Pongamia pinnata. After preliminary solvent extraction, the P. pinnata leaf extract was subjected to enzymatic treatment, using enzyme cocktails such as kemzyme dry-plus, natuzyme, and zympex-014. It was noticed that zympex-014 had a greater extract yield (28.0%) than kemzyme dry-plus (17.0%) and natuzyme (18.0%). Based on the better outcomes, zympex-014-based extract values were subsequently applied to several RSM parameters. The selected model is suggested to be significant by the F value (12.50) and R2 value (0.9669). The applicability of the ANN model was shown by how closely the projected values from the ANN were to the experimental values. In terms of total phenolic contents (18.61 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid contents (12.56 mg CE/g), and DPPH test (IC50) (6.5 g/mL), antioxidant activities also shown significant findings. SEM analysis also revealed that the cell walls were damaged during enzymatic hydrolysis, as opposed to non-hydrolysed material. Using GC-MS, five potent phenolic compounds were identified in P. pinnata extract. According to the findings of this study, the recovery of phenolic bioactives and subsequent increase in the antioxidant capacity of P. pinnata leaf extract were both positively impacted by the optimisation approaches suggested, including the use of zympex-014.
  3. Mohamad Shahimin MF, Siddique T
    PMID: 38376742 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04855-0
    Oil sands tailings, a slurry of alkaline water, silt, clay, unrecovered bitumen, and residual hydrocarbons generated during bitumen extraction, are contained in ponds. Indigenous microbes metabolize hydrocarbons and emit greenhouse gases from the tailings. Metabolism of hydrocarbons in tailings ponds of two operators, namely, Canadian Natural Upgrading Limited (CNUL) and Canadian Natural Resources Limited (CNRL), has not been comprehensively investigated. Previous reports have revealed sequential and preferential hydrocarbon degradation of alkanes in primary cultures established from CNUL and CNRL tailings amended separately with mixtures of hydrocarbons (n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, paraffinic solvent, or naphtha). In this study, activation pathway of hydrocarbon biodegradation in these primary cultures was investigated. The functional gene analysis revealed that fumarate addition was potentially the primary activation pathway of alkanes in all cultures. However, the metabolite analysis only detected transient succinylated 2-methylpentane and 2-methylbutane metabolites during initial methanogenic biodegradation of iso-alkanes and paraffinic solvent in all CNUL and CNRL cultures amended with iso-alkanes and paraffinic solvent. Under sulfidogenic conditions (prepared only with CNUL tailings amended with iso-alkanes), succinylated 2-methylpentane persisted throughout incubation period of ~ 1100 days, implying dead-end nature of the metabolite. Though no metabolite was detected in n-alkanes- and naphtha-amended cultures during incubation, assA/masD genes related to Peptococcaceae were amplified in all CNUL and CNRL primary cultures. The findings of this present study suggest that microbial communities in different tailings ponds can biodegrade hydrocarbons through fumarate addition as activation pathway under methanogenic and sulfidogenic conditions.
  4. Garg J, Chiu MN, Krishnan S, Kumar R, Rifah M, Ahlawat P, et al.
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2024 Feb;196(2):1008-1043.
    PMID: 37314636 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04570-2
    Over the last few decades, the application of nanoparticles (NPs) gained immense attention towards environmental and biomedical applications. NPs are ultra-small particles having size ranges from 1 to 100 nm. NPs loaded with therapeutic or imaging compounds have proved a versatile approach towards healthcare improvements. Among various inorganic NPs, zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) NPs are considered as non-toxic and having an improved drug delivery characteristics . Several studies have reported broader applications of ZnFe2O4 NPs for treating carcinoma and various infectious diseases. Additionally, these NPs are beneficial for reducing organic and inorganic environmental pollutants. This review discusses about various methods to fabricate ZnFe2O4 NPs and their physicochemical properties. Further, their biomedical and environmental applications have also been explored comprehensively.
  5. Chabattula SC, Patra B, Gupta PK, Govarthanan K, Rayala SK, Chakraborty D, et al.
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2024 Feb;196(2):1058-1078.
    PMID: 37318689 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04582-y
    Metal/Metal Oxide nanoparticles (M/MO NPs) exhibit potential biomedical applications due to their tunable physicochemical properties. Recently, the biogenic synthesis of M/MO NPs has gained massive attention due to their economical and eco-friendly nature. In the present study, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Nat) flower extract-derived Zinc Ferrite NPs (Nat-ZnFe2O4 NPs) were synthesized and physicochemically characterized by FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM, DLS, and other instruments to study their crystallinity, size, shape, net charge, presence of phytocompounds on NP's surface and several other features. The average particle size of Nat-ZnFe2O4 NPs was approx. 25.87 ± 5.67 nm. XRD results showed the crystalline nature of Nat-ZnFe2O4 NPs. The net surface charge on NPs was -13.28 ± 7.18 mV. When tested on mouse fibroblasts and human RBCs, these NPs were biocompatible and hemocompatible. Later, these Nat-ZnFe2O4 NPs exhibited potent anti-neoplastic activity against pancreatic, lung, and cervical cancer cells. In addition, NPs induced apoptosis in tested cancer cells through ROS generation. These in vitro studies confirmed that Nat-ZnFe2O4 NPs could be used for cancer therapy. Moreover, further studies are recommended on ex vivo platforms for future clinical applications.
  6. Bin Karim K, Giribabu N, Bin Salleh N
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2024 Feb;196(2):821-840.
    PMID: 37219787 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04515-9
    Evidence pointed towards the benefits of Marantodes pumilum in treating osteoporosis after menopause; however, the detailed mechanisms still have not been explored. Therefore, this study aims to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying M. pumilum's bone-protective effect via the involvement of RANK/RANKL/OPG and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Ovariectomized adult female rats were given M. pumilum leaf aqueous extract (MPLA) (50 and 100 mg/kg/day) and estrogen (positive control) orally for twenty-eight consecutive days. Following the treatment, rats were sacrificed, and femur bones were harvested. Blood was withdrawn for analysis of serum Ca2+, PO43-, and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) levels. The bone microarchitectural changes were observed by H&E and PAS staining and distribution and expression of RANK/RANKL/OPG and Wnt3a/β-catenin and its downstream proteins were determined by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and real-time PCR. MPLA treatment increased serum Ca2+ and PO43- levels and reduced serum BALP levels (p 
  7. Bouguerra OM, Wahab RA, Huyop F, Al-Fakih AM, Mahmood WMAW, Mahat NA, et al.
    PMID: 38180645 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04809-y
    Enzymes are commonly used as biocatalysts for various biological and chemical processes in industrial applications. However, their limited operational stability, catalytic efficiency, poor reusability, and high-cost hamper further industrial usage. Thus, crosslinked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) are developed as a better enzyme immobilization tool to extend the enzymes' operational stability. This immobilization method is appealing because it is simpler due to the absence of ballast and permits the collective use of crude enzyme cocktails. CLEAs, so far, have been successfully developed using a variety of enzymes, viz., hydrolases, proteases, amidases, lipases, esterases, and oxidoreductase. Recent years have seen the emergence of novel strategies for preparing better CLEAs, which include the combi- and multi-CLEAs, magnetics CLEAs, and porous CLEAs for various industrial applications, viz., laundry detergents, organic synthesis, food industries, pharmaceutical applications, oils, and biodiesel production. To better understand the different strategies for CLEAs' development, this review explores these strategies and highlights the relevant concerns in designing innovative CLEAs. This article also details the challenges faced during CLEAs preparation and solutions for overcoming them. Finally, the trending strategies to improve the preparation of CLEAs alongside their industrial application trends are also discussed.
  8. Chabattula SC, Gupta PK, Govarthanan K, Varadaraj S, Rayala SK, Chakraborty D, et al.
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2024 Jan;196(1):382-399.
    PMID: 37133677 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04555-1
    Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) have played an important role as nano-drug delivery systems during cancer therapy in recent years. These NPs can carry cancer therapeutic agents. Due to this, they are considered a promising ancillary to traditional cancer therapies. Among inorganic NPs, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) NPs have been extensively utilized in cellular imaging, gene/drug delivery, anti-microbial, and anti-cancerous applications. In this study, a rapid and cost-effective method was used to synthesize Nat-ZnO NPs using the floral extract of the Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Nat) plant. Nat-ZnO NPs were physicochemically characterized and tested further on in vitro cancer models. The average hydrodynamic diameter (Zaverage) and the net surface charge of Nat-ZnO NPs were 372.5 ± 70.38 d.nm and -7.03 ± 0.55 mV, respectively. Nat-ZnO NPs exhibited a crystalline nature. HR-TEM analysis showed the triangular shape of NPs. Furthermore, Nat-ZnO NPs were also found to be biocompatible and hemocompatible when tested on mouse fibroblast cells and RBCs. Later, the anti-cancer activity of Nat-ZnO NPs was tested on lung and cervical cancer cells. These NPs displayed potent anti-cancer activity and induced programmed cell death in cancer cells.
  9. Khalaf AT, Wan J, Wei H, Fubing S, Zainol J, Kadir SYA, et al.
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2024 Jan;196(1):261-274.
    PMID: 37119504 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04463-4
    Replication-competent oncolytic adenovirus (TOA2) gene therapy is a recently introduced anti-tumor treatment regimen with superior results. The biodistribution studies of virus vector-based medicine seem more cautious and have been given much attention recently in terms of its quality and safety in preclinical trials. The current study determined the biodistribution and safety of a replication-competent adenovirus in different organs to predict its toxicity threshold. The present study has used TOA2, while biodistribution analysis was performed in human lung carcinoma A549-induced tumor-bearing nude mice model. Intratumoral injection was applied onto tumor-bearing mice with the adenovirus (3×1010 VP per mouse). Mice were sacrificed at the end of the experiment and the organs were dissected. Biodistribution analysis was done with complete hexon gene detection in each organ using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The biodistribution and concentration profiles showed that the TOA2 is well distributed in the entire tumor tissue. After dose 3 at day 11, the concentration of the virus has increased in the tumor tissue from 2240.54 (± 01.69) copies/100 ng genome to 13,120.28 (± 88.21) copies/100 ng genome on the 18th day, which eventually approached 336.45 (± 23.41) copies/100ng genome on the day 36. On the contrary, the concentration of the same decreased in the order of the liver, kidney, spleen, lung, and heart over time but no distributional traces in gonads. But the concentration found decreased dramatically in blood and other organs, while at the end of the experiment no detectable distribution was seen besides tumor tissue. The study confirms that adenovirus-based tumor therapy using conditionally replicating competent oncolytic TOA2 exhibited great efficiency with no toxicity at all.
  10. Thakur P, Arivarasan VK, Kumar G, Pant G, Kumar R, Pandit S, et al.
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2024 Jan;196(1):491-505.
    PMID: 37145344 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04550-6
    The current study reports the synthesis of sustainable nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) using a wet chemical precipitation approach. The materials used in the green synthesis of nHAp were obtained from environmental biowastes such as HAp from eggshells and pectin from banana peels. The physicochemical characterization of obtained nHAp was carried out using different techniques. For instance, X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and FTIR spectroscopy were used to study the crystallinity and synthesis of nHAp respectively. In addition, the morphology and elemental composition of nHAP were studied using FESEM equipped with EDX. HRTEM showed the internal structure of nHAP and calculated its grain size which was 64 nm. Furthermore, the prepared nHAp was explored for its antibacterial and antibiofilm activity which has received less attention previously. The obtained results showed the potential of pectin-bound nHAp as an antibacterial agent for various biomedical and healthcare applications.
  11. Rashid MHU, Yi EKJ, Amin NDM, Ismail MN
    PMID: 37979081 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04783-5
    Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) is a plant native in the Amazon rainforest in South America known for its edible seeds, which are rich in lipids, proteins, vitamin E, polyphenols, minerals, and amino acids. Rural communities in developing nations have been using this plant for its health benefits, including as a topical cream for rejuvenating and revitalising skin and as a treatment for muscle pain and rheumatism. Although Sacha Inchi oil has been applied topically to soften skin, treat skin diseases, and heal wounds, its protein-rich seeds have not yet received proper attention for extensive investigation. Proteins in Sacha Inchi seeds are generally known to have antioxidant and antifungal activities and are extensively used nowadays in making protein-rich food alternatives worldwide. Notably, large-scale use of seed proteins has begun in nanoparticle and biofusion technologies related to the human health-benefitting sector. To extract and identify their proteins, the current study examined Sacha Inchi seeds collected from the Malaysian state of Kedah. Our analysis revealed a protein concentration of 73.8 ± 0.002 mg/g of freeze-dried seed flour. Employing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and PEAKS studio analysis, we identified 217 proteins in the seed extract, including 152 with known proteins and 65 unknown proteins. This study marks a significant step towards comprehensively investigating the protein composition of Sacha Inchi seeds and elucidating their potential applications in the food and biopharmaceutical sectors. Our discoveries not only enhance our knowledge of Sacha Inchi's nutritional characteristics but also pave the way for prospective research and innovative advancements in the realms of functional food and health-related domains.
  12. Lock TJ, Mah SH, Lai ZW
    PMID: 37971579 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04769-3
    Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is a major by-product in the beer-brewing process which contributes to 85% of the entire generated by-product in the brewing process. BSG is rich in proteins, and most of the malt proteins (74-78%) remain insoluble in BSG after the mashing process. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a promising bioprocess that enables microorganisms to survive in environments with minimal water and has shown to enhance the nutritional composition of BSG. In this review, the potential application of protein, amino acids (proline, threonine, and serine), phenolic contents, and soluble sugars (glucose, fructose, xylose, arabinose, and cellobiose) extracted from BSG by various microorganisms using SSF is explored. Incorporation of BSG into animal feed, human diets, and as a substrate for microorganisms are the prospects that could be implemented in the industrial scale. This review also discussed various advances to improve the fermentation yield such as symbiotic fermentation, the addition of nitrogen supplements, and an optimal mixture of the agro-industrial waste substrate. Future perspectives on SSF are also addressed to provide important ideas for immediate and future studies. However, challenges include optimizing SSF conditions and design of bioreactors, and operational costs must be addressed in the future to overcome current obstacles. Overall, this mini review highlights the potential benefits of BSG utilization and SSF in a sustainable way.
  13. Sisin NNT, Kong AR, Edinur HA, Jamil NIN, Che Mat NF
    PMID: 37922032 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04762-w
    E6 and E7 human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoproteins play a significant role in the malignant transformation of infected cervical cancer cells via suppression of tumour suppressor pathways by targeting p53 and pRb, respectively. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer effects of Oroxylum indicum (OI) leaves' methanol extract on SiHa cervical cancer cells. Expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2, caspase (cas)-3, and cas-9), viral oncoproteins (E6 and E7), and tumour suppressor proteins (p53 and pRb) were evaluated using western blot analysis before and after E6/E7 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) transfection. In addition, the E6/E7 mRNA expression levels were assessed with real-time (RT)-PCR. The present study showed that the OI extract effectively hindered the proliferation of SiHa cells and instigated increments of cas-3 and cas-9 expressions but decreased the Bcl-2 expressions. The OI extract inhibited E6/E7 viral oncoproteins, leading to upregulation of p53 and pRb tumour suppressor genes in SiHa cells. Additionally, combinatorial treatment of OI extract and gossypin flavonoid induced restorations of p53 and pRb. Treatment with OI extract in siRNA-transfected cells also further suppressed E6/E7 expression levels and further upregulations of p53 and pRb proteins. In conclusion, OI extract treatment on siRNAs-transfected SiHa cells can additively and effectively block E6- and E7-dependent p53 and pRb degradations. All these data suggest that OI could be explored for its chemotherapeutic potential in cervical cancer cells with HPV-integrated genomes.
  14. Sayaf AM, Ahmad H, Aslam MA, Ghani SA, Bano S, Yousafi Q, et al.
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2023 Nov;195(11):6959-6978.
    PMID: 36961512 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04466-1
    Because of the essential role of PLpro in the regulation of replication and dysregulation of the host immune sensing, it is considered a therapeutic target for novel drug development. To reduce the risk of immune evasion and vaccine effectiveness, small molecular therapeutics are the best complementary approach. Hence, we used a structure-based drug-designing approach to identify potential small molecular inhibitors for PLpro of SARS-CoV-2. Initial scoring and re-scoring of the best hits revealed that three compounds NPC320891 (2,2-Dihydroxyindene-1,3-Dione), NPC474594 (Isonarciclasine), and NPC474595 (7-Deoxyisonarciclasine) exhibit higher docking scores than the control GRL0617. Investigation of the binding modes revealed that alongside the essential contacts, i.e., Asp164, Glu167, Tyr264, and Gln269, these molecules also target Lys157 and Tyr268 residues in the active site. Moreover, molecular simulation demonstrated that the reported top hits also possess stable dynamics and structural packing. Furthermore, the residues' flexibility revealed that all the complexes demonstrated higher flexibility in the regions 120-140, 160-180, and 205-215. The 120-140 and 160-180 lie in the finger region of PLpro, which may open/close during the simulation to cover the active site and push the ligand inside. In addition, the total binding free energy was reported to be - 32.65 ± 0.17 kcal/mol for the GRL0617-PLpro, for the NPC320891-PLpro complex, the TBE was - 35.58 ± 0.14 kcal/mol, for the NPC474594-PLpro, the TBE was - 43.72 ± 0.22 kcal/mol, while for NPC474595-PLpro complex, the TBE was calculated to be - 41.61 ± 0.20 kcal/mol, respectively. Clustering of the protein's motion and FEL further revealed that in NPC474594 and NPC474595 complexes, the drug was seen to have moved inside the binding cavity along with the loop in the palm region harboring the catalytic triad, thus justifying the higher binding of these two molecules particularly. In conclusion, the overall results reflect favorable binding of the identified hits strongly than the control drug, thus demanding in vitro and in vivo validation for clinical purposes.
  15. Ho YF, Yajit NLM, Shiau JY, Malek SNA, Shyur LF, Karsani SA
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2023 Nov;195(11):6867-6880.
    PMID: 36947367 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04384-2
    Our previous findings demonstrated that Helichrysetin possessed promising anti-cancer activity. It was able to induce apoptosis in the A549 cell line. However, its mechanism of action is unknown. The present study aimed to unravel possible underlying molecular mechanisms of helichrysetin-induced apoptosis in A549 (human lung carcinoma) cells using comparative quantitative proteomics (iTRAQ labeled), followed by an exhaustive bioinformatics analysis. Our results suggested that DNA damage response (DDR) and cell cycle arrest were responsible for lung cancer cell death with helichrysetin treatment. Among proteins that changed in abundance were Nrf2 and HMOX1. They are oxidative stress-related proteins and were increased in abundance. BRAT1 was also increased in abundance, suggesting an increase in DNA damage repair, indicating the occurrence of DNA damage due to oxidative stress. However, several essential DDR downstream proteins such as p-ATM, BRCA1, FANCD2, and Rb1 that would further increase DNA damage were found to be dramatically decreased in relative abundance. Cell cycle-related proteins, p53, p21, and cyclin D1, were increased while cyclin A, cyclin E, and cdk2 were decreased. This is predicted to facilitate S-phase arrest. Furthermore, excessive DNA damage and prolonged arrest would in turn result in the induction of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Based on these observations, we postulate that the effects of helichrysetin were in part via the suppression of DNA damage response which led to DNA damage and prolonged cell cycle arrest. Subsequently, this event initiated mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells.
  16. Hasan NS, Ling JG, Bakar MFA, Seman WMKW, Murad AMA, Bakar FDA, et al.
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2023 Nov;195(11):6708-6736.
    PMID: 36913095 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04304-w
    Enzymatic halogenation captures scientific interest considering its feasibility in modifying compounds for chemical diversity. Currently, majority of flavin-dependent halogenases (F-Hals) were reported from bacterial origin, and as far as we know, none from lichenized fungi. Fungi are well-known producers of halogenated compounds, so using available transcriptomic dataset of Dirinaria sp., we mined for putative gene encoding for F-Hal. Phylogenetic-based classification of the F-Hal family suggested a non-tryptophan F-Hals, similar to other fungal F-Hals, which mainly act on aromatic compounds. However, after the putative halogenase gene from Dirinaria sp., dnhal was codon-optimized, cloned, and expressed in Pichia pastoris, the ~63 kDa purified enzyme showed biocatalytic activity towards tryptophan and an aromatic compound methyl haematommate, which gave the tell-tale isotopic pattern of a chlorinated product at m/z 239.0565 and 241.0552; and m/z 243.0074 and 245.0025, respectively. This study is the start of understanding the complexities of lichenized fungal F-hals and its ability to halogenate tryptophan and other aromatic. compounds which can be used as green alternatives for biocatalysis of halogenated compounds.
  17. Rawat J, Kumar V, Ahlawat P, Tripathi LK, Tomar R, Kumar R, et al.
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2023 Oct;195(10):6168-6182.
    PMID: 36847986 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04386-0
    The growing field of nanotechnology and its many applications have led to the irregular release of nanoparticles (NPs), with unintended effects on the environment and continued contamination of water bodies. Metallic NPs are used more frequently in extreme environmental conditions due to their higher efficiency, which attracts more attention in various applications. Due to improper pre-treatment of biosolids, inefficient wastewater treatment practices, and other unregulated agricultural practices continue to contaminate the environment. In particular, the uncontrolled use of NPs in various industrial applications has led to damage to the microbial flora and caused irreplaceable damage to animals and plants. This study focuses on the effect of different doses, types, and compositions of NP on the ecosystem. The review also mentions the impact of various metallic NPs on microbial ecology, their interactions with microorganisms, ecotoxicity studies, and dosage evaluation of the NPs, mainly focused on the review article. However, further research is still needed to understand the complexity of interactions between NPs and microbes in soil and aquatic ecosystems.
  18. Barathan M, Vellasamy KM, Mariappan V, Venkatraman G, Vadivelu J
    PMID: 37773580 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04734-0
    Almost 70% of clinically used antineoplastic drugs are originated from natural products such as plants, marine organism, and microorganisms and some of them are also structurally modified natural products. The naturally occurring drugs may specifically act as inducers of selective cytotoxicity, anti-metastatic, anti-mutagenic, anti-angiogenesis, antioxidant accelerators, apoptosis inducers, autophagy inducers, and cell cycle inhibitors in cancer therapy. Precisely, several reports have demonstrated the involvement of naturally occurring anti-breast cancer drugs in regulating the expression of oncogenic and tumor suppressors associated with carcinogen metabolism and signaling pathways. Anticancer therapies based on nanotechnology have the potential to improve patient outcomes through targeted therapy, improved drug delivery, and combination therapies. This paper has reviewed the current treatment for breast cancer and the potential disadvantages of those therapies, besides the various mechanism used by naturally occurring phytochemicals to induce apoptosis in different types of breast cancer. Along with this, the contribution of nanotechnology in improving the effectiveness of anticancer drugs was also reviewed. With the development of sciences and technologies, phytochemicals derived from natural products are continuously discovered; however, the search for novel natural products as chemoprevention drugs is still ongoing, especially for the advanced stage of breast cancer. Continued research and development in this field hold great promise for advancing cancer care and improving patient outcomes.
  19. Chee CW, Mohd Hashim N, Abdullah I, Nor Rashid N
    PMID: 37642925 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04690-9
    Morindone, a natural anthraquinone compound, has been reported to have significant pharmacological properties in different cancers. However, its anticancer effects in colorectal cancer (CRC) and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. In this study, RNA sequencing was used to assess the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) following morindone treatment in two CRC cell lines, HCT116 and HT29 cells. Functional enrichment analysis of overlapping DEGs revealed that negative regulation of cell development from biological processes and the MAPK signalling pathway were the most significant Gene Ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genome pathway, respectively. Seven hub genes were identified among the overlapping genes, including MCM5, MCM6, MCM10, GINS2, POLE2, PRIM1, and WDHD1. All hub genes were found downregulated and involved in DNA replication fork. Among these, GINS2 was identified as the most cancer-dependent gene in both cells with better survival outcomes. Validation was performed on seven hub genes with rt-qPCR, and the results were consistent with the RNA sequencing findings. Collectively, this study provides corroboration of the potential therapeutic benefits and suitable pharmacological targets of morindone in the treatment of CRC.
  20. Ma YC, Gao MR, Yang H, Jiang JY, Xie W, Su WP, et al.
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2023 Jun;195(6):3628-3640.
    PMID: 36648604 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04319-x
    C50 carotenoids, as unique bioactive molecules, have many biological properties, including antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial activity, and have a wide range of potential uses in the food, cosmetic, and biomedical industries. The majority of C50 carotenoids are produced by the sterile fermentation of halophilic archaea. This study aims to look at more cost-effective and manageable ways of producing C50 carotenoids. The basic medium, carbon source supplementation, and optimal culture conditions for Halorubrum sp. HRM-150 C50 carotenoids production by open fermentation were examined in this work. The results indicated that Halorubrum sp. HRM-150 grown in natural brine medium grew faster than artificial brine medium. The addition of glucose, sucrose, and lactose (10 g/L) enhanced both biomass and carotenoids productivity, with the highest level reaching 4.53 ± 0.32 μg/mL when glucose was added. According to the findings of orthogonal studies based on the OD600 and carotenoids productivity, the best conditions for open fermentation were salinity 20-25%, rotation speed 150-200 rpm, and pH 7.0-8.2. The up-scaled open fermentation was carried out in a 7 L medium under optimum culture conditions. At 96 h, the OD600 and carotenoids productivity were 9.86 ± 0.51 (dry weight 10.40 ± 1.27 g/L) and 7.31 ± 0.65 μg/mL (701.40 ± 21.51 μg/g dry weight, respectively). When amplified with both universal bacterial primer and archaeal primer in the open fermentation, Halorubrum remained the dominating species, indicating that contamination was kept within an acceptable level. To summarize, open fermentation of Halorubrum is a promising method for producing C50 carotenoids.
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