Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 48 in total

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  1. Lokesh, Gulati N, Saini A, Singh S, Gupta G, MacLoughlin R, et al.
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2024 Mar 05.
    PMID: 38445696 DOI: 10.2174/0115672018289883240226113353
    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), a chronic lung disease that causes breathing difficulties and obstructs airflow from the lungs, has a significant global health burden and affects millions of people worldwide. The use of pharmaceuticals in COPD treatment is aimed to alleviate symptoms, improve lung function, prevent exacerbations, and enhance the overall quality of life for patients. Nanotechnology holds great promise to alleviate the burden of COPD. The main goal of this review is to present the full spectrum of therapeutics based on nanostructures for the treatment and management of COPD, including nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, solid-lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, exosomes, nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, and niosomes. Nanotechnology is just one of the many areas of research that may contribute to the development of more effective and personalized treatment modalities for COPD patients in the future. Future studies may be focused on enhancing the therapeutic effectiveness of nanocarriers by conducting extensive mechanistic investigations to translate current scientific knowledge for the effective management of COPD with little or no adverse effects.
  2. Masadeh MM, Bany-Ali NM, Khanfar MS, Alzoubi KH, Massadeh MM, Almomani EM
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2024 Jan 12.
    PMID: 38231065 DOI: 10.2174/0115672018279213240110045557
    BACKGROUND: The misuse of antibiotics leads to a global increase in antibiotic resistance. Therefore, it is imperative to search for alternative compounds to conventional antibiotics. ZnO nanoparticles (Zn NP) are one of these alternatives because they are an effective option to overcome biofilm bacterial cells and a novel way to overcome multidrug resistance in bacteria. The current research study aims to characterize the efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles alone and in combination with other antibacterial drugs against bacterial biofilms.

    METHODS: ZnO NPs were prepared by co-precipitation method, and their anti-biofilm and antibacterial activities alone or combined with four types of broad-spectrum antibacterial (Norfloxacin, Colistin, Doxycycline, and Ampicillin) were evaluated against E. coli and S. aureus bacterial strains. Finally, the cytotoxicity and the hemolytic activity were evaluated.

    RESULTS: ZnO NPs were prepared, and results showed that their size was around 10 nm with a spherical shape and a zeta potential of -21.9. In addition, ZnO NPs were found to have a strong antibacterial effect against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 62.5 and 125 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, they could eradicate biofilmforming microorganisms at a concentration of 125 μg/m. ZnO NPs were found to be non-toxic to erythrocyte cells. Still, some toxicity was observed for Vero cells at effective concentration ranges needed to inhibit bacterial growth and eradicate biofilm-forming organisms. When combined with different antibacterial, ZnO NP demonstrated synergistic and additive effects with colistin, and the MIC and MBEC of the combination decreased significantly to 0.976 μg/mL against planktonic and biofilm strains of MDR Gram-positive bacteria, resulting in significantly reduced toxicity.

    CONCLUSION: The findings of this study encourage the development of alternative therapies with high efficacy and low toxicity. ZnO nanoparticles have demonstrated promising results in overcoming multi-drug resistant bacteria and biofilms, and their combination with colistin has shown a significant reduction in toxicity. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential of ZnO nanoparticles as a viable alternative to conventional antibiotics.

  3. Hashim LE, Sabri AH, Mohamad MA, Anjani QK, Mustaffa MF, Abdul Hamid K
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2024;21(2):211-235.
    PMID: 37076462 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230418091506
    Therapeutic proteins and peptides (PPTs) have become one of the most important biological molecules for the management of many common and complex diseases due to their high specificity and high bioactivity. However, these biomolecules are mainly given by the hypodermic injection, which often leads to poor patient compliance due to the invasive nature of this route of administration. The oral route has been considered the most convenient and patient-friendly route for drug delivery relative to hypodermic injections. Despite the ease and simplicity conferred by oral administration, this drug delivery route suffers rapid peptide degradation in gastric fluid and low intestinal uptake. In order to circumvent these issues, several strategies, such as enzyme inhibitors, permeation enhancers, chemical modification, mucoadhesive and stimuli-responsive polymers, and specialised particulate formulation have been developed. Such strategies are designed with the aim of protecting PPTs from the harsh gastrointestinal environment as well as providing a strategy to enhance the uptake of the therapeutic across the gastrointestinal tract. This review aims to provide an overview of the current development in enteral drug delivery strategies for PPTs. The design of these drug delivery systems in overcoming physical and chemical barriers along the gastrointestinal tract while improving oral bioavailability will be highlighted and discussed.
  4. Paramjot, Wadhwa S, Sharma A, Singh SK, Vishwas S, Kumar R, et al.
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2024;21(1):16-37.
    PMID: 36627785 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230110140312
    Amongst different routes of drug delivery systems, ophthalmic drug delivery still requires a careful investigation and strict parameter measurements because the eyes are one of the most sensitive parts of the body and require special attention. The conventional systems for eyes lead to rapid elimination of formulation and hence very small contact time on the ocular epithelium. The current review article covers various types of polymers used in ocular drug delivery along with their applications/ limitations. Polymers are widely used by researchers in prodrug techniques and as a penetration enhancer in ocular delivery. This article covers the role and use of different polymeric systems which makes the final formulation a promising candidate for ophthalmic drug delivery. The researchers are still facing multiple challenges in order to maintain the therapeutic concentration of the drug in the eyes because of its complex structure. There are several barriers that further restrict the intraocular entry of the drug. In order to remove/reduce such challenges, these days various types of polymers are used for ocular delivery in order to develop different drug carrier systems for better efficacy and stability. The polymers used are highly helpful in increasing residence time by increasing the viscosity at the ocular epithelium layer. Such preparations also get easily permeated in ocular cells. The combination of different polymeric properties makes the final formulation stable with prolonged retention, high viscosity, high permeability, and better bioavailability, making the final formulation a promising candidate for ocular drug delivery.
  5. Sharma V, Singh A, Chauhan S, Sharma PK, Chaudhary S, Sharma A, et al.
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2023 Sep 05.
    PMID: 37670704 DOI: 10.2174/1567201821666230905090621
    Drug discovery and development (DDD) is a highly complex process that necessitates precise monitoring and extensive data analysis at each stage. Furthermore, the DDD process is both time-consuming and costly. To tackle these concerns, artificial intelligence (AI) technology can be used, which facilitates rapid and precise analysis of extensive datasets within a limited timeframe. The pathophysiology of cancer disease is complicated and requires extensive research for novel drug discovery and development. The first stage in the process of drug discovery and development involves identifying targets. Cell structure and molecular functioning are complex due to the vast number of molecules that function constantly, performing various roles. Furthermore, scientists are continually discovering novel cellular mechanisms and molecules, expanding the range of potential targets. Accurately identifying the correct target is a crucial step in the preparation of a treatment strategy. Various forms of AI, such as machine learning, neural-based learning, deep learning, and network-based learning, are currently being utilised in applications, online services, and databases. These technologies facilitate the identification and validation of targets, ultimately contributing to the success of projects. This review focuses on the different types and subcategories of AI databases utilised in the field of drug discovery and target identification for cancer.
  6. Shamsuddin NAM, Zulfakar MH
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2023;20(2):127-143.
    PMID: 35331113 DOI: 10.2174/1567201819666220324094234
    Natural products contain bioactive compounds that are produced naturally via synthetic or semisynthetic processes. These bioactive compounds play significant biological roles, especially for growth as well as in defense mechanisms against pathogens. Bioactive compounds in natural products have been extensively studied in recent decades for their pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, wound healing, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties. However, their pharmaceutical significance has always been hindered by their low bioavailability and instability with variations in pH, temperature, and exposure to light. Nanotechnology paves the way for the development of drug delivery systems by enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Nanostructured lipid carriers, a lipidbased drug delivery system, are recently being studied to improve the biocompatibility, biodegradability, bioavailability, solubility, permeability, and shelf life of bioactive compounds in the pharmaceutical industry. The ideal component and preparation method for bioactive compounds in nanostructured lipid carrier development is necessary for their physicochemical properties and therapeutic efficiency. Therefore, this review seeks to highlight recent developments, preparation, and application of nanostructured lipid carriers as carriers for natural bioactive compounds in improving their therapeutic potential in drug delivery systems.
  7. Kumar P, Chaudhary B, Jain V, Baboota S, Shivanandy P, Alharbi KS, et al.
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2023;20(9):1262-1274.
    PMID: 36380413 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666221114113637
    Molecular pharmaceutics play a critical role in the drug delivery system, representing the direct interconnection of drug bioavailability with its molecular form. There is a diversity in the molecular structures by which it affects its properties, such as amorphous form, crystalline form, partialamorphous molecular dispersion, and disordered state. The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and the excipients utilized in the formulation process contain various divergent modes used in the formulation process. They include better formulations of any type to obtain good quality pharmaceutical products. This review reveals how the molecular states affect the API and are important in maintaining the quality of dosage forms. Furthermore, the physio-chemical properties of the components and various pharmaceutical approaches employed in the formulation of dosage forms are studied from the point of view of molecular pharmaceutics.
  8. Khan AA, Akhtar S, Yadav Y, Atiya A, Alelwani W, Bannunah AM, et al.
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2023;20(10):1474-1486.
    PMID: 35980056 DOI: 10.2174/1567201819666220817111054
    BACKGROUND: The antiretroviral protease inhibitor drug, lopinavir (LPV), is used to treat HIV-1 infection. LPV is known to have limited oral bioavailability, which may be attributed to its poor aqueous solubility, low efficacy and high first-pass metabolism. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) for LPV have been developed and optimised to counter the current issues.

    METHODS: The titration method was used to prepare LPV-loaded SNEDDS (LPV-SNEDDS). Six different pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the nanoemulsifying region. The developed formulations were chosen in terms of globule size < 100 nm, dispersity ≤ 0.5, dispersibility (Grade A) and% transmittance > 85. Heating-cooling cycle, freeze-thaw cycle, and centrifugation studies were performed to confirm the stability of the developed SNEDDS.

    RESULTS: The final LPV-SNEDDS (L-14) droplet size was 58.18 ± 0.62 nm, with polydispersity index, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency (EE%) values of 0.326 ± 0.005, -22.08 ± 1.2 mV, and 98.93 ± 1.18%, respectively. According to high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis, the droplets in the optimised formulation were < 60 nm in size. The selected SNEDDS released nearly 99% of the LPV within 30 min, which was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the LPV-suspension in methylcellulose (0.5% w/v). It indicates the potential use of SNEDDS to enhance the solubility of LPV, which eventually could help improve the oral bioavailability of LPV. The Caco-2 cellular uptake study showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher LPV uptake from the SNEEDS (LPV-SNEDDS-L-14) than the free LPV (LPV-suspension).

    CONCLUSION: The LPV-SNEDDS could be a potential carrier for LPV oral delivery.

  9. Sheng TM, Kumar PV
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2021 Oct 05.
    PMID: 34620064 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666211006103452
    Natural cyclodextrins (CDs) are macrocyclic starch molecules discovered a decade ago, in which α-, β-, and γ-CD were commonly used. They originally acted as pharmaceutical excipients to enhance the aqueous solubility and alter the physicochemical properties of drugs that fall under class II and IV categories according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BPS). The industrial significance of CDs became apparent during the 1970s as scientists started to discover more of CD's potential in chemical modifications and the formation of inclusion complexes. CDs can help in masking and prolonging the half-life of drugs used in cancer. Multiple optimization techniques were discovered to prepare the derivatives of CDs and increase their complexation and drug delivery efficiency. In recent years, due to the advancement of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical sectors, there has been growing interest in CDs. This review mainly focuses on the formulation of cyclodextrin conjugated nanocarriers using graphenes, carbon nanotubes, nanosponges, hydrogels, dendrimers, and polymers to achieve drug-release characteristics specific to cells. These approaches benefit the discovery of novel anti-cancer treatments, solubilization of new drug compounds, and cell specific drug delivery properties. Due to these unique properties of CDs, they are essential in achieving and enhancing tumor-specific cancer treatment.
  10. Tufail S, Siddique MI, Sarfraz M, Sohail MF, Shahid MN, Omer MO, et al.
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2021 Jul 20.
    PMID: 34288836 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210720150929
    INTRODUCTION: The pleiotropic effects of statins are recently explored for wound healing through angiogenesis and lymph-angiogenesis that could be of great importance in diabetic wounds.

    AIM: Aim of the present study is to fabricate nanofilm embedded with simvastatin loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS-SIM-NPs) has been reported herein to explore the efficacy of SIM in diabetic wound healing.

    METHODS: The NPs, prepared via ionic gelation, were 173nm ± 2.645 in size with a zeta potential -0.299 ± 0.009 and PDI 0.051 ± 0.088 with excellent encapsulation efficiency (99.97%). The optimized formulation (CS: TPP, 1:1) that exhibited the highest drug release (91.64%) was incorporated into polymeric nanofilm (HPMC, Sodium alginate, PVA), followed by in vitro characterization. The optimized nanofilm was applied to the wound created on the back of diabetes-induced (with alloxan injection 120 mg/kg) albino rats.

    RESULTS: The results showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the wound healing process compared to the diabetes-induced non-treated group. The results highlighted the importance of nanofilms loaded with SIM-NPs in diabetic wound healing through angiogenesis promotion at the wound site.

    CONCLUSION: Thus, CS-SIM-NPs loaded polymeric nanofilms could be an emerging diabetic wound healing agent in the industry of nanomedicines.

  11. Zamram QAZM, Mohsin HF, Mohamad MM, Nor Hazalin NAM, Hamid KA
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2021 Apr 18.
    PMID: 33874872 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210419114809
    AIM: Formulating topical products for skin delivery has always been a challenge for pharmaceutical scientists to fulfil good formulation criteria. Despite the challenges, gel-based drug delivery offers some advantages such that it is non-invasive, painless, avoidance of the first-pass metabolism and has satisfactory patient compliance.

    OBJECTIVES: In this study, Chromolaena odorata gel and quercetin gel (bioactive flavonoid compound) were successfully formulated and compared with placebo and conventional wound aid gel. The chromatographic profilling was conducted to screen the presence of phytoconstituents. Subsequently, all formulated gels were subjected to physical characteristic and stability study.

    METHODS: Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) of C.odorata methanolic leaves extract shows a distinct compound separation at retention time 8.4min to 34.8 min at 254nm. All gels were characterised by evaluating their rheological properties including storage modulus, loss modulus and plastic viscosity. Besides, texture analysis was performed to measure the gels' firmness, consistency, cohesiveness, and viscosity index.

    RESULTS: From the observation, C. odorata gel demonstrated better spreadability as compared to the other gels, which acquired less work and favourable to be applied onto the skin. Moreover, C. odorata gel showed no changes in organoleptic properties and proven to be stable after 30 days of accelerated stability study at 40°C ± 2°C with relative humidity (RH) of 75%± 5%.

    CONCLUSION: C. odorata gel has shown to be stable, reflecting the combination of materials used in the formulation, which did not degrade throughout the study. This work suggests the potential of this gel as a vehicle to deliver the active ingredients of C. odorata to the skin, which can be further explored as a topical application in antimicrobial wound management or other skin diseases study.

  12. Rehman U, Sarfraz RM, Mahmood A, Hussain Z, Thu HE, Zafar N, et al.
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2021 Feb 11.
    PMID: 33583374 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210212085912
    BACKGROUND: Despite exhibiting promising anticancer potential, the clinical significance of capecitabine (a potent prodrug of 5-fluorouracil used for treatment of colorectal cancer) is limited owing to its acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis, lower absorption following the oral administration, poor bioavailability, short plasma half-life and poor patient compliance.

    OBJECTIVES: The present study was aimed to fabricate the capecitabine as smart pH-responsive hydrogel network to efficiently facilitate its oral delivery while shielding its stability in the gastric media.

    METHODS: The smart pH sensitive HP-β-CD/agarose-g-poly(MAA) hydrogel network was developed using an aqueous free radical polymerization technique. The developed hydrogels were characterized for drug-loading efficiency, structural and compositional features, thermal stability, swelling behaviour, morphology, physical form, and release kinetics. The pH-responsive behaviour of developed hydrogels was established by conducting the swelling and release behaviour at different pH values (1.2 and 7.4), demonstrating significantly higher swelling and release at pH 7.4 as compared with pH 1.2. The capecitabine-loaded hydrogels were also screened for acute oral toxicity in animals by analysing the body weight, water and food intake, dermal toxicity, ocular toxicity, biochemical analysis, and histological examination.

    RESULTS: The characteristic evaluations revealed that capecitabine (anticancer agent) was successfully loaded into the hydrogel network. Capecitabine loading was ranged from 71.22% to 90.12%. An interesting feature of hydrogel was its pH-responsive behaviour which triggers release at basic pH (94.25%). Optimum swelling (95%) was seen at pH 7.4. Based upon regression coefficient R2 (0.96 - 0.99) best fit model was zero order. The extensive toxicity evaluations evidenced good safety profile with no signs of oral, dermal or ocular toxicities, as well as no variations in blood parameters and histology of vital organs.

    CONCLUSION: Our findings conclusively evinced that the developed hydrogel exhibited excellent pharmaceutical and therapeutic potential and thus can be employed as pH-responsive system for controlled delivery of anticancer agents.

  13. Razak MAIA, Hamid HA, Othman RNIR, Moktar SAM, Miskon A
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2021;18(3):312-322.
    PMID: 32940179 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200917123639
    INTRODUCTION: Bioconjugations are swiftly progressing and are being applied to solve several limitations of conventional Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) such as lack of water solubility, non-specific, and poor bioavailability. The main goals of DDS are to achieve greater drug effectiveness and minimize toxicity to the healthy tissues.

    OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: In this study, D-glucose was conjugated with eugenol to target the cancer cells. To identify the implication of the anticancer effect, osteosarcoma (K7M2) cells were cultured and the anti-proliferative effect was performed using MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay] test in order to evaluate the viability and toxicity on cells with various concentrations of eugenol and D-glucose-eugenol conjugate in 24-hour incubation.

    RESULTS: It was found that, the successful confirmation of the conjugation between D-glucose and eugenol was obtained by 1H NMR spectroscopy. MTT assay showed inhibitory concentration (IC50 value) of D-glucose-eugenol was at 96.2 μg/ml and the decreased of osteosarcoma cell survival was 48%. Conclucion: These findings strongly indicate that K7M2 cells would be affected by toxicity of Dglucose- eugenol. Therefore, the present study suggests that D-glucose-eugenol has high potential to act as an anti-proliferative agent who may promise a new modality or approach as the drug delivery treatment for cancer or chemotherapeutic agent.

  14. Sammour RMF, Chatterjee B, Taher M, Saleh MSM, Shahiwala A
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2021;18(9):1272-1279.
    PMID: 33605859 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210219105509
    BACKGROUND: Improved bioavailability of Aceclofenac (ACE) may be achieved through proniosomes, which are considered as one of the most effective drug delivery systems and are expected to represent a valuable approach for the development of better oral dosage form as compared to the existing product. However, the carrier in this system plays a vital role in controlling the drug release and modulating drug dissolution. Accordingly, a comparative study on different carriers can give a clear idea about the selection of carriers to prepare ACE proniosomes.

    OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the role of maltodextrin, glucose, and mannitol as carriers for in vitro and in vivo performance of Aceclofenac (ACE) proniosomes.

    METHODS: Three formulations of proniosomes were prepared by the slurry method using the 100 mg ACE, 500 mg span 60, 250 mg cholesterol with 1300mg of different carriers, i.e., glucose (FN1), maltodextrin (FN2), and mannitol (FN3). In vitro drug release studies were conducted by the USP paddle method, while in vivo studies were performed in albino rats. Pure ACE was used as a reference in all the tests. Lastly, the results were analyzed using the High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method, and data were evaluated using further kinetic and statistical tools.

    RESULTS: No significant differences (p > 0.05) in entrapment efficiency (%EE) of FN1, FN2, and FN3 (82 ± 0.5%, 84 ± 0.66%, and 84 ± 0.34% respectively) were observed and formulations were used for further in vitro and in vivo evaluations. During in vitro drug release studies, the dissolved drug was found to be 42% for the pure drug, while 70%, 17%, and 30% for FN1, FN2, and FN3, respectively, at 15 min. After 24 hrs, the pure drug showed a maximum of 50% release while 94%, 80%, and 79% drug release were observed after 24 hr for FN1, FN2, and FN3, respectively. The in vivo study conducted on albino rats showed a higher Cmax and AUC of FN1 and FN2 in comparison with the pure ACE. Moreover, the relative oral bioavailability of proniosomes with maltodextrin and glucose as carriers compared to the pure drug was 183% and 112%, respectively. Mannitol- based formulation exhibited low bioavailability (53.7%) that may be attributed to its osmotic behavior.

    CONCLUSION: These findings confirm that a carrier plays a significant role in determining in vitro and in vivo performance of proniosomes and careful selection of carrier is an important aspect of proniosomes optimization.

  15. Eh Suk VR, Chung I, Misran M
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2020;17(4):292-302.
    PMID: 32039684 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200210122933
    BACKGROUND: Liposomes are mostly known to be prepared from phospholipids and lipids and have a remarkable capacity to encapsulate both lipophobic and lipophilic molecules. However, there is little research on developing fatty acid liposomes for chemotherapy.

    OBJECTIVE: We have successfully prepared mixed fatty acid liposomes from two monounsaturated fatty acids, namely oleic acid and erucic acid, which stabilised by DOPEPEG2000. The Critical Vesicular Concentration (CVC) of liposomes was found to be within 0.09 to 0.21 mmol dm-3, with an average particle size of 400 nm.

    METHODS: Encapsulation of various anticancer drugs such as folinic acid, methotrexate, doxorubicin, or irinotecan resulted in Encapsulation Efficiency (%EE) of up to 90%. Using a 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2- yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the median Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) values of mixed oleic acid-erucic acid encapsulating hydrophilic drugs was remarkably reduced at the end of 24 hours of incubation with the human lung carcinoma cell line A549.

    RESULTS: The results suggest that mixed oleic acid-erucic acid liposomes are a potential new approach to further develop as an alternative vehicle of various drugs for cancer treatment.

  16. Varma LT, Singh N, Gorain B, Choudhury H, Tambuwala MM, Kesharwani P, et al.
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2020;17(4):279-291.
    PMID: 32039683 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200210122340
    The collection of different bulk materials forms the nanoparticles, where the properties of the nanoparticle are solely different from the individual components before being ensembled. Selfassembled nanoparticles are basically a group of complex functional units that are formed by gathering the individual bulk components of the system. It includes micelles, polymeric nanoparticle, carbon nanotubes, liposomes and niosomes, etc. This self-assembly has progressively heightened interest to control the final complex structure of the nanoparticle and its associated properties. The main challenge of formulating self-assembled nanoparticle is to improve the delivery system, bioavailability, enhance circulation time, confer molecular targeting, controlled release, protection of the incorporated drug from external environment and also serve as nanocarriers for macromolecules. Ultimately, these self-assembled nanoparticles facilitate to overcome the physiological barriers in vivo. Self-assembly is an equilibrium process where both individual and assembled components are subsisting in equilibrium. It is a bottom up approach in which molecules are assembled spontaneously, non-covalently into a stable and welldefined structure. There are different approaches that have been adopted in fabrication of self-assembled nanoparticles by the researchers. The current review is enriched with strategies for nanoparticle selfassembly, associated properties, and its application in therapy.
  17. Subramanian P, Rajnikanth PS, Kumar M, Chidambram K
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2020;17(1):74-86.
    PMID: 31721703 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666191112111610
    OBJECTIVE: A novel, Supersaturable Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (S-SNEDDS) has been prepared to improve the Dutasteride's poor aqueous solubility.

    METHODS: By adding Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) as a precipitation inhibitor to conventional SNEDDS, a supersaturable system was prepared. Firstly, the prepared SNEDDS played an important role in increasing the aqueous solubility and hence oral absorption due to nano-range size. Secondly, the S-SNEDDS found to be advantageous over SNEDDS for having a higher drug load and inhibition of dilution precipitation of Dutasteride. Formulated S-SNEDDS (F1-F9) ranged from 37.42 ± 1.02 to 68.92 ± 0.09 nm with PDI 0.219-0.34 and drug loading of over 95 percent.

    RESULTS: The study of in-vitro dissolution revealed higher dissolution for S-SNEDDS compared to SNEDDS and Avodart soft gelatin capsule as a commercial product. In addition, higher absorption was observed for S-SNEDDS showing approximately 1.28 and 1.27 fold AUC (0-24h) and Cmax compared to commercial products. Therefore, S-SNEDDS has proven as a novel drug delivery system with a higher drug load, higher self-emulsification efficiency, higher stability, higher dissolution and pronounced absorption.

    CONCLUSION: In conclusion, S-SNEDDS could be a newly emerging approach to enhance aqueous solubility in many folds for drugs belonging to BCS Class II and IV and thus absorption and oral bioavailability.

  18. Abdalla SSI, Katas H, Azmi F, Busra MFM
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2020;17(2):88-100.
    PMID: 31880259 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666191227094334
    Fast progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology has contributed to the way in which people diagnose, combat, and overcome various diseases differently from the conventional methods. Metal nanoparticles, mainly silver and gold nanoparticles (AgNPs and AuNPs, respectively), are currently developed for many applications in the medical and pharmaceutical area including as antibacterial, antibiofilm as well as anti-leshmanial agents, drug delivery systems, diagnostics tools, as well as being included in personal care products and cosmetics. In this review, the preparation of AgNPs and AuNPs using different methods is discussed, particularly the green or bio- synthesis method as well as common methods used for their physical and chemical characterization. In addition, the mechanisms of the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of AgNPs and AuNPs are discussed, along with the toxicity of both nanoparticles. The review will provide insight into the potential of biosynthesized AgNPs and AuNPs as antimicrobial nanomaterial agents for future use.
  19. Shrivastava G, Bakshi HA, Aljabali AA, Mishra V, Hakkim FL, Charbe NB, et al.
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2020;17(2):101-111.
    PMID: 31906837 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200106104332
    BACKGROUND: Nucleus targeted drug delivery provides several opportunities for the treatment of fatal diseases such as cancer. However, the complex nucleocytoplasmic barriers pose significant challenges for delivering a drug directly and efficiently into the nucleus. Aptamers representing singlestranded DNA and RNA qualify as next-generation highly advanced and personalized medicinal agents that successfully inhibit the expression of certain proteins; possess extraordinary gene-expression for manoeuvring the diseased cell's fate with negligible toxicity. In addition, the precisely directed aptamers to the site of action present a tremendous potential to reach the nucleus by escaping the ensuing barriers to exhibit a better drug activity and gene expression.

    OBJECTIVE: This review epigrammatically highlights the significance of targeted drug delivery and presents a comprehensive description of the principal barriers faced by the nucleus targeted drug delivery paradigm and ensuing complexities thereof. Eventually, the progress of nucleus targeting with nucleic acid aptamers and success achieved so far have also been reviewed.

    METHODS: Systematic literature search was conducted of research published to date in the field of nucleic acid aptamers.

    CONCLUSION: The review specifically points out the contribution of individual aptamers as the nucleustargeting agent rather than aptamers in conjugated form.

  20. Mansor NI, Nordin N, Mohamed F, Ling KH, Rosli R, Hassan Z
    Curr Drug Deliv, 2019;16(8):698-711.
    PMID: 31456519 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190828153017
    Many drugs have been designed to treat diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), especially neurodegenerative diseases. However, the presence of tight junctions at the blood-brain barrier has often compromised the efficiency of drug delivery to target sites in the brain. The principles of drug delivery systems across the blood-brain barrier are dependent on substrate-specific (i.e. protein transport and transcytosis) and non-specific (i.e. transcellular and paracellular) transport pathways, which are crucial factors in attempts to design efficient drug delivery strategies. This review describes how the blood-brain barrier presents the main challenge in delivering drugs to treat brain diseases and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of ongoing neurotherapeutic delivery strategies in overcoming this limitation. In addition, we discuss the application of colloidal carrier systems, particularly nanoparticles, as potential tools for therapy for the CNS diseases.
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