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  1. Ab Aziz S, Mohd Nasir MH, Jusoh AR, Azman KF, Ismail CAN, Ahmad AH, et al.
    Heliyon, 2024 Feb 29;10(4):e26106.
    PMID: 38390049 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26106
    Olfactory marker protein (OMP) is extensively studied in mature olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) for understanding olfaction physiology. However, no bibliometric analysis on this topic exists. We conducted a bibliometric analysis of OMP research articles, wherein the publication count was assessed by year, country, journal, and author, collaboration by country, and productivity of the authors. Additionally, key terms and research themes were identified. Using the search phrase "olfactory marker protein" in Scopus, we retrieved 691 original research articles by 2487 authors since 1974. Publications showed an increasing trend, with the United States leading in quantity and collaboration. Our thematic map highlights "Olfactory bulb, regeneration, olfactory" as the primary research domain, while "olfaction, olfactory sensory neuron, glomerulus" and "olfactory receptor neurons, apoptosis, olfactory dysfunction" emerge as essential future research topics. These bibliometric findings offer insights into the global OMP research landscape, guiding researchers in potential collaborations and intriguing future research fields.
  2. Ab Hamid N, Mohd Noor SN, Susubi J, Isa NR, Md Rodzay R, Bachtiar Effendi AM, et al.
    Heliyon, 2020 Jan;6(1):e03230.
    PMID: 31993521 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03230
    In recent decades, dengue incidence has trended upward worldwide causing urgent needs for new or modified vector control methods. We modified the existing indoor residual spraying (IRS) method by applying insecticide on the outer walls of building structures in an outdoor residual spraying (ORS) study. A semi-field study was conducted to investigate the bio-efficacy of two different deltamethrin formulations: K-Othrine® Polyzone, new polymer-enhanced deltamethrin formulated as a suspension concentrate (SC-PE), and K-Othrine® WG 250, traditional deltamethrin formulated as water dispersible granule (WG). The residual bio-efficacy of deltamethrin SC-PE was compared to deltamethrin WG on finished cement surfaces applied to the outer walls at the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), Malaysia. Standard WHO cone wall bioassays were adapted to evaluate the effective duration of action of these deltamethrin formulations against susceptible laboratory-reared and wild, free-flying Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Analyses of bioassay results showed that deltamethrin SC-PE 30 mg/m2 has improved longevity in comparison to deltamethrin WG 30 mg/m2. Deltamethrin SC-PE 30 mg/m2 was effective until week 17 (producing > 80% mortality), surpassing deltamethrin WG 30 mg/m2 which only lasted until week 10. This was supported by post-hoc test analyses which demonstrated that deltamethrin SC-PE 30 mg/m2 produced the highest mean of mortality in laboratory-reared Aedes species and the wild Ae. albopictus. However, the effective duration of action of deltamethrin SC-PE (17 weeks) was less than the recommended period by WHO (6 months) but was reasonable given that the spraying was undertaken outdoor. This preliminary data could be of use for the deployment of locally adapted ORS operation in controlling dengue.
  3. Ab Manaf N, Sa'at NH, A Rahim NAA, Kamaruddin SNAA, Abdullah SS, Omar K
    Heliyon, 2023 Jun;9(6):e16399.
    PMID: 37303545 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16399
    The Kenyir Lake side community offers numerous advantages to the local community. However, the problems of backwardness and poverty have been identified as the government's main challenges in its efforts to develop the community and maximise the advantages. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the Kenyir Lake community's profile and assess its well-being. The study was conducted in three sub-districts near Tasik Kenyir, namely Kuala Berang, Hulu Telemong, and Jenagor, with a total of 510 respondents, who are heads of households (HOH). This study was carried out using a quantitative approach using questionnaire with a simple random sampling method. The findings of this study offered demographic profiling and discovered nine indicators of well-being, namely 1) Life Achievement, 2) Health Level, 3) Family Relationship, 4) Community Relationship, 5) Spiritual Level, 6) Safety Level and Social Problems, 7) Income or Finance, 8) Basic Facilities, and 9) Communication Technology. The study found that most respondents are satisfied with their lives now compared to 10 years ago. This study will help many parties to develop the Kenyir Lake Side Community, starting from the local authorities to the highest administration in the country.
  4. Ab Razak S, Mad Radzuan S, Mohamed N, Nor Azman NHE, Abd Majid AM, Ismail SN, et al.
    Heliyon, 2020 Sep;6(9):e05077.
    PMID: 33024864 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05077
    The trend of microsatellite marker discovery and development revolved as a result of the advancement of next generation sequencing (NGS) technology as it has developed numerous microsatellites within a short period of time at a low cost. This study generated microsatellite markers using RAD sequencing technologies for the understudied Nephelium lappaceum. A total of 1403 microsatellite markers were successfully designed, which consisted of 853 di-, 525 tri-, 17 tetra-, 5 penta-, and 3 hexanucleotide microsatellite markers. Subsequently, selection of 39 microsatellites was made for the evaluation of genetic diversity of the selected 22 rambutan varieties. Twelve microsatellites, which exhibited high call rates across the samples, were used to assess the diversity of the aforementioned rambutan varieties. The analysis of 12 microsatellites revealed the presence of 72 alleles and six alleles per locus in average. Furthermore, the polymorphic information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.326 (NlaSSR20) to 0.832 (NlaSSR32), which included an average of 0.629 per locus, while the generated Neighbour Joining dendrogram showed two major clusters. The pairwise genetic distance of shared alleles exhibited a range of values from 0.046 (R134↔R170) to 0.818 (R5↔R170), which suggested highest dissimilarity detected between R5 and R170. Notably, these research findings would useful for varietal identification, proper management and conservation of the genetic resources, and exploitation and utilization in future breeding programs.
  5. Abbas M, Aslam S, Abdullah FA, Riaz MB, Gepreel KA
    Heliyon, 2023 Sep;9(9):e19307.
    PMID: 37810099 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19307
    Spline curves are very prominent in the mathematics due to their simple construction, accuracy of assessment and ability to approximate complicated structures into interactive curved designs. A spline is a smooth piece-wise polynomial function. The primary goal of this study is to use extended cubic B-spline (ExCuBS) functions with a new second order derivative approximation to obtain the numerical solution of the weakly singular kernel (SK) non-linear fractional partial integro-differential equation (FPIDE). The spatial and temporal fractional derivatives are discretized by ExCuBS and the Caputo finite difference scheme, respectively. The present study found that it is stable and convergent. The validity of the current approach is examined on a few test problems, and the obtained outcomes are compared with those that have previously been reported in the literature.
  6. Abd Aziz AU, Ammarullah MI, Ng BW, Gan HS, Abdul Kadir MR, Ramlee MH
    Heliyon, 2024 Feb 29;10(4):e26660.
    PMID: 38404809 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26660
    Previous works had successfully demonstrated the clinical effectiveness of unilateral external fixator in treating various types of fracture, ranging from the simple type, such as oblique and transverse fractures, to complex fractures. However, literature that investigated its biomechanical analyses to further justify its efficacy is limited. Therefore, this paper aimed to analyse the stability of unilateral external fixator for treating different types of fracture, including the simple oblique, AO32C3 comminuted, and 20 mm gap transverse fracture. These fractures were reconstructed at the distal diaphysis of the femoral bone and computationally analysed through the finite element method under the stance phase condition. Findings showed a decrease in the fixation stiffness in large gap fracture (645.2 Nmm-1 for oblique and comminuted, while 23.4 Nmm-1 for the gap fracture), which resulted in higher displacement, IFM and stress distribution at the pin bone interface. These unfavourable conditions could consequently increase the risk of delayed union, pin loosening and infection, as well as implant failure. Nevertheless, the stress observed on the fracture surfaces was relatively low and in controlled amount, indicating that bone unity is still allowable in all models. Briefly, the unilateral fixation may provide desirable results in smaller fracture gap, but its usage in larger gap fracture might be alarming. These findings could serve as a guide and insight for surgeons and researchers, especially on the biomechanical stability of fixation in different fracture types and how will it affect bone unity.
  7. Abd Rahim SH, Zainol N, Samad KA
    Heliyon, 2022 Nov;8(11):e11851.
    PMID: 36458307 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11851
    The abundance of pineapple waste generated in Malaysia has becomes a serious issue as it puts our environment in grave danger. The presence of chlorophyll in pineapple waste has attracted many researchers to produce a natural dye from chlorophyll as a sensitizer for solar cells. Natural dyes can be considered a promising substitute for synthetic dyes as they are more environmentally friendly and cost less when compared to the synthetic dyes that are currently available on the market. This research aims to optimize the conditions of chlorophyll extraction from pineapple leaves using a mechanical extraction method. A response surface methodology was used to design an experimental design table using a central composite design based on two significant factors. The extraction cycle and the storage time varied between 1 and 5 cycles and 7 and 9 h, respectively, were studied. From the study, the maximum concentration of total chlorophyll (TC) was 693.292 mg/L. The optimum conditions for extraction cycle and storage time were at 3 cycles and 8 h, respectively. Among those two factors, it has been discovered that the storage time has a smaller p-value (p = 0.1106) than the extraction cycle, indicating that this factor was the critical factor affecting the TC concentration. The value of R2 for the analysis was 0.8673, making the analysis a well-fitted model. Thus, it has been established that the models are suitable for optimizing the extraction conditions in order to maximize the concentration of TC using the mechanical method.
  8. Abd Rahman A, Kamardin K, Yamada Y, Takahashi M
    Heliyon, 2024 Mar 30;10(6):e28061.
    PMID: 38545209 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28061
    In radio wave hyperthermia therapy, array antenna configuration was mainly studied to generate a small spot at the diseased part. Array antennas have the flexibility in controlling radiation performance, such as spot positions, by using their numerous radiating elements. However, the flexibility is achieved at the expense of antenna structure complexity. On the other hand, a lens antenna can concentrate radio waves into a small spot by forming a lens shape. The simplicity of a lens antenna structure lends itself to easy handling in a practical application. Moreover, the frequency independence of the lens antenna allows for a more flexible selection of hyperthermia therapy frequencies. Therefore, the lens antenna is selected as a focusing antenna in this paper. The lens shaping method and the temperature increment measurement are the main contents of this paper. The designed lens has a diameter of 30 cm, a focusing distance of 30 cm, and a working frequency of 2.45 GHz. A thin lens design method is applied to reduce lens weight. Firstly, the focusing ability of the designed lens is ensured by comparing the spot size results of electromagnetic (EM) simulation with its theoretical value. A spot size of 1.77 cm is obtained in both cases. Next, the temperature increment is examined by EM simulations. The temperature at the 2 cm tumor was increased to 41 °C from the human body temperature of 37 °C by an input power of 10 Watts (W). For the temperature increment measurement, a tumor within human body phantom is utilized and the available input power is reduced to 4 W. The tumor temperature increased from 21.5 °C of room temperature to 24.4 °C, which was captured by a thermal imaging camera. As a result, the functionality of the lens antenna for hyperthermia therapy is verified.
  9. Abd Talib FNA, Marzuki M, Hoe SLL
    Heliyon, 2023 Jul;9(7):e17480.
    PMID: 37415945 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17480
    Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that can remove viral-infected tumour cells without antigen priming. This characteristic offers NK cells an edge over other immune cells as a potential therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this study, we report how cytotoxicity was evaluated in target NPC cell lines and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cells with effector NK-92, a commercially available NK cell line, by using xCELLigence RTCA system (a real-time, label-free impedance-based monitoring platform). Cell viability, proliferation and cytotoxicity were examined by RTCA. Cell morphology, growth and cytotoxicity were also monitored by microscopy. RTCA and microscopy showed that both target and effector cells were able to proliferate normally and to maintain original morphology in co-culture medium as they were in their own respective culture medium. As target and effector (T:E) cell ratios increased, cell viability as measured by arbitrary cell index (CI) values in RTCA decreased in all cell lines and PDX cells. NPC PDX cells were more sensitive to the cytotoxicity effect of NK-92 cells, than the NPC cell lines. These data were substantiated by GFP-based microscopy. We have shown how the RTCA system can be used for a high throughput screening of the effects of NK cells in cancer studies to obtain data such as cell viability, proliferation and cytotoxicity.
  10. Abdalkarem AAM, Ansaf R, Muzammil WK, Ibrahim A, Harun Z, Fazlizan A
    Heliyon, 2023 Nov;9(11):e21193.
    PMID: 37942161 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21193
    The airfoil blade is the primary component of a wind turbine, and its aerodynamic properties play a crucial role in determining the energy conversion efficiency of these blades. Many researchers have proposed different airfoil modifications intending to enhance the aerodynamic characteristics and limit the unsteady interaction with the atmospheric boundary layer. This study evaluates the benefits of mounting wedge tails (WTs) on the trailing edge of an airfoil. The aerodynamic characteristics of a 2-D, steady-state NACA 0021 airfoil featuring the wedge tails (WT) and fish wedge tails (FWT) were studied computationally by employing the shear stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model. Different WT and FWT configurations were studied at various wedge length (L) to wedge height (H) ratios, L/H, at the airfoil's trailing edge. The effects of different L/H ratios, including L/H > 1, L/H = 1, and L/H 
  11. Abdelhafez MA, Ahmed KM, Ahmed NM, Ismail M, Mohd Daud MNB, Ping NPT, et al.
    Heliyon, 2023 Nov;9(11):e20958.
    PMID: 37954333 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20958
    BACKGROUND: Women of reproductive age frequently suffer from psychiatric disorders. The risk of developing anxiety, bipolar, and depressive disorders is especially significant during the perinatal period.

    OBJECTIVES: This article aims to identify and discuss the different psychiatric conditions that might affect pregnant women and update the mother's carers about the recent and updated bidirectional relationship between psychiatric disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes, As well as the most updates in diagnostic and management strategies.

    METHODS: A thorough analysis of the literature was conducted using database searches in EMBASE, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed to obtain the objectives and aim of the study.

    RESULTS: The presence of maternal mental illness during pregnancy has been linked to preterm delivery, newborn hypoglycemia, poor neurodevelopmental outcomes, and disturbed attachment. Placental anomalies, small-for-gestational-age foetuses, foetal discomfort, and stillbirth are among more undesirable perinatal outcomes.

    CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy-related psychiatric disorders are frequent. The outcomes for pregnant women, infants, and women's health are all improved by proper diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric problems.

  12. Abdul Halim ND, Latif MT, Ahamad F, Dominick D, Chung JX, Juneng L, et al.
    Heliyon, 2018 Dec;4(12):e01054.
    PMID: 30603693 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01054
    This study aims to evaluate the air quality on Langkawi Island, a famous tourist destination in Malaysia, using 13 years of data (1999-2011) recorded by the Malaysian Department of Environment. Variations of seven air pollutants (O3, CO, NO, NO2, NOx, SO2 and PM10) and three meteorological factors (temperature, humidity and wind speed) were analysed. Statistical methods used to analyse the data included principal component regression (PCR) and sensitivity analysis. The results showed PM10 was the dominant air pollutant in Langkawi and values ranged between 5.0 μg m-3 and 183.2 μg m-3. The patterns of monthly values showed that the concentrations of measured air pollutants on Langkawi were higher during the south-west monsoon (June-September) due to seasonal biomass burning activities. High CO/NOx ratio values (between 28.3 and 43.6), low SO2/NOx ratio values (between 0.04 and 0.12) and NO/NO2 ratio values exceeding 2.2 indicate the source of air pollutants in this area was motor vehicles. PCR analysis grouped the seven variables into two factor components: the F1 component consisted of SO2, NO and NOx and the F2 component consisted of PM10. The F1 component (R2 = 0.931) indicated a stronger standardized coefficient value for meteorological variables compared to the F2 component (R2 = 0.059). The meteorological variables were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in influencing the distribution of the air pollutants. The status of air quality on the island could be improved through control on motor vehicle emissions as well as collaborative efforts to reduce regional air pollution, especially from biomass burning.
  13. Abdul Rahman MH, Sadi T, Ahmad AA, Masri IN, Mohammad Yusoff M, Kamaruddin H, et al.
    Heliyon, 2020 Aug;6(8):e04748.
    PMID: 32885080 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04748
    [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04486.].
  14. Abdul Rahman MH, Sadi T, Ahmad AA, Masri IN, Mohammad Yusoff M, Kamaruddin H, et al.
    Heliyon, 2020 Jul;6(7):e04486.
    PMID: 32715140 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04486
    Composting of yard waste is one of the waste management approaches in the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. The yard waste inventory was developed in the headquarters' area and a pilot-scale study was performed on the potential compost product. The total amount of yard waste generated from June 2017 to December 2017 was 16.75 tonnes with an average generation of 0.60 tonnes per week on the dry weight (d.w.) basis. The collected yard waste consisted of three major characteristics, namely dry leaves, fresh green leaves, and grass cuttings, and a waste estimation technique was applied to determine the composition of these three elements. The acquired information was used to formulate the initial compost mixture. The wastes were then mixed with an appropriate amount of livestock manure and other wastes to obtain the optimum initial C/N ratio, which was then found in the analysis to range between 25:1 and 42:1. Meanwhile, the C/N ratios obtained from the matured compost product were from 10:1 and 15:1. Moreover, most of the compost yield ranged between 50% and 70% (w w-1 d.w. basis), while the percentage of the seed germination in the compost was over 95%. The viability of the project was indicated from the economic analysis, with benefit to cost ratio (BCR) values of more than 1. The results also suggested that the large scale composting of yard waste in MARDI was feasible and its applicability is continuous. This technique also fulfilled the objective of producing quality compost, which was suitable for agricultural use.
  15. Abdul Razak SE, Mustapha M, Mohammed Shah S, Abu Kasim NA
    Heliyon, 2024 Feb 15;10(3):e24681.
    PMID: 38317937 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24681
    The sustainability issues resulting from Malaysian palm oil production have garnered much interest in the palm oil industry. Consequently, Malaysian palm oil industry is indirectly exposed to sustainability risks, including boycott and reputational and regulatory risks. Hence, the industry encounters intense pressure from numerous stakeholders to address sustainability issues. Prior studies propounded that sustainability risk management (SRM) could minimise the adverse impact of sustainability risks by addressing sustainability issues. Nevertheless, the implementation of sustainability risk management in Malaysia remains low as numerous companies are not ready for it. Drawing on contingency theory, the objective of this study is to investigate the influence of contextual factors that can influence companies' readiness in implementing sustainability risk management. Data was collected through the distribution of questionnaires between July and December 2020. A total of 407 questionnaires were distributed, with a response rate of 29 %. Resultantly, sustainability strategy, business size, top management support, and regulatory pressure positively and significantly influenced sustainability risk management implementation. The findings also expanded the current theoretical knowledge with valuable insights for policymakers regarding the factors influencing to companies' readiness in implementing SRM.
  16. Abdul Wahab MS, Abd Rahman S, Abu Samah R
    Heliyon, 2020 Nov;6(11):e05610.
    PMID: 33305039 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05610
    A two-level full factorial design was used to analyze several factors involved in PSF-GO-Pebax thin film nanocomposite membranes development. Permeate flux was chosen as a single response for four possible factors: Pebax selective layer concentration, amount of GO load to Pebax selective layer, Pebax-GO selective layer thickness, and amount of GO load to PSF substrate. The study is aimed at factors interaction and contribution towards the highest permeation flux via FFD and RSM approach. R2 obtained from the ANOVA is 0.9937 with Pebax concentration as the highest contributing factor. Pebax concentration-amount of GO load to PSF substrate is the only interaction contributing to the highest flux. A regression analysis concluded the study with model development and an optimized condition for the membrane design.
  17. Abdul-Majid M, Zahari SA, Othman N, Nadzri S
    Heliyon, 2024 Jan 30;10(2):e24316.
    PMID: 38312653 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24316
    This study aimed at determining the effects of technology adoption on farmers' well-being. Specifically, we analysed and extended the current understanding of the topic by focusing on the concepts of technology adoption and well-being. The data were sourced from 30 papers that were selected based on specific criteria from the WoS and Scopus databases. They were acquired through a systematic search and quality appraisal process. The adopted technology can be grouped into sustainable agricultural practices and innovations, digital agriculture and information technology, precision farming and resource management, financial inclusion and agricultural transactions, remote sensing and satellite technology, and agricultural programs and initiatives. Most papers indicated that technology adoption improved farmers' well-being which was basically measured using productivity and income. The measure however lacked farmers' value judgments, such as happiness. Agricultural technology could have a mixed effect on farmers' well-being, depending on the type of technology adopted and the compatibility of farmers with technology in their agricultural practices. This study will assist researchers in developing an appropriate framework and strategy to improve farmers' welfare, which can alleviate poverty. These may further help policymakers identify the best technological innovations that can improve farmers' economic and social welfare, thereby facilitating the development of plans to meet farmers' needs and interests. Finally, the study suggested future research directions for researchers and academics.
  18. Abdulhafiz F, Mohammed A, Reduan MFH, Hamzah Z, Kari ZA, Téllez-Isaías G
    Heliyon, 2023 Jul;9(7):e18069.
    PMID: 37483701 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18069
    Hyperuricemia has become a significant public-health concern in recent years, and the available treatments have been reported to have an adverse side effect on patients. Alocasia longiloba has been used traditionally in Malaysia for treating gout, inflammation, and wounds. However, the plant has not been investigated for its effects on hyperuricemia. This study investigated the anti-hyperuricemic and anti-inflammatory effects of A. longiloba extracts in hyperuricemic rats induced by potassium oxonate (250 mg/kg body weight). Rats were given A. longiloba extracts or a standard drug for two-week, and blood and tissue samples were collected for analysis. Results show that A. longiloba extracts significantly reduced serum uric acid levels in hyperuricemic rats and inhibited xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity in the liver and kidney, which could be the mechanism underlying the urate-lowering effects. The extracts also significantly (p 
  19. Abdullah N, Mohd Taib R, Mohamad Aziz NS, Omar MR, Md Disa N
    Heliyon, 2023 Jan;9(1):e12940.
    PMID: 36704268 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12940
    This study evaluated the properties of banana pseudo-stem (BPS) biochar derived from two different types of pyrolysis. The fast pyrolysis experiment was performed using a worktable-scale fluidized-bed reactor, while a bench-scale fixed-bed reactor was used in the slow pyrolysis experiment. The preliminary analysis shows that the feedstock contains 80.6 db wt% of volatile matter, 12.5 db wt% of ash and 33.6% of carbon content. Biochar yield reduces as the pyrolysis temperature elevates for both pyrolysis experiments. Fast pyrolysis yields a higher percentage of biochar (40.3%) than biochar yield obtained from the slow pyrolysis experiment (34.9 wt%) at a similar temperature of 500 °C. The evaluation of biochar derived at 500 °C shows that the biochar obtained from the slow pyrolysis process has higher carbon content, heating value, and surface area with lower ash content. Meanwhile, FESEM images show significant differences in surface morphology and the number of pores for biochar derived from fast and slow pyrolysis. These findings indicate the potential and suitability of BPS biochar derived from the slow pyrolysis process in applications such as soil amelioration and solid biofuel.
  20. Abdullah NNA, Ab Majid AH
    Heliyon, 2023 Jan;9(1):e12833.
    PMID: 36711302 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12833
    BACKGROUND: The American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, is the most prevalent domiciliary and invasive urban pest in the sewer and waste water system. It poses a substantial threat to human public health and home allergens. This study was conducted at Universiti Sains Malaysia main campus to highlight and provide information on the control and management of American cockroach infestations in sewage systems by comparing the efficiency of fipronil 0.05% gel bait with imidacloprid 2.5% gel bait. A total number of adult and nymph stages of trapped American cockroaches was recorded using glass jar traps at eight sampling sites. Gel baits were placed beneath the lids of each manhole shaft along the inner wall perimeter.

    RESULTS: The use of fipronil and imidacloprid gel baits in the sewer system resulted in a significant difference (P = 0.013). Imidacloprid 2.5% gel bait, compared to fipronil 0.05% gel bait, is the most effective treatment technique for reducing American cockroaches' population in sewer systems, with a high reduction percentage mean for both adult (91.17%) and nymph (85.50%) stages.

    CONCLUSION: As a conclusion, imidacloprid gel bait can effectively control cockroaches in sewer systems up to eight weeks.

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