Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 436 in total

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  1. Han C, Zheng Y, Huang S, Xu L, Zhou C, Sun Y, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Apr;263(Pt 1):130300.
    PMID: 38395276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130300
    This work employed the model protein β-lactoglobulin (BLG) to investigate the contribution of microstructural changes to regulating the interaction patterns between protein and flavor compounds through employing computer simulation and multi-spectroscopic techniques. The formation of molten globule (MG) state-like protein during the conformational evolution of BLG, in response to ultrasonic (UC) and heat (HT) treatments, was revealed through multi-spectroscopic characterization. Differential MG structures were distinguished by variations in surface hydrophobicity and the microenvironment of tryptophan residues. Fluorescence quenching measurements indicated that the formation of MG enhanced the binding affinity of heptanal to protein. LC-MS/MS and NMR revealed the covalent bonding between heptanal and BLG formed by Michael addition and Schiff-base reactions, and MG-like BLG exhibited fewer chemical shift residues. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the synergistic involvement of hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds in shaping BLG-heptanal complexes thus promoting the stability of BLG structures. These findings indicated that the production of BLG-heptanal complexes was driven synergistically by non-covalent and covalent bonds, and their interaction processes were influenced by processes-induced formation of MG potentially tuning the release and retention behaviors of flavor compounds.
  2. Alqarni LS, Algethami JS, El Kaim Billah R, Alorabi AQ, Alnaam YA, Algethami FK, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Apr;263(Pt 2):129989.
    PMID: 38354916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129989
    In this study, the synthesis and experimental theoretical evaluation of a new chitosan/alginate/hydrozyapatite nanocomposite doped with Mn2 and Fe2O3 for Cr removal was reported. The physicochemical properties of the obtained materials were analyzed using the following methods: SEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR, XPS, pH drift measurements, and thermal analysis. The adsorption properties were estimated based on equilibrium and adsorption kinetics measurements. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms were applied to analyze the equilibrium data. The thermodynamic analysis of adsorption isotherms was performed. A number of equations and kinetic models were used to describe the adsorption rate data, including pseudo-first (PFOE) and pseudo-second (PSOE) order kinetic equations. The obtained test results show that the synthesized biomaterial, compared to pure chitosan, is characterized by greater resistance to high temperatures. Moreover, this biomaterial had excellent adsorption properties. For the adsorption of Cr (VI), the equilibrium state was reached after 120 min, and the sorption capacity was 455.9 mg/g. In addition, DFT calculations and NCI analyses were performed to get more light on the adsorption mechanism of Cr (VI) on the prepared biocomposite.
  3. Reghioua A, Atia D, Hamidi A, Jawad AH, Abdulhameed AS, Mbuvi HM
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Apr;263(Pt 1):130304.
    PMID: 38382796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130304
    This present work targets the production of an eco-friendly adsorbent (hereinafter KA/CEL) from kaolin clay functionalized with cellulose extract obtained from peanut shells. The adsorbents were used for decolorization of two different types of organic dyes (cationic: methylene blue, MB; anionic: Congo red, CR) from an aqueous environment. Several analytical methods, including Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (surface properties), Fourier Transforms infrared (functionality), scanning electron microscope, Energy dispersive X-Ray (morphology), and pHpzc test (surface charge), were used to attain the physicochemical characteristics of KA/CEL. The Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was applied to determine the crucial factors affecting adsorption performance. These included cellulose loading at 25 %, an adsorbent dose of 0.06 g, solution pH set at 10 for MB and 7 for CR, a temperature of 45 °C, and contact times of 12.5 min for MB and 20 min for CR dye. The adsorption data exhibited better agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich models. The Langmuir model estimated the monolayer capacity to be 291.5 mg/g for MB and 130.7 mg/g for CR at a temperature of 45 °C. This study's pivotal finding underscores the promising potential of KA/CEL as an effective adsorbent for treating wastewater contaminated with organic dyes.
  4. Lee YL, Jaafar NR, Ling JG, Huyop F, Abu Bakar FD, Rahman RA, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Apr;263(Pt 1):130284.
    PMID: 38382786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130284
    Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most produced plastics globally and its accumulation in the environment causes harm to the ecosystem. Polyethylene terephthalate hydrolyse (PETase) is an enzyme that can degrade PET into its monomers. However, free PETase lacks operational stabilities and is not reusable. In this study, development of cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA) of PETase using amylopectin (Amy) as cross-linker was introduced to solve the limitations of free PETase. PETase-Amy-CLEA exhibited activity recovery of 81.9 % at its best immobilization condition. Furthermore, PETase-Amy-CLEA exhibited 1.37-, 2.75-, 2.28- and 1.36-fold higher half-lives than free PETase at 50 °C, 45 °C, 40 °C and 35 °C respectively. Moreover, PETase-Amy-CLEA showed broader pH stability from pH 5 to 10 and could be reused up to 5 cycles. PETase-Amy-CLEA retained >70 % of initial activity after 40 days of storage at 4 °C. In addition, lower Km of PETase-Amy-CLEA indicated better substrate affinity than free enzyme. PETase-Amy-CLEA corroded PET better and products yielded was 66.7 % higher than free PETase after 32 h of treatment. Hence, the enhanced operational stabilities, storage stability, reusability and plastic degradation ability are believed to make PETase-Amy-CLEA a promising biocatalyst in plastic degradation.
  5. Boey JY, Kong U, Lee CK, Lim GK, Oo CW, Tan CK, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Mar 25.
    PMID: 38537860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131079
    This study investigates the effects of SCG embedded into biodegradable polymer blends and aimed to formulate and characterise biomass-reinforced biocomposites using spent coffee ground (SCG) as reinforcement in PHB/PLA polymer blend. The effect of SCG filler loading and varying PHB/PLA ratios on the tensile properties and morphological characteristics of the biocomposites were examined. The results indicated that tensile properties reduction could be due to its incompatibility with the PHB/PLA matrixSCG aggregation at 40 wt% content resulted in higher void formation compared to lower content at 10 wt%. A PHB/PLA ratio of 50/50 with SCG loading 20 wt% was chosen for biocomposites with treated SCG. Biological treatment of SCG using Phanerochaete chrysosporium CK01 and Aspergillus niger DWA8 indicated P. chrysosporium CK01 necessitated a higher moisture content for optimum growth and enzyme production, whereas the optimal conditions for enzyme production (50-55 %, w/w) differed from those promoting A. niger DWA8 growth (40 %, w/w). SEM micrographs highlighted uniform distribution and effective wetting of treated SCG, resulting in improvements of tensile strength and modulus of biocomposites, respectively. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of sustainable fungal treatment in enhancing the interfacial adhesion between treated SCG and the PHB/PLA matrix.
  6. Ewuzie RN, Genza JR, Abdullah AZ
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Mar 21;265(Pt 2):131084.
    PMID: 38521312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131084
    Lignocellulosic biomass contains lignin, an aromatic and oxygenated substance and a potential method for lignin utilization is achieved through catalytic conversion into useful phenolic and aromatic monomers. The application of monometallic catalysts for lignin hydrogenolysis reaction remains one of the major reasons for the underutilization of lignin to produce valuable chemicals. Monometallic catalysts have many limitations such as limited catalytic sites for interacting with different lignin linkages, poor catalytic activity, low lignin conversion, and low product selectivity. It is due to lack of synergy with other metallic catalysts that can enhance the catalytic activity, stability, selectivity, and overall catalytic performance. To overcome these limitations, works on the application of bimetallic catalysts that can offer higher activity, selectivity, and stability have been initiated. In this review, cutting-edge insights into the catalytic hydrogenolysis of lignin, focusing on the production of phenolic and aromatic monomers using bimetallic catalysts within an internal hydrogen donor solvent are discussed. The contribution of this work lies in a critical discussion of recent reported findings, in-depth analyses of reaction mechanisms, optimal conditions, and emerging trends in lignin catalytic hydrogenolysis. The specific effects of catalytic active components on the reaction outcomes are also explored. Additionally, this review extends beyond current knowledge, offering forward-looking suggestions for utilizing lignin as a raw material in the production of valuable products across various industrial processes. This work not only consolidates existing knowledge but also introduces novel perspectives, paving the way for future advancements in lignin utilization and catalytic processes.
  7. Paul J, Jacob J, Mahmud M, Vaka M, Krishnan SG, Arifutzzaman A, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Mar 14.
    PMID: 38492706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130850
    Recent decades have witnessed a surge in research interest in bio-nanocomposite-based packaging materials, but still, a lack of systematic analysis exists in this domain. Bio-based packaging materials pose a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based packaging materials. The current work employs bibliometric analysis to deliver a comprehensive outline on the role of bio nanocomposites in packaging. India, Iran, and China were revealed to be the top three nations actively engaged in this domain in total publications. Islamic Azad University in Iran and Universiti Putra Malaysia in Malaysia are among the world's best institutions in active research and publications in this field. The extensive collaboration between nations and institutions highlights the significance of a holistic approach towards bio-nanocomposite. The National Natural Science Foundation of China is the leading funding body in this field of research. Among authors, Jong whan Rhim secured the topmost citations (2234) in this domain (13 publications). Among journals, Carbohydrate Polymers secured the maximum citation count (4629) from 36 articles; the initial one was published in 2011. Bio nanocomposite is the most frequently used keyword. Researchers and policymakers focussing on sustainable packaging solutions will gain crucial insights on the current research status on packaging solutions using bio-nanocomposites from the conclusions.
  8. Dzolkifle NAN, Wan Nawawi WMF
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Mar 13;265(Pt 1):130858.
    PMID: 38490398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130858
    Electrospinning has been acknowledged as an efficient technique for the fabrication of continuous nanofibers from polymeric based materials such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), cellulose acetate (CA), chitin nanocrystals and others. These nanofibers exhibit chemical and mechanical stability, high porosity, functionality, high surface area and one-dimensional orientation which make it extremely beneficial in industrial application. In recent years, research on chitin - a biopolymer derived from crustacean and fungal cell wall - had gained interest due to its unique structural arrangement, excellent physical and chemical properties, in which make it biodegradable, non-toxic and biocompatible. Chitin has been widely utilized in various applications such as wound dressings, drug delivery, tissue engineering, membranes, food packaging and others. However, chitin is insoluble in most solvents due to its highly crystalline structure. An appropriate solvent system is required for dissolving chitin to maximize its application and produce a fine and smooth electrospun nanofiber. This review focuses on the preparation of chitin polymer solution through dissolution process using different types of solvent system for electrospinning process. The effect of processing parameters also discussed by highlighting some representative examples. Finally, the perspectives are presented regarding the current application of electrospun chitin nanofibers in selected fields.
  9. Sadiq NM, Abdulwahid RT, Aziz SB, Woo HJ, Kadir MFZ
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Mar 11;265(Pt 1):130751.
    PMID: 38471616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130751
    The challenge in front of EDLC device is their low energy density compared to their battery counter parts. In the current study, a green plasticized nanocomposite sodium ion conducting polymer blend electrolytes (PNSPBE) was developed by incorporating plasticized Chitosan (CS) blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), doped with NaBr salt with various concentration of CaTiO3 nanoparticles. The most optimized PNSPBE film was subsequently utilized in an EDLC device to evaluate its effectiveness both as an electrolyte and a separator. Structural and morphological changes were assessed using XRD and SEM techniques. The PNSPBE film demonstrated a peak ionic conductivity of 9.76×10-5 S/cm, as determined through EIS analysis. The dielectric and AC studies provided further confirmation of structural modifications within the sample. Both TNM and LSV analyses affirmed the suitability of the prepared electrolyte for energy device applications, evidenced by its adequate ion transference number and an electrochemical potential window of 2.86 V. Electrochemical properties were assessed via CV and GCD techniques, confirming non-Faradaic ion storage, indicated by the rectangular CV pattern at low scan rates. The parameters associated with the designed EDLC device including specific capacitance, ESR, power density (1950 W/kg) and energy density (12.3 Wh/kg) were determined over 1000 cycles.
  10. Olunusi SO, Ramli NH, Fatmawati A, Ismail AF, Okwuwa CC
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Mar 07;264(Pt 2):130682.
    PMID: 38460636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130682
    Tropical fruits, predominantly cultivated in Southeast Asia, are esteemed for their nutritional richness, distinctive taste, aroma, and visual appeal when consumed fresh. However, postharvest challenges have led to substantial global wastage, nearly 50 %. The advent of edible biopolymeric nanoparticles presents a novel solution to preserve the fruits' overall freshness. These nanoparticles, being edible, readily available, biodegradable, antimicrobial, antioxidant, Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS), and non-toxic, are commonly prepared via ionic gelation owing to the method's physical crosslinking, simplicity, and affordability. The resulting biopolymeric nanoparticles, with or without additives, can be employed in basic formulations or as composite blends with other materials. This study aims to review the capabilities of biopolymeric nanoparticles in enhancing the physical and sensory aspects of tropical fruits, inhibiting microbial growth, and prolonging shelf life. Material selection for formulation is crucial, considering coating materials, the fruit's epidermal properties, internal and external factors. A variety of application techniques are covered such as spraying, and layer-by-layer among others, including their advantages, and disadvantages. Finally, the study addresses safety measures, legislation, current challenges, and industrial perspectives concerning fruit edible coating films.
  11. Li QZ, Xiong C, Wong WC, Zhou LW
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Mar;260(Pt 2):129528.
    PMID: 38246471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129528
    Ganoderma is a well-known medicinal macrofungal genus, of which several species have been thoroughly studied from the medicinal perspective, but most species are rarely involved in. In this study, we focus on the polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma boninense and their antioxidant activity. Ganoderma boninense is a serious pathogen of oil palms that are cultivated commercially in Southeast Asia. Response surface methodology was conducted to optimize the liquid medium composition, and the mycelia biomass reached 7.063 g/L, that is, 1.4-fold compared with the seed medium. The crude and purified polysaccharides extracted from the fermentation broth showed well 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging abilities, and the scavenging abilities of purified polysaccharides reached 94.47 % and 99.88 %, respectively. Six fractions of polysaccharides were extracted and purified from fruiting bodies, mycelia and fermentation broth separately with the elution buffers of distilled water and 0.1 M NaCl solution. Generally, the polysaccharides from fruiting bodies showed stronger protective effect on H2O2-induced HepG2 cell oxidative damage than other fractions. A total of five to seven monosaccharides were identified in the six fractions of polysaccharides. The correlation analysis revealed that the content of fucose was significantly correlated with the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides, while xylose showed negative correlation results. In summary, the polysaccharides from G. boninense have a potential to be used as natural antioxidants.
  12. Chamathka WWDR, Chai TT, Phuah ET, Wong JX, Chen SN, Yassoralipour A
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Mar;260(Pt 2):129637.
    PMID: 38262554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129637
    The research aimed to explore the potential of palm kernel meal (PKM) as a sustainable source of cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) for active food packaging. The CNPs were isolated using a combination of chemical techniques, such as alkaline treatment, bleaching, and acid hydrolysis. The characterization of the CNPs was analysed using various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The findings revealed that chemical processing effectively removed lignin and hemicellulose from PKM. The SEM morphology confirmed the separation of the CNPs, resulting in the production of 40-100 nm spherical cellulose nanoparticles, while XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed their purity and composition. Moreover, the UV-visible spectroscopy exhibited high transmittance rates, indicating the potential of CNPs as reinforcing agents for polymer matrices. The significance of utilising PKM as a valuable fibre source for extracting CNPs can be recommended for developing active food packaging.
  13. Nanda A, Pandey P, Rajinikanth PS, Singh N
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Mar;260(Pt 1):129416.
    PMID: 38224810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129416
    Zein, a protein-based biopolymer derived from corn, has garnered attention as a promising and eco-friendly choice for packaging food due to its favorable physical attributes. The introduction of electrospinning technology has significantly advanced the production of zein-based nanomaterials. This cutting-edge technique enables the creation of nanofibers with customizable structures, offering high surface area and adjustable mechanical and thermal attributes. Moreover, the electrospinning process allows for integrating various additives, such as antioxidants, antimicrobial agents, and flavoring compounds, into the zein nanofibers, enhancing their functionalities for food preservation. In this comprehensive review, the various electrospinning techniques employed for crafting zein-based nanofibers, and we delve into their enhanced properties. Furthermore, the review illuminates the potential applications of zein nanofibers in active and intelligent packaging materials by incorporating diverse constituents. Altogether, this review highlights the considerable prospects of zein-based nanocomposites in the realm of food packaging, offering sustainable and innovative solutions for food industry.
  14. Lau WN, Mohammadi Nafchi A, Zargar M, Rozalli NHM, Mat Easa A
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Mar;260(Pt 2):129589.
    PMID: 38296665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129589
    The aim of this work was to fabricate an intelligent film using sago starch incorporated with the natural source of anthocyanins from the Bauhinia Kockiana flower and use it to monitor the freshness of coconut milk. The films were developed using the casting method that included the addition of the different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 mg) of Bauhinia Kockiana extract (BKE) obtained using a solvent. The anthocyanin content of Bauhinia Kockiana was 262.17 ± 9.28 mg/100 g of fresh flowers. The spectral characteristics of BKE solutions, cross-section morphology, physiochemical, barrier, and mechanical properties, and the colour variations of films in different pH buffers were investigated. Films having the highest BKE concentration demonstrated the roughest structure and highest thickness (0.16 mm), moisture content (9.72 %), swelling index (435.83 %), water solubility (31.20 %), and elongation at break (262.32 %) compared to the other films. While monitoring the freshness of coconut milk for 16 h, BKE15 showed remarkable visible colour changes (from beige to dark brown), and the pH of coconut milk dropped from 6.21 to 4.56. Therefore, sago starch film incorporated with BKE has excellent potential to act as an intelligent pH film in monitoring the freshness of coconut milk.
  15. Hamidon TS, Idris NN, Adnan R, Haafiz MKM, Zahari A, Hussin MH
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Mar;262(Pt 2):130239.
    PMID: 38367788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130239
    Herein, cellulose nanocrystals were synthesized from oil palm fronds (CNC-OPF) involving two pretreatment approaches, viz. autohydrolysis and soda pulping. The pretreatments were applied individually to OPF fibers to assess their influence on CNCs' physicochemical and thermal properties. CNC-OPF samples were assessed using complementary characterization techniques, which confirmed their purity and characteristics. CP/MAS 13C NMR and TEM studies revealed that autohydrolysis pretreatment yielded CNCs with effective hemicellulose and extractives removal compared to that of soda pulping. XRD analysis demonstrated that autohydrolysis-treated CNC-OPF contained a much higher crystallinity index compared to soda pulping treatment. BET measurement disclosed a relatively higher surface area and wider pore diameter of autohydrolysis-treated CNC-OPF. Autohydrolysis-treated CNCs were applied as a reinforcement filler in alginate-based hydrogel beads for the removal of 4-chlorophenol from water, which attained a qmax of 19.168 mg g-1. BET analysis revealed the less porous nature of CNC-ALG hydrogel beads which could have contributed to hydrogel beads' relatively lower adsorption capacity. The point of zero charge of CNC-ALG hydrogel beads was 4.82, suggesting their applicability only within a short solution pH range. This study directs future studies to unveil the possibilities of functionalizing CNCs in order to enhance the adsorption performance of CNC-immobilized hydrogel beads towards 4-chlorophenol and other organic contaminants.
  16. Gong J, Hou L, Ching YC, Ching KY, Hai ND, Chuah CH
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Feb 29.
    PMID: 38431004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130525
    To realize the maximum therapeutic activity of medicine and protect the body from the adverse effects of active ingredients, drug delivery systems (DDS) featured with targeted transportation sites and controllable release have captured extensive attention over the past decades. Hydrogels with unique three-dimensional (3D) porous structures present tunable capacity, controllable degradation, various stimuli sensitivity, therapeutic agents encapsulation, and loaded drugs protection properties, which endow hydrogels with bred-in-the-bone advantages as vehicles for drug delivery. In recent years, with the impressive consciousness of the "back-to-nature" concept, biomass materials are becoming the 'rising star' as the hydrogels building blocks for controlled drug release carriers due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity properties. In particular, cellulose and its derivatives are promising candidates for fabricating hydrogels as their rich sources and high availability, and various smart cellulose-based hydrogels as targeted carriers under exogenous such as light, electric field, and magnetic field or endogenous such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, and redox gradients. In this review, we summarized the main synthetic strategies of smart cellulose-based hydrogels including physical and chemical cross-linking, and illustrated the detailed intelligent-responsive mechanism of hydrogels in DDS under external stimulus. Additionally, the ongoing development and challenges of cellulose-based hydrogels in the biomedical field are also presented.
  17. Lee JY, Tan LW, Lee KV, Beh KP, Goh CF
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Feb 02;261(Pt 2):129935.
    PMID: 38309389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129935
    Rice starch is a promising biopolymer for buccal formulations but typical oven drying may promote starch retrogradation that affects mechanical properties. Hence, lyophilisation was proposed here to improve starch product's stability. This study aims to investigate the effects of plasticisers (sorbitol and Tween® 80, T80) on the characteristics and drug release profiles of lyophilised rice starch wafers incorporated with propranolol hydrochloride. The wafers were prepared by lyophilising starch mixture (5%w/v) with plasticiser (0.2 and 0.3 g/g) and drug (10, 20, 30%w/w). Control wafers exhibited loose layers with rough wrinkled surface. Sorbitol resulted in a dense structure with higher puncture strength (PS) but lower water absorption capacity (WAC) while T80 loosened the flakes that reduced PS and increased WAC. Drug inclusion decreased PS and increased WAC of unplasticised wafers. T80-plasticised wafers with drug had a lower PS and higher WAC than sorbitol-plasticised wafers. Particularly, T80-plasticised wafers achieved outstandingly high PS and the lowest WAC at 30%w/w drug. Drug dissolution of wafers relied mainly on the drug crystallinity and WAC at 10 and 30%w/w drug. Plasticisers reduced and increased drug dissolution at 10 and 20%w/w drug, respectively. This study highlights the potential of lyophilisation in preparing rice starch wafers for buccal delivery.
  18. Yahya M, Sakti SCW, Fahmi MZ, Chuah CH, Lee HV
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Feb;257(Pt 2):128696.
    PMID: 38072349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128696
    This study focuses on the preparation of mangosteen rind-derived nanocellulose via green ascorbic acid hydrolysis. Subsequently, milk protein-grafted nanocellulose particles were developed as a renewable Pickering emulsifier for water-oil stabilization. The stabilizing efficiency of modified nanocellulose (NC-S) at different caseinate (milk protein) concentrations (1.5, 3.0, and 4.0 % w/v) was tested in a water-in-oil emulsion (W/O ratio of 40:60). At a concentration 3.0 % w/v of caseinate (3.0NC-S), the emulsion exhibited a stronger network of adsorption between water, Pickering emulsifier, and oil. This resulted in reduced oil droplet flocculation, increased stability over a longer period, and favorable emulsifying properties, as depicted in the creaming index profile, oil droplet distribution, and rheology analysis. Since 3.0NC-S demonstrated the best colloidal stability, further focus will be placed on its microstructural properties, comparing them with those of mangosteen rind (MG), cellulose, and nanocellulose (NC-L). The XRD profile indicated that both NC-L and NC-S possessed a cellulose nanocrystal structure characterized as type I beta with a high crystallinity index above 60 %. Morphology investigation shown that the NC-L present in the spherical shape of particles with nanosized ranging at diameters of 11.27 ± 0.50 nm and length 11.76 ± 0.46 nm, while modified NC-S showed increase sized at 14.26 ± 4.60 nm and length 14.96 ± 4.94 nm. The increment of particle sizes from NC-L to NC-S indicated 2.82 × 10-15 mg/m2 of surface protein coverage by caseinate functional groups.
  19. Rai R, Samanta D, Goh KM, Chadha BS, Sani RK
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Feb;257(Pt 2):128679.
    PMID: 38072346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128679
    The glycoside hydrolase family 39 (GH39) proteins are renowned for their extremophilic and multifunctional enzymatic properties, yet the molecular mechanisms underpinning these unique characteristics continue to be an active subject of research. In this study, we introduce WsuXyn, a GH39 protein with a molecular weight of 58 kDa, originating from the thermophilic Geobacillus sp. WSUCF1. Previously reported for its exceptional thermostable β-xylosidase activity, WsuXyn has recently demonstrated a significant endoxylanase activity (3752 U·mg-1) against beechwood xylan, indicating towards its bifunctional nature. Physicochemical characterization revealed that WsuXyn exhibits optimal endoxylanase activity at 70 °C and pH 7.0. Thermal stability assessments revealed that the enzyme is resilient to elevated temperatures, with a half-life of 168 h. Key kinetic parameters highlight the exceptional catalytic efficiency and strong affinity of the protein for xylan substrate. Moreover, WsuXyn-mediated hydrolysis of beechwood xylan has achieved 77 % xylan conversion, with xylose as the primary product. Structural analysis, amalgamated with docking simulations, has revealed strong binding forces between xylotetraose and the protein, with key amino acid residues, including Glu278, Tyr230, Glu160, Gly202, Cys201, Glu324, and Tyr283, playing pivotal roles in these interactions. Therefore, WsuXyn holds a strong promise for biodegradation and value-added product generation through lignocellulosic biomass conversion.
  20. Nyoo Putro J, Soetaredjo FE, Santoso SP, Irawaty W, Yuliana M, Wijaya CJ, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Feb;257(Pt 1):128502.
    PMID: 38040139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128502
    As a natural raw material to replace synthetic chemicals, cellulose and its derivatives are the most popular choices in the pharmaceutical industry. For drug delivery applications, cellulose is usually used as a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). CNC-based hydrogels are widely utilized for drug delivery because drug molecules can be encapsulated in their pore-like structures. This study aims to develop CNC hydrogels for the delivery of doripenem antibiotics. CNC was obtained from jackfruit peel extraction, and alginate was used as a network polymer to produce hydrogels. Ionotropic gelation was used in the synthesis of CNC-alginate hydrogel composites. The maximum adsorption of doripenem by CNC was 65.7 mg/g, while the maximum adsorption by CNC-alginate was 98.4 mg/g. One of the most challenging aspects of drug delivery is predicting drug release from a solid matrix using simple and complex mathematical equations. The sigmoidal equation could represent the doripenem release from CNC, while the Ritger-Peppas equation could describe the doripenem release from CNC-Alginate. The biocompatibility testing of CNC and CNC-alginate against a 7F2 cell line indicates that both materials were non-toxic.
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