Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 42 in total

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  1. Pariyani R, Ismail IS, Azam A, Khatib A, Abas F, Shaari K, et al.
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2017 Feb 20;135:20-30.
    PMID: 27987392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.12.010
    Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) is a popular medicinal herb used in traditional Chinese medicine as a diuretic agent and for renal system disorders. This study employed 1H NMR based metabolomics approach to investigate the possible protective activity of OS in cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity owing to its diuretic and antioxidant activities. Aqueous (OSAE) and 50% aqueous ethanolic (OSFE) extracts of OS leaves were orally administered at 400mg/kg BW doses to rats which were then intraperitoneally injected with cisplatin at 5mg/kg BW dose. The 1H NMR profile of the urine samples collected on day 5 after cisplatin administration were analyzed by multivariate pattern recognition techniques, whereby 19 marker metabolites suggestive in the involvement of TCA cycle, disturbed energy metabolism, altered gut microflora and BCAA metabolism pathways were identified. It was observed that OSFE caused significant changes (p<0.05) in the levels of 8 markers namely leucine, acetate, hippurate, lysine, valine, 2-oxoglutarate, 3-HBT and acetoacetate resulting in a moderate ameliorative effect, however, it did not completely protect from nephrotoxicity. OSAE did not demonstrate significant down regulatory effects on any markers, albeit, it potentiated the cisplatin nephrotoxicity by inducing significant increase in glucose, glycine, creatinine, citrate, TMAO, acetate and creatine levels. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the 1H NMR spectra of OS extracts identified that OSFE had higher concentrations of the secondary metabolites such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid and orthosiphol, among others. Whereas, OSAE was characterized by higher concentrations of acetate, lactate, succinic acid, valine and phosphatidylcholine. This research denotes the first comprehensive analysis to identify the effects of OS extracts on cisplatin nephrotoxicity.
  2. Adib AM, Jamaludin F, Kiong LS, Hashim N, Abdullah Z
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2014 Aug 5;96:104-10.
    PMID: 24727283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.022
    Baeckea frutescens or locally known as Cucur atap is used as antibacterial, antidysentery, antipyretic and diuretic agent. In Malaysia and Indonesia, they are used as an ingredient of the traditional medicine given to mothers during confinement. A three-steps infra-red (IR) macro-fingerprinting method combining conventional IR spectra, and the secondary derivative spectra with two dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy (2D-IR) have been proved to be effective methods to examine a complicated mixture such as herbal medicines. This study investigated the feasibility of employing multi-steps IR spectroscopy in order to study the main constituents of B. frutescens and its different extracts (extracted by chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous in turn). The findings indicated that FT-IR and 2D-IR can provide many holistic variation rules of chemical constituents. The structural information of the samples indicated that B. frutescens and its extracts contain a large amount of flavonoids, since some characteristic absorption peaks of flavonoids, such as ∼1600cm(-1), ∼1500cm(-1), ∼1450cm(-1), and ∼1270cm(-1) can be observed. The macroscopical fingerprint characters of FT-IR and 2D-IR spectra can not only provide the information of main chemical constituents in medicinal materials and their different extracts, but also compare the components differences among the similar samples. In conclusion, the multi-steps IR macro-fingerprint method is rapid, effective, visual and accurate for pharmaceutical research.
  3. Muthudoss P, Kumar S, Ann EYC, Young KJ, Chi RLR, Allada R, et al.
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2022 Feb 20;210:114581.
    PMID: 35026592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114581
    Particle size distribution (PSD), spatial location and particle cluster size of ingredients, polymorphism, compositional distribution of a pharmaceutical product are few of the most important attributes in establishing the drug release-controlling microstructural and solid state properties that would be used to (re)design or reproduce similar products. There are numerous solid-state techniques available for PSD analysis. Laser diffraction (LD) is mostly used to study PSD of raw materials. However, a constraint of LD is the interference between the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and excipients, where it is very challenging to measure API size in a tablet. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) is widely employed in establishing the polymorphism of API and excipients. This research examined a commercial osmotic tablet in terms of extracting solid state properties of API and functional excipient by Raman Imaging. Establishing repeatability, reproducibility, and sample representativeness when the samples are non-uniform and inhomogeneous necessitates multiple measurements. In such scenarios, when employing imaging-based techniques, it can be time-consuming and tedious. Advanced statistical methodologies are used to overcome these disadvantages and expedite the characterization process. Overall, this study demonstrates that Raman imaging can be employed as a non-invasive and effective offline method for assessing the solid-state characteristics of API and functional excipients in complex dosage forms like osmotic tablets.
  4. Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Beresford R, Yusof AP
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2001 May;25(2):227-37.
    PMID: 11275432
    A quantitative structure-human intestinal absorption relationship was developed using artificial neural network (ANN) modeling. A set of 86 drug compounds and their experimentally-derived intestinal absorption values used in this study was gathered from the literature and a total of 57 global molecular descriptors, including constitutional, topological, chemical, geometrical and quantum chemical descriptors, calculated for each compound. A supervised network with radial basis transfer function was used to correlate calculated molecular descriptors with experimentally-derived measures of human intestinal absorption. A genetic algorithm was then used to select important molecular descriptors. Intestinal absorption values (IA%) were used as the ANN's output and calculated molecular descriptors as the inputs. The best genetic neural network (GNN) model with 15 input descriptors was chosen, and the significance of the selected descriptors for intestinal absorption examined. Results obtained with the model that was developed indicate that lipophilicity, conformational stability and inter-molecular interactions (polarity, and hydrogen bonding) have the largest impact on intestinal absorption.
  5. Al Azzam KM, Saad B, Tat CY, Mat I, Aboul-Enein HY
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2011 Dec 15;56(5):937-43.
    PMID: 21873014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.08.007
    A micellar electrokinetic chromatography method for the determination of sumatriptan succinate in pharmaceutical formulations was developed. The effects of several factors such as pH, surfactant and buffer concentration, applied voltage, capillary temperature, and injection time were investigated. Separation took about 5 min using phenobarbital as internal standard. The separation was carried out in reversed polarity mode at 20 °C, 26 kV and using hydrodynamic injection for 10s. Separation was achieved using a bare fused-silica capillary 50 μm×40 cm and background electrolyte of 25 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate-adjusted with concentrated phosphoric acid to pH 2.2, containing 125 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate and detection was at 226 nm. The method was validated with respect to linearity, limits of detection and quantification, accuracy, precision and selectivity. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 100-2000 μg mL(-1). The relative standard deviations of intra-day and inter-day precision for migration time, peak area, corrected peak area, ratio of corrected peak area and ratio of peak area were less than 0.68, 3.48, 3.28, 2.97 and 2.83% and 2.01, 5.50, 4.46, 4.92 and 4.07%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determinations of the analyte in tablet. Forced degradation studies were conducted by introducing a sample of sumatriptan succinate standard solution to different forced degradation conditions using neutral (water), basic (0.1 M NaOH), acidic (0.1 M HCl), oxidative (10% H(2)O(2)) and photolytic (exposure to UV light at 254 nm for 2 h). It is concluded that the stability-indicating method for sumatriptan succinate can be used for the analysis of the drug in various samples.
  6. Loh GOK, Wong EYL, Tan YTF, Wee HC, Ng RS, Lee CY, et al.
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2021 Feb 05;194:113758.
    PMID: 33248861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113758
    A simple, rapid, sensitive, and reproducible LC-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous quantification of flavoxate and 3-methyl-flavone-8-carboxylic (MFCA) in human plasma, using diphenhydramine HCl as internal standard (IS). The chromatographic separation was achieved using Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 - Fast LC column (100 × 2.1mmID, 2.7 μm) fitted with UHPLC Guard Poroshell 120 EC-C18 (5 × 2.1 mmID, 2.7 μm). The mobile phase consisted of 0.1 % v/v formic acid and acetonitrile (30:70, v/v) run at a flow rate of 0.40 mL/min. The standard calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 2.00 - 2,000.31 ng/mL and 240.00 - 24,000.04 ng/mL for flavoxate and MFCA. For flavoxate and MFCA, the within-run precision was 0.81-6.67 % and 1.68-4.37 %, while accuracy was 100.21-108.25 % and 103.99-110.28 %. The between-run precision was 2.01-9.14 % and 2.31-11.11 %, and accuracy was 96.09-103.33 % and 102.37-109.52 %. The extended run precision was 7.78-11.04 % and 2.22-3.33 %, while accuracy was 100.72-101.88 % and 102.34-105.60 %. Flavoxate and MFCA in plasma were stable 4 h at bench top (short term), 24 h in autosampler and instrumentation room (post-preparative), after 7 freeze-thaw cycles, and 89 days in the freezer. Both analytes and IS stock solutions were stable for 31 days when kept at room temperature (25 ± 4 °C) and refrigerated (2-8 °C). The validated method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study of two flavoxate formulations involving 24 healthy volunteers.
  7. Zahed FM, Hatamluyi B, Lorestani F, Es'haghi Z
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2018 Nov 30;161:12-19.
    PMID: 30142492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.004
    A highly efficient electrochemical sensor for the analysis of anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is fabricated based on silver nanoparticles-polyaniline nanotube (AgNPs@PANINTs). AgNPs@PANINTs nanocomposite has been synthesized by a simple one-step method. Synthesized AgNPs@PANINTs nanocomposite was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray. The fabricated PANINTs@AgNPs PGE was applied to the electrochemical sensing of 5-FU. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry experiments illustrated high electro activity for the AgNPs@PANINTs nanocomposite. The study was explored using the Taguchi experimental design method. Electrochemical measurements using differential pulse voltammetry showed a wide linear relationship between 5-FU concentration and peak height within the range 1.0-300.0 μM with a low detection limit (0.06 μM). Also, the fabricated sensor showed excellent selectivity in the presence of two anticancer drugs and a number of other interfering compounds. The as-prepared sensor showed to be a promising device for a simple, rapid, and direct analysis of 5-FU.
  8. Mokhtar SU, Chin ST, Kee CL, Low MY, Drummer OH, Marriott PJ
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2016 Mar 20;121:188-196.
    PMID: 26808068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.034
    Application of gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for identification, confirmation and quantification of 6 phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors (sildenafil, dimethylsildenafil, homosildenafil, thiosildenafil, thiodimethylsildenafil and thiohomosildenafil) in dietary supplements was investigated. The MS was operated in multiple reaction monitoring mode, for better sensitivity and selectivity. In this manner, the method is adequate to reduce background noise with less interference from co-eluting compounds in the samples. Two different ionisation techniques, electron ionisation (EI) and chemical ionisation (CI), were studied and compared. The chromatographic separation was performed on a short 10 m non-polar capillary column without any derivatisation step. This permitted fast analysis for all analogues with retention time less than 11 min, for both techniques. Use of backflushing can aid method retention time reduction and improves column maintenance. Evaluation of method validation included limit of detection (LOD), lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), linearity, precision and recovery were performed for both EI and CI techniques. The LOD obtained varied from 0.03 to 1.50 μg/g and the LLOQ ranged from 0.10 to 5.00 μg/g. Good calibration linearity was obtained for all analogues for both techniques, with correlation coefficients (r(2)) higher than 0.99. Mean recoveries of all analogues using CI show higher values (83.4-108.8%) than that of EI (61.9-91.1%). The intra- and inter-assay precisions were evaluated for all analogues at spiked concentration of 10 μg/g and the relative standard deviation was less than 15% for both methods. These methods were then successfully applied to dietary supplement samples without prior derivatisation, confirming that the samples were adulterated with sildenafil and/or its analogues.
  9. Teoh XY, Goh CF, Aminu N, Chan SY
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2021 Jan 05;192:113631.
    PMID: 33011581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113631
    Atovaquone (ATQ) is a poorly soluble drug. Therefore, formulating ATQ into its supersaturated state through solid dispersion for bioavailability enhancement can be of great value. However, due to fast crystallising properties of ATQ, the quantification of ATQ in a supersaturated solid dispersion system can be complicated. Therefore, in pursuit of accurate quantification of such sample, a simple HPLC analytical method utilising a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm ID, 5 μm) for the quantitation of ATQ has been developed and validated. Atovaquone elution using the proposed method demonstrated a retention time around 7.6 min with good linearity (R2 > 0.999). The system suitability is also detailed with the tailing factor at 1.365 ± 0.002. The addition of solubilising agent as sample treatment step aided in ensuring the accurate quantitation of the fast crystallising ATQ. The developed HPLC quantitation method has been successfully employed in the analysis of ATQ from solid dispersion samples in in vitro dissolution as well as ex vivo permeation studies for formulation development.
  10. Lim CP, Quek SS, Peh KK
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2003 Feb 05;31(1):159-68.
    PMID: 12560060
    This paper investigates the use of a neural-network-based intelligent learning system for the prediction of drug release profiles. An experimental study in transdermal iontophoresis (TI) is employed to evaluate the applicability of a particular neural network (NN) model, i.e. the Gaussian mixture model (GMM), in modeling and predicting drug release profiles. A number of tests are systematically designed using the face-centered central composite design (CCD) approach to examine the effects of various process variables simultaneously during the iontophoresis process. The GMM is then applied to model and predict the drug release profiles based on the data samples collected from the experiments. The GMM results are compared with those from multiple regression models. In addition, the bootstrap method is used to assess the reliability of the network predictions by estimating confidence intervals associated with the results. The results demonstrate that the combination of the face-centered CCD and GMM can be employed as a useful intelligent tool for the prediction of time-series profiles in pharmaceutical and biomedical experiments.
  11. Khoo LW, Audrey Kow SF, Maulidiani M, Lee MT, Tan CP, Shaari K, et al.
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2018 Sep 05;158:438-450.
    PMID: 29957507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.038
    The present study sought to identify the key biomarkers and pathways involved in the induction of allergic sensitization to ovalbumin and to elucidate the potential anti-anaphylaxis property of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau water leaf extract, a Southeast Asia herb in an in vivo ovalbumin-induced active systemic anaphylaxis model evaluated by 1H-NMR metabolomics. The results revealed that carbohydrate metabolism (glucose, myo-inositol, galactarate) and lipid metabolism (glycerol, choline, sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) are the key requisites for the induction of anaphylaxis reaction. Sensitized rats treated with 2000 mg/kg bw C. nutans extract before ovalbumin challenge showed a positive correlation with the normal group and was negatively related to the induced group. Further 1H-NMR analysis in complement with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) reveals the protective effect of C. nutans extract against ovalbumin-induced anaphylaxis through the down-regulation of lipid metabolism (choline, sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), carbohydrate and signal transduction system (glucose, myo-inositol, galactarate) and up-regulation of citrate cycle intermediates (citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinate), propanoate metabolism (1,2-propanediol), amino acid metabolism (betaine, N,N-dimethylglycine, methylguanidine, valine) and nucleotide metabolism (malonate, allantoin). In summary, this study reports for the first time, C. nutans water extract is a potential anti-anaphylactic agent and 1H-NMR metabolomics is a great alternative analytical tool to explicate the mechanism of action of anaphylaxis.
  12. Saleem H, Zengin G, Ahmad I, Lee JTB, Htar TT, Mahomoodally FM, et al.
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2019 Jun 05;170:132-138.
    PMID: 30921647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.03.027
    The current research work was conducted in order to probe into the biochemical and toxicological characterisation of methanol and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of Bougainvillea glabra (Choisy.) aerial parts. Biological fingerprints were assessed for in vitro antioxidant, key enzyme inhibitory and cytotoxicity potential. Total bioactive contents were determined spectrophotometrically and the secondary metabolite components of methanol extract was assessed by UHPLC mass spectrometric analysis. The antioxidant capabilities were evaluated via six different in vitro antioxidant assays namely DPPH, ABTS (free radical scavenging), FRAP, CUPRAC (reducing antioxidant power), phosphomolybdenum (total antioxidant capacity) and ferrous chelating activity. Inhibition potential against key enzymes urease, α-glucosidase and cholinesterases were also determined. Methanol extract exhibited higher phenolic (24.01 mg GAE/g extract) as well as flavonoid (41.51 mg QE/g extract) contents. Phytochemical profiling of methanol extract identified a total of twenty secondary metabolites and the major compounds belonged to flavonoids, phenolics and alkaloid derivatives. The findings of antioxidant assays revealed the methanol extract to exhibit stronger antioxidant (except phosphomolybdenum) activities. Similarly, the methanol extract showed highest butyrylcholinesterase and urease inhibition. The DCM extract was most active for phosphomolybdenum and α-glucosidase inhibition assays. Moreover, both extracts exhibited significant cytotoxic potential against five (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, CaSki, DU-145, and SW-480) human carcinoma cell lines with half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 22.09 to 257.2 μg/mL. Results from the present study highlighted the potential of B. glabra aerial extracts to be further explored in an endeavour to discover novel phytotherapeutics as well as functional ingredients.
  13. Mukhtar NH, Mamat NA, See HH
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2018 Sep 05;158:184-188.
    PMID: 29883881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.05.044
    A sample pre-treatment method based on a dynamic mixed matrix membrane tip extraction followed by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D) was evaluated for the determination of tobramycin in human plasma. The extraction tip device consisted of a cellulose triacetate membrane tip wall immobilised with 15% (w/w) of hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) nanoparticles as adsorbent. The extraction was performed dynamically by withdrawing/dispensing the plasma sample through the tip device followed by desorption into 20 μL of acidified aqueous solution at pH 3 prior to the CE-C4D analysis. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limit of the method for tobramycin was 10 ng/mL, with intraday and interday repeatability RSDs of 3.5% and 4.5%, respectively. Relative recoveries in spiked human plasma were 99.6%-99.9%. The developed approach was successfully demonstrated for the quantification of tobramycin in human plasma samples.
  14. Ruzilawati AB, Wahab MS, Imran A, Ismail Z, Gan SH
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2007 Apr 11;43(5):1831-5.
    PMID: 17240100
    In this study, the development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay for determination of repaglinide concentration in human plasma for pharmacokinetic studies is described. Plasma samples containing repaglinide and an internal standard, indomethacin were extracted with ethylacetate at pH 7.4. The recovery of repaglinide was 92%+/-55.31. Chromatographic separations were performed on Purospher STAR C-18 analytical column (4.8 mm x 150 mm; 5 microm particle size). The mobile phase composed of acetonitrile-ammonium formate (pH 2.7; 0.01 M) (60:40, v/v). The flow rate was 1 ml/min. The retention time for repaglinide and indomethacin were approximately 6.2 and 5.3 min, respectively. Calibration curves of repaglinide were linear in the concentration range of 20-200 ng/ml in plasma. The limits of detection and quantification were 10 ng/ml and 20 ng/ml, respectively. The inter-day precision was from 5.21 to 11.84% and the intra-day precision ranged from 3.90 to 6.67%. The inter-day accuracy ranged 89.95 to 105.75% and intra-day accuracy ranged from 92.37 to 104.66%. This method was applied to determine repaglinide concentration in human plasma samples for a pharmacokinetic study.
  15. Mediani A, Abas F, Maulidiani M, Khatib A, Tan CP, Ismail IS, et al.
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2016 Sep 05;128:302-312.
    PMID: 27318080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.003
    Herbal medicine has been proven to be an effective therapy offering a variety of benefits, such as moderate reduction in hypoglycemia, in the treatment and prevention of obesity and diabetes. Phyllanthus niruri has been used as a treatment for diabetes mellitus. Herein, the induction of type 2 diabetes in Sprague-Dawley rats was achieved by a low dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (25mg/kgbw). Here, we evaluated the in vivo antidiabetic properties of two concentrations (250 and 500mg/kg bw) of P. niruri via metabolomics approach. The administration of 500mg/kgbw of P. niruri extract caused the metabolic disorders of obese diabetic rats to be improved towards the normal state. The extract also clearly decreased the serum glucose level and improved the lipid profile in obese diabetic rats. The results of this study may contribute towards better understanding the molecular mechanism of this medicinal plant in managing diabetes mellitus.
  16. Chen YL, Shi L, Agbo F, Yong SH, Tan PS, Ngounou Wetie AG
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2020 Oct 25;190:113493.
    PMID: 32795778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113493
    A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of apomorphine and its metabolites apomorphine sulfate and norapomorphine in human plasma for supporting clinical development of a novel apomorphine sublingual thin film (APL) for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Analytes and internal standards (IS) were extracted from human plasma by Oasis HLB SPE cartridge, followed by a reversed phase LC-MS/MS analysis using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive mode (m/z 268 → 237 for apomorphine, 348 → 237 for apomorphine sulfate, and 348 → 237 for norapomorphine). Stable isotope-labeled compounds were used as IS for respective analytes. The validated curve ranges were 0.02-20 ng/mL, 10-1000 ng/mL, and 0.5-20 ng/mL for apomorphine, apomorphine sulfate and norapomorphine, respectively. Extraction recoveries were found to be 73.4 % (apomorphine), 81.1 % (apomorphine sulfate), and 58.6 % (norapomorphine). Established long-term plasma frozen storage stabilities were 504 days at -20 °C and276 days at -60 °C, respectively. The method has been successfully used for analyzing pharmacokinetics (PK) samples collected from a comparative bioavailability study of APL and the marketed apomorphine subcutaneous (s.c.) product Apo-go®. The results demonstrated that the 15-mg APL film administrated via sublingual produced comparable PK characteristics of apomorphine when compared to the commercial product Apo-go (2-mg) via s.c. administration, hence establishing the dose regimen for this sublingual formulation. It was also noticed that the sublingual 15-mg APL film produced a significantly higher apomorphine sulfate metabolite level than the 2-mg s.c. Apo-go, and both treatments yielded a negligible level of norapomorphine metabolite in humans.
  17. Saleem H, Htar TT, Naidu R, Ahmad I, Zengin G, Ahmad M, et al.
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2019 Mar 20;166:128-138.
    PMID: 30640043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.007
    In this study, different solvent extracts (methanol, dichloromethane and n-hexane) from aerial and stem parts of Buxus papillosa C.K. Schneid (Buxaceae) were investigated for a panoply of bioassays. Biological profiles were established by determining antioxidant and enzyme inhibition profiles. Toxicity was tested using MTT cell viability assay on five different human cancer cell lines i.e, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, CaSki, DU-145 and SW-480. For chemical fingerprinting, total bioactive contents and UHPLC-MS secondary metabolites profile were determined. Generally, both aerial and stem methanol extracts had highest total bioactive contents, radical scavenging and reducing power potential. DCM and n-hexane extracts were found to be most active for total antioxidant and metal chelating activity. The UHPLC-MS analysis of methanol extracts revealed the presence of several phenolic, flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin and depsipeptide derivatives. All the extracts were significantly active against butyrylcholinesterase, whereas moderate inhibition was observed for acetylcholinesterase, α-glucosidase and urease. Similarly, a considerable level of cytotoxicity was observed against all the tested cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 26 to 225.9 μg/mL. Aerial methanol and stem n-hexane extracts were found to be most cytotoxic. Principal component analysis was also performed to find any possible correlation between biological activities and total bioactive contents. On the basis of our findings, B. papillosa may be considered as promising source of bioactive molecules.
  18. Yuen KH, Choy WP, Tan HY, Wong JW, Yap SP
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2001 Feb;24(4):715-9.
    PMID: 11272330
    A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of omeprazole in human plasma. Omeprazole and the internal standard, chloramphenicol, were extracted from alkalinized plasma samples using dichloromethane. The mobile phase was 0.05 M Na2HPO4-ACN (65:35, v/v) adjusted to pH 6.5. Analysis was run at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min at a detection wavelength of 302 nm. The method was specific and sensitive with a detection limit of 2.5 ng/ml at a signal-to-noise ratio of 4:1. The limit of quantification was set at 5 ng/ml. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 5-1280 ng/ml. Mean recovery value of the extraction procedure was about 96%, while the within and between day coefficient of variation and percent error values of the assay method were all less than 14%.
  19. Darwish NT, Sekaran SD, Alias Y, Khor SM
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2018 Feb 05;149:591-602.
    PMID: 29197806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.064
    The sharp increase in incidence of dengue infection has necessitated the development of methods for the rapid diagnosis of this deadly disease. Here we report the design and development of a reliable, sensitive, and specific optical immunosensor for the detection of the dengue nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) biomarker in clinical samples obtained during early stages of infection. The present optical NS1 immunosensor comprises a biosensing surface consisting of specific monoclonal NS1 antibody for immunofluorescence-based NS1 antigen determination using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated to IgG antibody. The linear range of the optical immunosensor was from 15-500ngmL-1, with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.92, high reproducibility (the relative standard deviation obtained was 2%), good stability for 21days at 4°C, and low detection limit (LOD) at 15ngmL-1. Furthermore, the optical immunosensor was capable of detecting NS1 analytes in plasma specimens from patients infected with the dengue virus, with low cross-reaction with plasma specimens containing the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Zika virus. No studies have been performed on the reproducibility and cross-reactivity regarding NS1 specificity, which is thus a limitation for optical NS1 immunosensors. In contrast, the present study addressed these limitations carefully where these two important experiments were conducted to showcase the robustness of our newly developed optical-based fluorescence immunosensor, which can be practically used for direct NS1 determination in any untreated clinical sample.
  20. Lim SM, Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Lim FT, Ramasamy K
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2021 Jan 30;193:113702.
    PMID: 33160220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113702
    Bioactive compounds from endophytic fungi exhibit diverse biological activities which include anticancer effect. Capitalising on the abundance of unexplored endophytes that reside within marine plants, this study assessed the anticancer potential of ethyl acetate endophytic fungal extracts (i.e. MBFT Tip 2.1, MBL 1.2, MBS 3.2, MKS 3 and MKS 3.1) derived from leaves, stem and fruits of marine plants that grow along Morib Beach, Malaysia. For identification of endophytic fungi, EF 4/ EF 3 and ITS 1/ ITS 4 PCR primer pairs were used to amplify the fungal 18S rDNA sequence and ITS region sequence, respectively. The resultant sequences were subjected to similarity search via the NCBI GenBank database. High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) hyphenated with bioassays was used to characterise the extracts in terms of their phytochemical profiles and bioactivity. Microchemical derivatisation was used to assess polyphenolic and phytosterol/ terpenoid content whereas biochemical derivatisation was used to establish antioxidant activities and α-amylase enzyme inhibition. The sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay was used to assess the anticancer effect of the extracts against HCT116 (a human colorectal cancer cell line). The present results indicated MBS 3.2 (Penicillium decumbens) as the most potent extract against HCT116 (IC50 = 0.16 μg/mL), approximately 3-times more potent than 5-flurouracil (IC50 = 0.46 μg/mL). Stepwise multiple regression method suggests that the anticancer effect of MBS 3.2 could be associated with high polyphenolic content and antioxidant potential. Nonlinear regression analysis confirmed that low to moderate α-amylase inhibition exhibits maximum anticancer activity. Current findings warrant further in-depth mechanistic studies.
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