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  1. Rongviriyapanich C, Sakunchit T, Sudla C, Mungkung S, Pongnapang N, Yeong CH
    Clin Exp Pediatr, 2020 Dec;63(12):491-498.
    PMID: 32683809 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2019.01676
    BACKGROUND: Renal size is an important indicator in the diagnosis of renal diseases and urinary tract infections in children.

    PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it aimed to measure the renal length and calculate the renal volume of normal Thai children using 2-dimensional ultrasonography (2D-US) and study their correlations with somatic parameters. Second, it aimed to compare the age-specific renal size of normal Thai children with the published data of their Western and Chinese counterparts.

    METHODS: A total of 321 children (150 boys, 171 girls; age, 6-15 years) with a normal renal profile were prospectively recruited. All subjects underwent 2D-US by an experienced pediatric radiologist and the renal length, width, and depth were measured. Renal volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula as recommended. The data were compared between the left and right kidneys, the sexes, and various somatic parameters. The age-specific renal lengths were compared using a nomogram derived from a Western cohort that is currently referred by many Thailand hospitals, while the renal volumes were compared with the published data of a Chinese cohort.

    RESULTS: No statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was found between sexes or the right and left kidneys. The renal sizes had strong correlations with height, weight, body surface area, and age but not with body mass index. The renal length of the Thai children was moderately correlated (r=0.59) with that of the Western cohort, while the age-specific renal volume was significantly smaller (P<0.05) than that of the Chinese children.

    CONCLUSION: Therefore, we concluded that the age-specific renal length and volume obtained by 2D-US would vary between children in different regions and may not be suitably used as an international standard for diagnosis, although further studies may be needed to confirm our findings.

  2. Mohd Rani MD, Mohamed NA, Tengku Jamaluddin TZM, Ismail Z, Ramli S, Faroque H, et al.
    Clin Exp Pediatr, 2020 Mar;63(3):115-116.
    PMID: 32023401 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2019.01277
  3. Arshad NH, Abu Hassan H
    Clin Exp Pediatr, 2023 Dec 06.
    PMID: 38062713 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2023.00514
    This review aimed to assess the usefulness of various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques for the quantification of neonatal white matter myelination. The Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify studies following the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) statement using quantitative MRI techniques to examine samples collected from neonates to quantify myelin. Twelve studies were ultimately included. The results demonstrated that in validation studies, relaxometry is the most frequently explored approach (83.33%), followed by magnetization transfer imaging (8.33%) and a new automatic segmentation technique (8.33%). Synthetic MRI is recommended for quantifying myelin in neonates because of several advantages that outweigh a few negligible limitations.
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