Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 95 in total

Abstract:
Sort:
  1. Shi L, Fu X, Tan CP, Huang Q, Zhang B
    J Agric Food Chem, 2017 Mar 15;65(10):2189-2197.
    PMID: 28215072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05749
    Ethylene gas was introduced into granular cold-water-soluble (GCWS) starches using a solid encapsulation method. The morphological and structural properties of the novel inclusion complexes (ICs) were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and Raman spectroscopy. The V-type single helix of GCWS starches was formed through controlled gelatinization and ethanol precipitation and was approved to host ethylene gas. The controlled release characteristics of ICs were also investigated at various temperature and relative humidity conditions. Avrami's equation was fitted to understand the release kinetics and showed that the release of ethylene from the ICs was accelerated by increasing temperature or RH and was decelerated by increased degree of amylose polymerization. The IC of Hylon-7 had the highest ethylene concentration (31.8%, w/w) among the five starches, and the IC of normal potato starch showed the best controlled release characteristics. As a renewable and inexpensive material, GCWS starch is a desirable solid encapsulation matrix with potential in agricultural and food applications.
  2. Karim AA, Sufha EH, Zaidul IS
    J Agric Food Chem, 2008 Nov 26;56(22):10901-7.
    PMID: 18975963 DOI: 10.1021/jf8015442
    The effect of enzymatic pretreatment on the degree of corn and mung bean starch derivatization by propylene oxide was investigated. The starch was enzymatically treated in the granular state with a mixture of fungal alpha-amylase and glucoamylase at 35 degrees C for 16 h and then chemically modified to produce enzyme-hydrolyzed-hydroxypropyl (HP) starch. Partial enzyme hydrolysis of starch in the granular state appeared to enhance the subsequent hydroxypropylation, as judged from the significant increase in the molar substitution. A variable degree of granule modification was obtained after enzyme hydrolysis, and one of the determinants of the modification degree appeared to be the presence of natural pores in the granules. Enzyme-hydrolyzed-HP starch exhibited significantly different functional properties compared to hydroxypropyl starch prepared from untreated (native) starch. It is evident that the dual modification of starch using this approach provides a range of functional properties that can be customized for specific applications.
  3. Hossain MA, Ali ME, Abd Hamid SB, Asing, Mustafa S, Mohd Desa MN, et al.
    J Agric Food Chem, 2016 Aug 17;64(32):6343-54.
    PMID: 27501408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02224
    Beef, buffalo, and pork adulteration in the food chain is an emerging and sensitive issue. Current molecular techniques to authenticate these species depend on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays involving long and single targets which break down under natural decomposition and/or processing treatments. This novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay targeted two different gene sites for each of the bovine, buffalo, and porcine materials. This authentication ensured better security, first through a complementation approach because it is highly unlikely that both sites will be missing under compromised states, and second through molecular fingerprints. Mitochondrial cytochrome b and ND5 genes were targeted, and all targets (73, 90, 106, 120, 138, and 146 bp) were stable under extreme boiling and autoclaving treatments. Target specificity and authenticity were ensured through cross-amplification reaction and restriction digestion of PCR products with AluI, EciI, FatI, and CviKI-1 enzymes. A survey of Malaysian frankfurter products revealed rampant substitution of beef with buffalo but purity in porcine materials.
  4. Mirhosseini H, Tan CP, Hamid NS, Yusof S
    J Agric Food Chem, 2007 Sep 19;55(19):7659-66.
    PMID: 17708646
    The possible relationships between the main emulsion components (namely, Arabic gum, xanthan gum, and orange oil) and the physicochemical properties of orange beverage emulsion were evaluated by using response surface methodology. The physicochemical emulsion property variables considered as response variables were emulsion stability, viscosity, fluid behavior, zeta-potential, and electrophoretic mobility. The independent variables had the most and least significant ( p < 0.05) effect on viscosity and zeta-potential, respectively. The quadratic effect of orange oil and Arabic gum, the interaction effect of Arabic gum and xanthan gum, and the main effect of Arabic gum were the most significant ( p < 0.05) effects on turbidity loss rate, viscosity, viscosity ratio, and mobility, respectively. The main effect of Arabic gum was found to be significant ( p < 0.05) in all response variables except for turbidity loss rate. The nonlinear regression equations were significantly ( p < 0.05) fitted for all response variables with high R (2) values (>0.86), which had no indication of lack of fit. The results indicated that a combined level of 10.78% (w/w) Arabic gum, 0.56% (w/w) xanthan gum, and 15.27% (w/w) orange oil was predicted to provide the overall optimum region in terms of physicochemical properties studied. No significant ( p > 0.05) difference between the experimental and the predicted values confirmed the adequacy of response surface equations.
  5. Shen G, Huang Y, Dong J, Wang X, Cheng KK, Feng J, et al.
    J Agric Food Chem, 2018 Jan 10;66(1):368-377.
    PMID: 29215281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03182
    Taurine is indispensable in aquatic diets that are based solely on plant protein, and it promotes growth of many fish species. However, the physiological and metabolome effects of taurine on fish have not been well described. In this study, 1H NMR-based metabolomics approaches were applied to investigate the metabolite variations in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis nilotictus) muscle in order to visualize the metabolic trajectory and reveal the possible mechanisms of metabolic effects of dietary taurine supplementation on tilapia growth. After extraction using aqueous and organic solvents, 19 taurine-induced metabolic changes were evaluated in our study. The metabolic changes were characterized by differences in carbohydrate, amino acid, lipid, and nucleotide contents. The results indicate that taurine supplementation could significantly regulate the physiological state of fish and promote growth and development. These results provide a basis for understanding the mechanism of dietary taurine supplementation in fish feeding. 1H NMR spectroscopy, coupled with multivariate pattern recognition technologies, is an efficient and useful tool to map the fish metabolome and identify metabolic responses to different dietary nutrients in aquaculture.
  6. Liu X, Lai X, Zhang S, Huang X, Lan Q, Li Y, et al.
    J Agric Food Chem, 2012 Dec 26;60(51):12477-81.
    PMID: 23214475 DOI: 10.1021/jf303533p
    Edible bird's nest (EBN) is made of the swiftlets' saliva, which has attracted rather more attention owing to its nutritious and medical properties. Although protein constitutes the main composition and plays an important role in EBN, few studies have focused on the proteomic profile of EBN. The purpose of this study was to produce a proteomic map and clarify common EBN proteins. Liquid-phase isoelectric focusing (LIEF) was combined with two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) for comprehensive analysis of EBN proteins. From 20 to 100 protein spots were detected on 2-DE maps of EBN samples from 15 different sources. The proteins were mainly distributed in four taxa (A, B, C, and D) according to their molecular mass. Taxa A and D both contained common proteins and proteins that may be considered another characteristic of EBN. Taxon A was identified using MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS and found to be homologous to acidic mammalian chitinase-like ( Meleagris gallopavo ), which is in glycosyl hydrolase family 18.
  7. Li X, Tan CP, Liu YF, Xu YJ
    J Agric Food Chem, 2020 Dec 16;68(50):14728-14738.
    PMID: 33289375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07378
    The intestine is an important digestive organ of the human body, and its barrier is the guardian of the body from the external environment. The impairment of the intestinal barrier is believed to be an important determinant in various foodborne diseases. Food hazards can lead to the occurrence of many foodborne diseases represented by inflammation. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of the impact of the food hazards on intestinal barriers is essential for promoting human health. This review examined the relationship between food hazards and the intestinal barrier in three aspects: apoptosis, imbalance of gut microbiota, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The mechanism of dysfunctional gut microbiota caused by food hazards was also discussed. This review discusses the interaction among food hazards, intestinal barrier, and foodborne diseases and, thus, offers a new thought to deal with foodborne disease.
  8. Liu A, He M, Liu C, Ye Z, Tan CP, Liu Y, et al.
    J Agric Food Chem, 2024 Mar 27;72(12):6118-6132.
    PMID: 38477232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08697
    Cardiovascular diseases are caused by hypercholesterolemia. Astaxanthin (AST) has been reported to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its bioavailability is poor because of low solubility and instability. In order to improve the bioavailability of AST, we developed an intestinal-responsive composite carrier termed as "liposomes in micropheres" incorporating N-succinyl-chitosan (NSC)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) liposomes that functionalized by neonatal Fc receptors (FcRn) into hydrogels of sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS). In the AST NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes@SA/CMCS microspheres, the AST's encapsulation efficiency (EE) was 96.26% (w/w) and its loading capacity (LC) was 6.47% (w/w). AST NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes had stability in the gastric conditions and achieved long-term release of AST in intestinal conditions. Then, AST NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes@SA/CMCS bind to intestinal epithelial cell targets by the neonatal Fc receptor. In vitro permeation studies show that there was a 4-fold increase of AST NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes@SA/CMCS in AST permeation across the intestinal epithelium. Subsequent in vivo experiments demonstrated that the composite carrier exhibited a remarkable mucoadhesive capacity, allowing for extended intestinal retention of up to 12 h, and it displayed deep penetration through the mucus layer, efficiently entering the intestinal villi epithelial cells, and enhancing the absorption of AST and its bioavailability in vivo. And oral administration of AST NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes@SA/CMCS could effectively prevent hypercholesterolemia caused by a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFHCD). These advancements highlight the potential of NSC/HSA-PEG liposomes@SA/CMCS composite carriers for targeted and oral uptake of hydrophobic bioactives.
  9. Qiao Z, Xue L, Sun M, Ma N, Shi H, Yang W, et al.
    J Agric Food Chem, 2024 Jan 10;72(1):857-864.
    PMID: 38134022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07582
    Salmonellosis continues to impose a significant economic burden globally. Rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella is crucial to preventing the outbreaks of foodborne illnesses, yet it remains a formidable challenge. Herein, a dual-functional tetrahedron multivalent aptamer assisted amplification-free CRISPR/Cas12a assay was developed for Salmonella detection. In the system, the aptamer was programmatically assembled on the tetrahedral DNA nanostructure to fabricate a multivalent aptamer (TDN-multiApt), which displayed a 3.5-fold enhanced avidity over the monovalent aptamer and possessed four CRISPR/Cas12a targeting fragments to amplify signal. Therefore, TDN-multiApt could directly activate Cas12a to achieve the second signal amplification without any nucleic acid amplification. By virtue of the synergism of high avidity and cascaded signal amplifications, the proposed method allowed the ultrasensitive detection of Salmonella as low as 7 cfu mL-1. Meanwhile, this novel platform also exhibited excellent specificity against target bacteria and performed well in the detection of various samples, indicating its potential application in real samples.
  10. Lim SL, Wu TY
    J Agric Food Chem, 2016 Mar 2;64(8):1761-9.
    PMID: 26844586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00531
    The valorization process involves transforming low-value materials such as wastes into high-value-added products. The current study aims to determine the potential of using a valorization process such as vermicomposting technology to convert palm oil mill byproduct, namely, decanter cake (DC), into organic fertilizer or vermicompost. The maturity of the vermicompost was characterized through various chemical and instrumental characterization to ensure the end product was safe and beneficial for agricultural application. The vermicomposting of DC showed significantly higher nutrient recovery and decreases in C:N ratio in comparison with the controls, particularly in the treatment with 2 parts DC and 1 part rice straw (w/w) (2DC:1RS). 2DC:1RS vermicompost had a final C:N ratio of 9.03 ± 0.12 and reasonably high levels of calcium (1.13 ± 0.05 g/kg), potassium (25.47 ± 0.32 g/kg), magnesium (4.87 ± 0.19 g/kg), sodium (7.40 ± 0.03 g/kg), and phosphorus (3.62 ± 0.27 g/kg). In addition, instrumental characterization also revealed a higher degree of maturity in the vermicompost. Ratios of 2921:1633 and DTG2:DTG3 also showed significant linear correlations with the C:N ratio, implying that those ratios could be used to characterize the progression of vermicompost maturity during the valorization process of DC.
  11. Fernandez-Orozco R, Li L, Harflett C, Shewry PR, Ward JL
    J Agric Food Chem, 2010 Sep 08;58(17):9341-52.
    PMID: 20707366 DOI: 10.1021/jf102017s
    Phenolic acid content and composition have been determined in 26 wheat genotypes grown in Hungary over three consecutive years and at three additional locations (France, United Kingdom, and Poland) during the third year. Fractions comprising free, soluble conjugated, and bound phenolic acids were analyzed using HPLC with measurements being made for individual phenolic acids in each fraction. Statistically significant differences in phenolic acid content occurred across the different growing locations with the average total phenolic acid content being highest in the genotypes grown in Hungary. The growth year in Hungary also had a large impact, especially on the free and conjugated phenolic acid contents. Certain genotypes were more resistant to environmental impacts than others. Of the genotypes with high levels of total phenolic acids, Lynx, Riband, Tommi, and Cadenza were most stable with respect to their total contents, whereas Valoris, Herzog, and Malacca, also high in phenolic acid content, were least stable. Of the three fractions analyzed, the free and conjugated phenolic acids were most variable and were also susceptible to the effect of environment, whereas bound phenolic acids, which comprised the greatest proportion of the total phenolic acids, were the most stable.
  12. Liang H, Qin X, Tan CP, Li D, Wang Y
    J Agric Food Chem, 2018 Nov 21;66(46):12361-12367.
    PMID: 30394748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04804
    Docosahexaenoyl and eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamides (DHEA and EPEA) have physiological functions, including immunomodulation, brain development, and anti-inflammation, but their efficient production is still unresolved. In this study, choline-chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents are used as media to improve the production of DHEA and EPEA. The water content showed a key effect on the reactant conversion. Adding water to choline chloride-glucose (CG, molar ratio of 5:2) led to a significant increase (13.03% for EPEA and 27.95% for DHEA) in the yields after 1 h. The high yields of EPEA (96.84%) and DHEA (90.06%) were obtained under the optimized conditions [fish oil ethyl esters/ethanolamine molar ratio of 1:2, temperature of 60 °C, 1 h, enzyme loading of 2195 units, and CG containing 8.50% water of 43.30% (w/w, relative to total reactants)]. The products could be easily separated using centrifugation. In summary, the research has the potential to produce fatty acyl ethanolamides.
  13. Kanagasabapathy G, Malek SN, Kuppusamy UR, Vikineswary S
    J Agric Food Chem, 2011 Mar 23;59(6):2618-26.
    PMID: 21348494 DOI: 10.1021/jf104133g
    The chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous butanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Pleurotus sajor-caju were investigated in this study. Twenty-two compounds comprising methyl esters, hydrocarbon fatty acids, ethyl esters, and sterols were identified in ethyl acetate extracts, while cinnamic acid, nicotinamide, benzeneacetamide, and 4-hydroxybenzaldyhde were identified in butanol extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and NMR analysis. The antioxidant activity was determined by a β-carotene bleaching method, ferric reducing antioxidant power, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and lipid peroxidation assays, while the total phenolic content in P. sajor-caju was assessed by Folin-Ciocalteau's method. The aqueous and butanol extracts exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, corresponding to the total phenolic content. The subfractions from the ethyl acetate extract (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4), however, showed moderate antioxidant activity. The regular consumption of P. sajor-caju as a part of our diet may render nutritional and nutraceuticals benefits for good health.
  14. Seyed MA, Jantan I, Bukhari SN, Vijayaraghavan K
    J Agric Food Chem, 2016 Feb 3;64(4):725-37.
    PMID: 26758628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05993
    Cancer is a diverse class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth that constitutes the greatest cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite steady progress, the treatment modalities of cancer are still insufficient. Several new concepts have emerged for therapeutic intervention in malignant diseases with the goal of identifying specific targets and overcoming resistance against current cytotoxic therapies. Many studies have reported the remarkable and significant properties of dietary plant polyphenols such as curcumin, resveratrol, flavopiridol, indirubin, magnolol, piceatannol, parthenolide, epigallocatechin gallate, and cucurbitacin as anticancer agents known for their pleiotropic effects on cancer, immune cells, and inflammation. Piceatannol, an analogue and metabolite of resveratrol, is a natural stilbene commonly found in grape skins and wine. Compared to resveratrol, this molecule exhibits superior bioactivities as an inhibitor of COX-1/2 and the CSN-associated kinase. Piceatannol is thought to be a potent natural compound with many therapeutic effects, such as the prevention of hypercholesterolemia, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis, angiogenesis, and cardiovascular diseases. It also demonstrates vasorelaxation, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. This comprehensive review summarizes the current data regarding the mechanisms of action of piceatannol, its chemopreventive properties, and its possible therapeutic potential against various types of human cancer.
  15. Sirat HM, Rezali MF, Ujang Z
    J Agric Food Chem, 2010 Oct 13;58(19):10404-9.
    PMID: 20809630 DOI: 10.1021/jf102231h
    Phytochemical and bioactivity studies of the leaves and stem barks of Tibouchina semidecandra L. have been carried out. The ethyl acetate extract of the leaves yielded four flavonoid compounds, identified as quercetin, quercetin 3-O-α-l-(2''-O-acetyl) arabinofuranoside, avicularin, and quercitrin, while the stem barks gave one ellagitannin, identified as 3,3'-O-dimethyl ellagic acid 4-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside. Evaluation of the antioxidative activity on the crude extracts and pure compounds by electron spin resonance (ESR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometric assays showed that the pure isolated polyphenols and the EtOAc extract possessed strong antioxidative capabilities. Quercetin was found to be the most active radical scavenger in DPPH-UV and ESR methods with SC(50) values of 0.7 μM ± 1.4 and 0.7 μM ± 0.6 μM, respectively, in the antioxidant assay. A combination of quercetin and quercitrin was tested for synergistic antioxidative capacity;, however, there was no significant improvement observed. Quercetin also exhibited strong antityrosinase activity with a percent inhibition of 95.0% equivalent to the positive control, kojic acid, in the tyrosinase inhibition assay.
  16. Wang Z, Xu J, Zeng X, Du Q, Lan H, Zhang J, et al.
    J Agric Food Chem, 2024 Jan 10;72(1):80-93.
    PMID: 38152984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07217
    Traditional antibiotics are facing a tremendous challenge due to increased antimicrobial resistance; hence, there is an urgent need to find novel antibiotic alternatives. Milk protein-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are currently attracting substantial attention considering that they showcase an extensive spectrum of antimicrobial activities, with slower development of antimicrobial resistance and safety of raw materials. This review summarizes the molecular properties, and activity mechanisms and highlights the applications and limitations of AMPs derived from milk proteins comprehensively. Also the analytical technologies, especially bioinformatics methodologies, applied in the process of screening, identification, and mechanism illustration of AMPs were underlined. This review will give some ideas for further research and broadening of the applications of milk protein-derived AMPs in the food field.
  17. Loow YL, Wu TY, Tan KA, Lim YS, Siow LF, Jahim JM, et al.
    J Agric Food Chem, 2015 Sep 30;63(38):8349-63.
    PMID: 26325225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01813
    Currently, the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into value-added products such as reducing sugars is garnering attention worldwide. However, efficient hydrolysis is usually hindered by the recalcitrant structure of the biomass. Many pretreatment technologies have been developed to overcome the recalcitrance of lignocellulose such that the components can be reutilized more effectively to enhance sugar recovery. Among all of the utilized pretreatment methods, inorganic salt pretreatment represents a more novel method and offers comparable sugar recovery with the potential for reducing costs. The use of inorganic salt also shows improved performance when it is integrated with other pretreatment technologies. Hence, this paper is aimed to provide a detailed overview of the current situation for lignocellulosic biomass and its physicochemical characteristics. Furthermore, this review discusses some recent studies using inorganic salt for pretreating biomass and the mechanisms involved during the process. Finally, some prospects and challenges using inorganic salt are highlighted.
  18. Feroz SR, Mohamad SB, Bujang N, Malek SN, Tayyab S
    J Agric Food Chem, 2012 Jun 13;60(23):5899-908.
    PMID: 22624666 DOI: 10.1021/jf301139h
    Interaction of flavokawain B (FB), a multitherapeutic flavonoid from Alpinia mutica with the major transport protein, human serum albumin (HSA), was investigated using different spectroscopic probes, i.e., intrinsic, synchronous, and three-dimensional (3-D) fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), and molecular modeling studies. Values of binding parameters for FB-HSA interaction in terms of binding constant and stoichiometry of binding were determined from the fluorescence quench titration and were found to be 6.88 × 10(4) M(-1) and 1.0 mol of FB bound per mole of protein, respectively, at 25 °C. Thermodynamic analysis of the binding data obtained at different temperatures showed that the binding process was primarily mediated by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding, as the values of the enthalpy change (ΔH) and the entropy change (ΔS) were found to be -6.87 kJ mol(-1) and 69.50 J mol(-1) K(-1), respectively. FB binding to HSA led to both secondary and tertiary structural alterations in the protein as revealed by intrinsic, synchronous, and 3-D fluorescence results. Increased thermal stability of HSA in the presence of FB was also evident from the far-UV CD spectral results. The distance between the bound ligand and Trp-214 of HSA was determined as 3.03 nm based on the Förster resonance energy transfer mechanism. Displacement experiments using bilirubin and warfarin coupled with molecular modeling studies assigned the binding site of FB on HSA at domain IIA, i.e., Sudlow's site I.
  19. Leong WF, Che Man YB, Lai OM, Long K, Misran M, Tan CP
    J Agric Food Chem, 2009 Sep 23;57(18):8426-33.
    PMID: 19694442 DOI: 10.1021/jf901853y
    The purpose of this study was to optimize the parameters involved in the production of water-soluble phytosterol microemulsions for use in the food industry. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to model and optimize four of the processing parameters, namely, the number of cycles of high-pressure homogenization (1-9 cycles), the pressure used for high-pressure homogenization (100-500 bar), the evaporation temperature (30-70 degrees C), and the concentration ratio of microemulsions (1-5). All responses-particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), and percent ethanol residual (%ER)-were well fit by a reduced cubic model obtained by multiple regression after manual elimination. The coefficient of determination (R(2)) and absolute average deviation (AAD) value for PS, PDI, and %ER were 0.9628 and 0.5398%, 0.9953 and 0.7077%, and 0.9989 and 1.0457%, respectively. The optimized processing parameters were 4.88 (approximately 5) homogenization cycles, homogenization pressure of 400 bar, evaporation temperature of 44.5 degrees C, and concentration ratio of microemulsions of 2.34 cycles (approximately 2 cycles) of high-pressure homogenization. The corresponding responses for the optimized preparation condition were a minimal particle size of 328 nm, minimal polydispersity index of 0.159, and <0.1% of ethanol residual. The chi-square test verified the model, whereby the experimental values of PS, PDI, and %ER agreed with the predicted values at a 0.05 level of significance.
  20. Zulkurnain M, Lai OM, Tan SC, Abdul Latip R, Tan CP
    J Agric Food Chem, 2013 Apr 3;61(13):3341-9.
    PMID: 23464796 DOI: 10.1021/jf4009185
    The reduction of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) ester formation in refined palm oil was achieved by incorporation of additional processing steps in the physical refining process to remove chloroester precursors prior to the deodorization step. The modified refining process was optimized for the least 3-MCPD ester formation and acceptable refined palm oil quality using response surface methodology (RSM) with five processing parameters: water dosage, phosphoric acid dosage, degumming temperature, activated clay dosage, and deodorization temperature. The removal of chloroester precursors was largely accomplished by increasing the water dosage, while the reduction of 3-MCPD esters was a compromise in oxidative stability and color of the refined palm oil because some factors such as acid dosage, degumming temperature, and deodorization temperature showed contradictory effects. The optimization resulted in 87.2% reduction of 3-MCPD esters from 2.9 mg/kg in the conventional refining process to 0.4 mg/kg, with color and oil stability index values of 2.4 R and 14.3 h, respectively.
Filters
Contact Us

Please provide feedback to Administrator (afdal@afpm.org.my)

External Links