Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 193 in total

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  1. Chua, T.H., Stanis, C.S., Song, B.K., Lau, Y.L., Jelip, P., Lau, T.Y.
    MyJurnal
    Malaria is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical areas, caused by five
    species of Plasmodium (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale andP. knowlesi) and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We have developed molecular markers for three genes viz, Cytb, dhfr and Msp-1 gene and designed a protocol for rapid molecular diagnostics of the four malaria parasites prevalent in Southeast Asia. The new primers were used on the blood
    samples containing Plasmodium parasites by conventional PCR. The result was compared with
    the nested PCR of Singh et al. (2004) and the microscopy method. The result shows that the new
    set of primers had successfully amplified all four human malaria parasite species. These primers
    were 100% sensitive and more specific than microscopy and PCR identification using these
    primers was faster than the nested PCR. These alternative primers should provide powerful and
    rapid molecular diagnostic method for detecting Plasmodium species as well as providing reliable
    data for epidemiology study. These primers have the potential to be combined and used in
    multiplex PCR.
  2. Parash, M. Tanveer Hossain, Shimmi, Sadia Choudhury
    MyJurnal
    Liver, an important organ of metabolism, is damaged when exposed to chemicals, toxins, infectious agents, drugs and food additives. Arachis hypogaea (peanut) being organic may have free radical scavenging activity, which could protect the liver from damage. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Arachis hypogaea on liver marker enzymes such as serum AST(aspertate transaminase) and
    ALT(alanine transaminase) and histology of liver in Wistar albino rats. Methods: Twenty healthy Wistar albino male rats (120 – 150 grams, 90 – 120 days old) were acclimatized for 14 days and divided equally into control group (n = 10) and experimental group (n = 10). Control group received standard pellet for 21 consecutive days. The experimental group received peanut powder 500mg/kg body weight/day; orally) mixed with food for the same period. All the animals were killed on 22nd day. Blood and liver samples were collected. Levels of serum AST, ALT and bilirubin were estimated and the liver was processed for histology. Results were statistically analyzed by
    2 sample t-test. Results: Final body weights were significantly (p
  3. Parash, M. Tanveer Hossain, Naushaba, Humaira, Shimmi, Sadia Choudhury
    MyJurnal
    Foot shape significantly varies with age, sex and ethnicity. Information on gender and racial differences in foot shape is also useful to forensic scientists identifying isolated remains. Literature survey revealed that there are not enough studies on correlation of foot shape with changes in body weight. Hence this cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out to evaluate the correlation of foot shape with changes in body weight within same race and ethnicity. A total number of 110 male medical students of 3rd and 4th year of Bengali ethnicity were chosen through purposive sampling. Foot index was calculated by dividing the foot length with the foot width. On the basis of foot index, foot shapes were classified into slender, standard and broad. Correlation of the foot shape with the body weight was assessed. Both right and left foot indices showed significant negative correlations with the body weight (r = −0.214, p = .033 and r = −0.282, p = 0.005 respectively). This approach of categorization will help in making best fit footwear for males. It will also serve as a baseline data for forensic investigators.
  4. Myint, Than, Zin, Thant, Htay, Kyaw, Min, Kyaw, Zainal Arifin Mustapha, Ahmad Faris Abdullah
    MyJurnal
    Assessment method of medical students by conducting examination is to identify the quality and quantity of their academic performance. Essay paper is one of the most common assessment tools in the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. Double marking is a means by which academic staff attempts to produce fair results for the students. Eighty eight medical students sat for three sets of Essay Papers of Professional I examination in March 2012. The double marking on the essay papers was done by two lecturers of each clinical department concerned for each discipline. Inter-examiner agreement and its effect on the reliability of the final score for the students were calculated by using Kappa statistics and Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Reliability coefficient of the scores were also calculated for the different disciplines. In Part A essay paper, Cohan’s Kappa was 0.48 (p
  5. Muhammad Chanchal Azad, Raihana Musawwir
    MyJurnal
    Galactorrhoea is non-lactational milk production and it may or may not be associated with prolactinemia1. It causes embarrassment and distress to a schizophrenic patient, especially, if the patient is male. One study in Germany reported that incidence and prevalence of galactorrhoea in schizophrenia are 14% and 19%, respectively2. Although galactorrhoea is not rare in schizophrenic patients, managing and understanding the a etiology can be problematic. In psychiatric patients, antipsychotics can be a cause but other causes need to be ruled out. Galactorrhoea also needs to be differentiated from pathologic nipple discharge which can be due to breast tumours. Usually, galactorrhoea is bilateral, multiductal, and milky, but discharge can be yellow, green or brown3. This case report describes a 32-year old patient with schizophrenia who visited a government psychiatric hospital in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. This report highlights the clinical challenges to determine the aetiology of galactorrhoea and to manage it in schizophrenics. It raises the following clinical questions: Why a psychiatric patient develops galactorrhoea? How a schizophrenic patient presents with galactorrhoea? What hormonal imbalances are associated with this psychiatric disorder? How should a doctor handle a schizophrenic patient complaining of galactorrhoea? What is the danger of having galactorrhoea in a male?
  6. D’Souza, Urban John Arnold, Prabhu, Harish, Atiqah Chew Abdullah, Ahmad Faris Abdullah
    MyJurnal
    A 40 year old, Muslim patient was brought to the clinic for his chronic 20-year long problem alcohol drinking habits. He was treated in the nursing home and was further directed to the in house rehabilitation centre. Psychotherapists after counselling sessions after a detailed behaviour analysis arrived at cognitive behaviour therapy combined with electric shock aversion therapy after consent from the patient. Seven sessions of therapy, relieved the alcohol craving habit. Patient’s insight and preparedness to lead an alcohol free family life was the major positive behavioural asset. Electric shock therapy with psycho-education and counselling found to benefit long term alcohol problem behaviour.
  7. Ei KS, Shoesmith WD
    MyJurnal
    In this study parallel scales were constructed to use to measure the levels of HIV-related stigma towards people living with HIV (PLHIV) in populations with different backgrounds in Sabah. The study also explored the components of stigma within the population. We found that there were three principle components of HIV related stigma: “Interpersonal distancing,” “Shame and blame,” and “Positive opinions about PLHIV”. The scales constructed showed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.69 to 0.85) in all samples. The medical students and people with more knowledge about HIV had significantly lower levels of all three factors of personal stigma. Regarding HIV-related knowledge, the non-medical university students and the rural community group were found to have poor knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention. This scale can be used by researchers or public health officials who wish to study HIV related stigma or to evaluate the impact of stigma interventions in the local context.
    Study site: Universiti Malaysia Sabah; Rural Medical Education Centre, Sikuati, Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia
  8. Thidar AM, Myint TT, Naing DKS, Mustapha ZA
    MyJurnal
    Learning anatomy is the basic and essential component of medical study when students start to learn in medical career. Since five hundred years ago, the human cadaver has been used as the silent mentor for students in learning anatomy. Later, pre-dissected specimens were used in addition to hands-on dissection of human cadaver. Current advances promote the use of anatomical models as well as plastinated specimens. This study focused on analyzing the preference of students towards different learning modalities available for anatomy teaching. It was conducted on first year medical students at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah (FPSK, UMS). A total of 76 students (27 males and 49 females) participated in this study. Out of 76 students, 57 (75%) students preferred using human cadaver for anatomy learning. Four students (5.3%) opted for plastinated
    specimen while 15 students (19.7%) chose the plastic model. Knowledge gained in learning Anatomy was said to be easier from cadaver (67.1%), followed by plastinated specimen (35.5%) and plastic models (52.6%). In the present study, 97.4% responded that plastic model was easier to apply their knowledge in objective structured practical examinations. The present study found that using cadaver was still favoured by medical students. Further studies are required to determine the preference between hands-on cadaveric dissections versus pre-dissected specimens.
  9. Aung TS, Masandid H, Oo KS, Lin Z, Rayaji SJ
    MyJurnal
    Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the most frequent causes of many bacterial infections especially
    gastroenteritis in developing countries. It is also used as an indicator for faecal pollution in the
    surveillance of bacteriological quality of drinking water. This study was conducted to determine the
    survival of E. coli in water at room temperature (27oC). E. coli which is cultured in Lactose Peptone Broth
    was inoculated into 8 bottles each containing 10 millilitres of distilled water. They were kept at 27oC.
    Starting from the day 1, ten-fold dilutions were made from each bottle number and E. coli count was
    done from each dilutions by using pour plate method. The colony forming unit/ millilitre (CFU/ml) was
    calculated. The same procedure was carried out from bottles number 2 to 8 from day 2 to day 8
    consecutively. CFU/ml of E. coli in dilution 10-5was markedly decreased from 3.9 x 106
    in day 1to 0 in
    day 8. The findings suggest that if the water is contaminated with low number of E. coli, it can be
    eliminated by keeping water at room temperature for only few days.
  10. Halima Begum, Sadia Choudhury Shimmi, Mahfuza Mazeda Rowshan, Sayeda Khanom
    MyJurnal
    Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Aloe vera were observed against Staphylococcus
    aureus, Staphylococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus pneumoniae
    and Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae . Aloe vera leaf gel
    was used for ethanolic extraction.Zones of inhibition in millimeter was used to measure the
    antimicrobial effect. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that ethanolic extract has growth
    inhibitory effects against the tested pathogens. Ethanolic extract of Aloe vera has growth
    inhibitory effects against tested pathogen seen by antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
  11. Tin Tin Aye, Yusolf Ibrahim, Daw Khin Saw Naing, Than Myint, Muhammad Hj. Jical
    MyJurnal
    Antenatal (AN) care is vital for all pregnant women and for reduction of maternal mortality and morbidity. AN care knowledge and specific AN care practices are some of the crucial components of what determines effective AN care. In developing nations, the health of pregnant women can be even more sensitive to these factors. Objectives of this study was to assess the antenatal (AN) care practice and pregnancy outcome of ever-married women aged 18 to 49 years old having at least one pregnancy experience ,residing in kampongs of Sikuati area, Kudat between March to December 2015. Cross–sectional descriptive study, non-probability convenient sampling method was used and 150 eligible participants were interviewed through face to face by trained interviewers using a semi-structured questionnaire and their knowledge of AN care, their AN care practices and outcomes and complications of their pregnancies were recorded. 99% of all the women received AN care, and 64% of the women received essential AN care practice (AN visit of minimum 4 times). The study revealed that overall knowledge amongst the women with good knowledge was 48% and low knowledge was 52%. Despite this, it was found that low knowledge of AN care was associated with essential AN care practice. Additionally, AN care practices, assessed through timing of first AN care visit and frequency of visits, was not significantly associated with pregnancy complications. Despite these results, outcomes were good and all complications were properly and successfully addressed. This may reflect the effectiveness of current programs in place promoting importance of AN care and delivery practices. Maintenance of current programs with targeted interventions to address low knowledge level and the low level of compliance with essential AN care completed are recommended..
  12. Michal, C.S., Nadirah, S., Juhanah, G., Praneetha, P., Mohan, G.
    MyJurnal
    The Emergency Department (ED) provides treatment for acutely ill patients in need of urgent medical attention. Despite the availability of the primary care unit ‘Klinik Kesihatan’, where non urgent patients should be treated, Malaysia’s public hospitals still need to deal with overcrowding of non-urgent patients in ED. The main aim of the study was to assess the willingness of non-urgent patients to be redirected to Klinik Kesihatan. This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Hospital Tuaran Emergency Department, Sabah. Non-urgent patients were interviewed using a questionnaire, to find out the purpose of their visit to Emergency Department. A total of 318 non-urgent patients out of 457 patients were interviewed during the study duration. 41 respondents (12.9%) were willing to be redirected towards a Klinik Kesihatan. No associated factors were found when compared with the unwilling to be redirected group. Among 277 respondents who rejected redirection to Klinik Kesihatan, 70.4% agreed to pay a surcharge to be treated in the Emergency Department and there was no association found with the employment status (p= 0.391). Most patients were not willing to accept redirection to a Klinik Kesihatan and would prefer to visit the Emergency Department despite knowing that their condition or illness is one that does not require emergency treatment. Social media, advertisements and pamphlets must be made available to educate patients on the proper use of the Emergency Department.
  13. Zaw Lin, Nor Amalina Emran, Yun, Mei Lai, Myo Thura Zaw
    MyJurnal
    Out of bacteria which cause food –borne infections, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is
    well known to be pathogen causing serious outbreaks. The first outbreak of EHEC infection occurred
    in 1982 was due to ingestion of hamburger at restaurant. A rare Escherichia coli serotype, 0157:H7
    was isolated at that time and the following outbreaks were mostly due to this serotype. However, O26,
    O111 and O104 were also responsible for EHEC outbreaks. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli is an important
    food and water-borne pathogen. Verotoxins (VTs) produced by this pathogen causes painful
    hemorrhagic colitis along with major complications of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The
    morbidity and significantly high mortality and enormous economic loss are problematic to the health
    care administrators and EHEC infection is a serious public health issue. Another factor which makes
    it high transmissibility is the low infectious dose. The German O104:H4 epidemic was caused by the
    pathogen carrying a combination of virulence genes derived from two well-known pathogens, EHEC
    and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC). There is a possibility that two mobile DNA elements can occur
    again in this versatile pathogen. In this article, some aspects of EHEC infections which were
    established but not well known to the medical personals were explained to get understanding of why
    this infection should not be overlooked and should be under surveillance.
  14. Mohoshina Karim, Shayela Farah, M .Tanveer Hossain Parash
    MyJurnal
    Cigarette smoking is considered as the symbol of adulthood and as a friend during stress and loneliness. The developing countries in South Asia where the largest segment of the population is comprised of adolescents are more susceptible to smoking epidemic and its consequences. A cross sectional survey among 304 randomly selected medical students was carried out to determine their smoking habit of a selected medical college in Dhaka, from 1st October to 31st December 2014. The respondents were from 16 to 20 years of age, with mean (±SD) of 16.8 (±1.9) years. Among them (including 28 girl students), 96(31.5%) were non-smokers. The remaining 208(68.4%) were smokers, among them 43(20.6%) were regular smokers, and 165(79.3%) were occasional smokers. All 28 female students were non-smokers. Regarding duration of smoking, 42(20.2%) respondents smoked for less than 6 months, 64(30.8%) for 6 months to 1 year, 88(42.3%) for 1 to 4 years, 11(5.3%) for 5 to 10 years and a least 3(1.4%) smoked for more than 10 years. Thirty six percent of current smokers smoked more than 10 sticks per day compared
    with thirty percent who smoked 6 to 10 a day. Significantly more users knew that it causes tuberculosis, heart attack, cancer and development of hypertension. Overall, students’ major sources of information were doctors (69.7%), medias (47.7%), parents (9.2%) and friends (3.3%). As the prevalence of smoking among medical students was found very high hence, the multi-pronged intervention strategy is needed to tackle the problem. Anti-tobacco education and awareness should be adopted in the curriculum of schools and colleges. All forms of tobacco advertising and promotional activities should be banned, and parents should be encouraged to adopt more responsible attitudes toward smoking in the home.
  15. Sylves, P., Chen, C.Y., Premadeva, C.S., Shuaibah, A.G.
    MyJurnal
    Ocular trauma is a significant health problem in paediatric age group. This study is to evaluate the
    demographics, etiology, management and visual outcome of paediatric ocular trauma in Sabah.
    This is a retrospective review of all ocular trauma occurring in the paediatric age group from age
    12 years old and below from January to December 2014 at Hospital Wanita Dan Kanak-Kanak,
    Sabah. Medical records were reviewed and the data was examined based on Birmingham Eye
    Trauma Terminology (BETT) system. Incomplete case notes were excluded from the study. A total
    of 37 cases were accumulated during the study period. All the paediatric ocular trauma cases were
    admitted and accounted for 13.4% of the total paediatric eye ward admission. However, 4 cases
    were excluded from the study as the medical records were incomplete. There were 26(78.8%) males
    while 7(21.2%) female children with a ratio male: female of 3.7: 1. There were 31(93.9%) unilateral
    ocular injury cases while only 2(6.1%) bilateral injury caused by chemical injury. The most
    common type of ocular trauma was closed globe injury totaling 24 (72.7%) cases. Trauma caused
    by blunt object contributed to the highest mode of injury 15 (45.5%) of cases. Open globe injuries
    which had poor visual outcome accounted for 9 (27.3%) cases. Most of patients required surgical
    treatment 21(63.6%) while 12(36.4%) cases treated non-surgically. In conclusion, ocular trauma
    was more common in male and pre-school age group. The main aetiology was blunt injury. Most
    of the cases treated surgically. Poorer visual outcome was observed in open globe injury.
  16. Khandaker Abu Talha, Maher Khawatmi, Sajedul Kabir Chowdhury, Mohammad Zahidul Islam, Sulaiman Ashmoti, Farhana Selina
    MyJurnal
    Gurayat General Hospital is a 350 bed secondary referral hospital of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This is one of the busiest hospitals in Al-Jouf region. Trauma is very common in this city and the ER department is mostly overwhelmed by Neurosurgical emergency patients. The aim the study was to evaluate the age sex,
    types of injuries and causes of injuries of the neurosurgical emergency patients. This was a cross-sectional descriptive observational study. Ethical approval was achieved from proper authority. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) ICH E6 protocol was followed in order to ensure safety and efficacy. Data was collected from the log book of the ER department. Data were transferred to a spreadsheet to make a master sheet. Valuables of individual columns were analyzed and tabulated. Comparison was performed between the result of this study and other international studies. About 7.3% of all ER admissions were for the Neurosurgical cases. Among the Neurosurgical cases (n=3588) there was clear predominance of male
    gender (81%). Majority (45%) of the Neurosurgical patients were from children and teen age group. Nearly 50% of the patients reported to ER with the history of Road Traffic Accident (RTA). Head injury was the commonest (61%) type of injury. Approximately 45% patients were admitted in to general ward whereas 42% patients were discharged from ER after providing primary treatment. When the results of this study were compared to the results of the other international studies fair similarities were observed.
  17. Ivy Eddie, Chua, T.H., Jessie Hiu
    MyJurnal
    Diversity of forensically important insects were documented from two experiments using a monkey
    (long-tailed macaque, Macacafascicularis Raffles) and a pig (Susscrofa L.) carcasses. The experiments
    were conducted in shrub area of Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu and in rural area of
    Menggatal district, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah respectively. Records were made daily on insects visiting the
    carcasses, the environmental temperatures and relative humidity.Blowflies, Chysomyamegacephala
    (Fabricius), Chrysomyarufifacies (Macquart) and Sarcophagabrevicornis(Ho) were the earliest species
    to be recorded in both studies. Other species of flies recorded from both
    carcasesincludeLuciliacuprina(Wiedemann),Hydroteaspinigera(Stein), Muscadomestica(Linnaeus)
    and Fannia spp. Additional species observed on pig carcasswere Hypopygiopsisviolacea(Macquart),
    Stomorhina sp.(Rondani) and beetles,Diamesusosculans(Vigors) (Coleptera: Silphidae). Information
    from this study provides important base data on the local carrion fauna which help to improve the post
    mortem interval determination in local forensic cases.
  18. Nashir Uddin Ahmed, Mohd Yusof Hj Ibrahim, Than Myint1, Khandaker Abu Talha, Farhana Selina, Khin Maung Ohn @ Arif
    MyJurnal
    Dengue is one of the commonest viral diseases of Africa and tropical Asia. This disease is characterized by headache, fever, generalized body pain, severe malaise and back pain. The uncomplicated Dengue which is also named the classical dengue fever usually begins 3-8 days after biting of an infected mosquito. This is a cross sectional study on clinical presentation of Dengue in a general hospital in Bangladesh. The total number of patients was 198. The study period was 6 months (July 2004 to December 2004). All the patients who were admitted in the ‘Dengue ward’ and diagnosed as Dengue by serological test were included in this study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the common clinical presentations of Dengue in a General hospital in Bangladesh. The aim and objective was to compare the clinical presentations of Dengue in Bangladesh patients with those of other international studies. Most of the patients were male (3.7 :1) in sex and young adult(s) in age (80.3%). Fever and severe backache were the commonest clinical features. Nearly two-third (74%) patients presented with hemorrhagic features. Gum bleeding (20.2%) was the commonest bleeding feature. The result of this study showed a similarity with that of other international studies.
  19. Myat San Yi, Soe Lwin, Thidar Soe, Khin Than Yee
    MyJurnal
    Normally endometrial carcinoma presents with post-menopausal bleeding in the majority of cases. It
    rarely presents with haematometra. If it does, it rarely reaches the term pregnant uterus size. This case
    report is a rare presentation of endometrial carcinoma which was at first diagnosed as a huge ovarian
    mass later found out to be haematometra intraoperatively. There was a discordant finding between the
    endometrial invasions with distant metastasis (Local invasion of stage 1A with lung metastasis which
    should be stage 4B). It is an uncommon combined occurrence but at least we learnt there can be possible
    different presentation for endometrial cancer. It further proved that almost all of haematometra can turn
    out to be associated with endometrial carcinoma.
  20. Myo Thura Zaw, Nor Amalina Emran, Daw Khin Saw Naing, Zaw Lin
    MyJurnal
    Toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 and O139 are causative agents of deadly
    diarrheal disease named cholera. Vibrio cholerae O1 is traditionally divided into two
    biotypes, classical and El Tor, which are different in phenotypic as well as genotypic traits.
    Since 1961, classical strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 serogroup has become obsolete as the
    cause of epidemic and pandemic cholera and replaced by El Tor strains. Since 2002, atypical
    O1 El Tor strains possessing the traits of classical strains have been increasingly recognized
    as the cause of cholera in many countries across the world. This article focuses on the genetic
    traits of O1 classical and El Tor strains. Furthermore, an overview of emergence of atypical
    O1 El Tor strains and their genetic traits is presented.
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