In Malaysia, dengue fever is a common vector-borne disease. Most cases of dengue fever are reported in residential areas. Children are at high risk to be infected because they spend a lot of time around their housing area for outdoor activities. Such areas may have a high number of Aedes mosquitoes. As schools are equipped with infrastructure and medium for effective educational purposes, schools represent the most suitable facilities for learning and teaching process. A crosssectional study was conducted to determine the level of knowledge among students in Hulu Langat on Aedes mosquitoes, dengue fever, and Zika virus. The study also reported on the demographic factors which affected the knowledge level. Based on sample size calculation using G*Power v3.1 software, a total of 171 respondents were needed from the two primary schools involved in the study. Data collection was conducted using a pre-tested questionnaire that consisted of two main sections on demography and knowledge about Aedes mosquitoes, dengue fever and Zika virus. From the total score of 55, the mean knowledge score is 34.2 ± 8.38. Based on the median value of 36.0, about 50.9% of respondents had satisfactory knowledge. From the study, it was found that students from School A, students who had been watching video related to Aedes mosquito, and those with history of dengue infection among family members had a significantly better knowledge score (p < 0.01). In conclusion, knowledge about Aedes mosquitoes and related illnesses need to be enhanced through a comprehensive module and effective educational materials that can serve as a reliable source of information for primary school students.
Health awareness promotion among farming communities are important for a sustainable agriculture activities. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess health status among farming communities in Cameron Highlands, Pahang (n = 61) and Bachok and Pasir Puteh, Kelantan (n = 143). Mobile Health Screening Programme composed of assessment of blood glucose, blood cholesterol, haemoglobin, blood pressure, pterygium, lung function and nerve conductive velocity was utilized. Our results indicate that the percentage of Cameron Highland’s farmers with hyperglycaemia, systolic hypertension, diastolic hypertension and anaemia were 8.2%, 14.8%, 11.5% and 8.2%, respectively. However, higher percentage of farmers in Bachok and Pasir Puteh, Kelantan with hyperglycaemia (32.8%), hypercholesterolaemia (83%), anaemia (24.2%) and systolic hypertension (41.9%) were observed. Pterygium was positive for 88.6% of farmers in Cameron Highlands and 94.4% in Bachok and Pasir Puteh. Lung function test shows that 61.7% and 11.4% of farmers in Cameron Highlands had restrictive and obstructive lung, respectively. In Bachok and Pasir Puteh, a total of 19.8%, 55.5% and 23.9% of farmers were found to have obstructive, restrictive and combined obstructive and restrictive lung, respectively. Current Perception Threshold (CPT) value which indicate nerve conductive velocity were significantly increased (p < 0.05) among Cameron Highland’s farmers for both median and peroneal nerve at all frequencies (5 Hz, 250 Hz and 2000 Hz). In Bachok and Pasir Puteh, the values of the CPT for median nerve was significantly increased (p < 0.05) for all frequencies (5, 250 and 2000 Hz). Meanwhile, a signifi cant increased (p < 0.05) was observed for the CPT values for peroneal nerve at the frequencies of 250 and 2000 Hz as compared to control groups. In conclusion, analysis revealed different health problem among the studied farming communities which could be influenced by the differences in farming practices. Thus, employed Mobile Health Screening Programme offers a monitoring approach that could highlight the need for suitable health services and awareness programmes for different farming communities.
The oral health awareness and status among the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia first year dental students were studied. Seventy-three subjects underwent two components of assessment: questionnaire assessing oral health awareness and behaviour, and clinical examination of oral health status. Indices used including Plaque, Calculus, Community Periodontal Index for Treatment Needs (CPITN) and total score of Decayed, Missing, Filled and teeth indicated for Extraction (DMFX[T]). More than 90% of the subjects were reported to brush their teeth twice or more daily and used supplemental cleaning tools. They also knew the importance of healthy oral condition, the various causes and prevention of tooth decay and gum diseases. Although 70.3% felt they need dental treatment, the majority (81.9%) visited the dentist only when they feel it is necessary to do so. Clinical examination showed low scores of 0.99 and 0.40 for mean plaque and calculus indices, respectively, while 80.8% of the subjects have mild calculus accumulation. Code 2 of the CPITN Index was the highest (70.3%) among the subjects. The total DMFX was 291, with mean score of 0.14 per subject and the decayed component was the highest (D=186 teeth). These findings suggest that the subjects have acceptable oral health awareness, and also good existing oral health status.
Pseudomonas sp. strain SS22 telah dipencilkan daripada kolam oksidasi kilang minyak kelapa sawit di Malaysia. Dalam kajian ini, keupayaaan bakteria ini mentransformasikan asid oleik kepada produk baru telah dikaji. Produk biotransformasi dianalisis dengan kromatografi lapisan nipis (KLN), kromatografi gas (KG), spektroskopi inframerah gandingan fourier (SIGF) dan kromatografi gas-spektrometri jisim (KG-s.1). Analisis KLN menunjukkan bahawa hanya satu produk baru terbentuk selepas 7 hari eraman pada suhu 37°C, goncangan pada 150 ppm. Semakin lama eraman menyebabkan pengurangan titik produk pada 14 harL Analisis KG menunjukkan bahawa 5 puncak produk baru pada masa penahanan 13.1(*A), 15.0 (*C), 15.3 (*D), 16.8 (*E) dan 18.4 (*F) minit telah terbentuk selepas 7 hari eraman. Spektrum inframerah (Im) bagi produk yang terbentuk daripada asid oleik selepas 7 hari, menunjukkan kewujudan regangan OH/NH pada 3417 cm-'. Serapan pada 2673 cm-', kemungkinan regangan CH bersama-sama dengan kumpulan karbonil. Serapan pada 1712 cm-' adalah konstan dengan regangan c=o daripada keton atau asid karboksilik. Regangan CH pada 2932, 2854, 1462 dan 1379 cm-1 merupakan kumpulan alkil, menandakan produk hidrokarbon juga wujud dalam produk campuran. Kehadiran CH/C-C pada serapan 969 dan 725 cm-', menandakan kewujudan alkena trans (C=C). Analisis KG-SJ mengesahkan bahawa produk tersebut merupakan campuran asid 9(E)- heksadekenoik, asid kaprilik, asid miristik dan hidrokarbon. Walaupun produk yang terbentuk bercampur, asid 9(E)-heksadekenoik boleh digunakan sebagai komponen membran lipidnya. Penghasilan produk tersebut boleh dipertingkatkan dengan mengoptimumkan keadaan pertumbuhan.
Ficus deltoidea or Mas cotek is one of the common medicinal plants used in Malaysia has been claimed to have antidiabetic activity. However, scientific evidence to confirm its efficacy is still lacking. Thus, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of ethanolic extract of Ficus deltoidea to reduce hyperglycaemia in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats at different prandial state. The results showed that, ethanolic extract of Ficus deltoidea significantly reduced fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia particularly after 4 and 6 hours of extract administration. Likewise, glucose tolerance activity was significantly improved in the presence of Ficus deltoidea ethanolic extract at a low dose, 100 mg/kg. It is suggested that ethanolic extract of Ficus deltoidea at particular doses, possess fasting and postprandial antihyperglycemic activity as well as glucose tolerance activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Ficus deltoidea atau nama tempatannya 'Alas Cotek' telah dipercayai secara tradisional mempunyai aktiviti hipoglisemia. Dalam kajian ini, aktiviti hipoglisemia ekstrak akuas Ficus deltoidea pada tikus normal dan diabetik ringan (aruhan streptozotocin) telah dikaji. Ekstrak pada dos berbeza (100, 500 dan 1000 mg/kg) telah diberi secara oral kepada kedua-dua kumpulan dalam keadaan puasa dan pasca prandial. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa ekstrak akuas Ficus deltoidea tidak mempunyai kesan hipoglisemia pada tikus normal dan tikus diabetik ringan puasa. Pada tikus diabetik ringan pasca prandial, ekstrak akuas Ficus deltoidea pada dos 1000 mg/kg menunjukkan menunjukkan aktiviti hipoglisemia selepas 2 (p < 0.01), 4 (p < 0.05) and 6 (p < 0.01) jam pengambilan ekstrak. Mefformin, 500 mg/kg juga menunjukkan aktiviti hipoglisemia selepas 2 (p < 0.05), 4 (p < 0.01) and 6 (p < 0.01) jam pengambilan. Oleh sebab itu, kami mencadangkan bahawa mekanisme tindakan ekstrak akuas Ficus deltoidea mungkin melalui peningkatan pengambilan glukos oleh tisu otot serta pengurangan glukoneogenesis pada hepar.
Adequate nutrition is important for mothers and their offspring during and after birth. This cross sectional study was conducted to determine nutritional status and nutritional knowledge of pregnant women from two selected private hospitals in Klang Valley, Malaysia. A total of 236 Malay pregnant women aged between 20 to 45 years old (mean age 31+5 years) were recruited through convenient sampling method. Socio-demographic data, nutritional knowledge and a 24-hours diet recall were obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric and haemoglobin data were obtained from the antenatal records in the respective hospitals. The percentages of participants who were underweight, normal, overweight and obese before pregnancy were 12.7%, 55.1%, 25.0% and 7.2% respectively. Among those who were obese before pregnancy, a total of 59.7% had inadequate weight gain, 24.6% gained adequate weight and 15.7% gained excessive gestational weight. About 33.5% of subjects were anaemic (Hb < 11.0g/dL). The mean daily energy intake of the participants was 1748 ± 526 kcal which was 76% of RNI. Calcium (73% of RNI), folic acid (36% of RNI), niacin (89% of RNI) and vitamin D (40% of RNI). The nutritional knowledge level of subjects was moderate (51.9 ± 13.8%). Lower monthly household income (p < 0.001), educational level (p < 0.001) and gestational stage (p < 0.05) of participants were associated with a lower nutritional knowledge level. Nutritional knowledge score was positively correlated with gestational weight gain (r = 0.166, p < 0.05) and haemoglobin level (r = 0.200, p < 0.05). Subjects who claimed practising food taboos had higher nutritional knowledge score (54.9 ± 12.5%) than those who did not (49.9 ± 14.4%)(p < 0.05). A comprehensive nutrition education should be integrated in the antenatal classes to improve nutritional status of pregnant women.
The Ministry of Health (MoH) commenced the National Cochlear Implant (CI) Program in 2008. As of November 2014,
the program has implanted 205 individuals with hearing losses, many of whom are pediatric recipients (71%) with
prelingual deafness. This study aimed to profile the prelingually deafened pediatric cochlear implant recipients under the
MoH CI program. The data reported here were from a total of 121 recipients (82.8%) from all the nine satellite hospitals
in the program. There were 58 males and the majority of the cases were Malay (66.9%). From the cases reviewed 39
(32.2%) were high risk for permanent hearing loss and the majority (46%) had multiple risk factors. In this cohort,
only 12 children (9.9%) were identified through the newborn hearing screening (NHS) program. The age of diagnosis of
hearing loss ranged from 1 to 46 months with a mean age of 24.3 ± 10.2 months. Hearing aids were fitted at the age of
4 to 46 months with a mean of 27.5 ± 9.9 months. The average age of implantation was 41.5 ± 10.3 months. The mean
overall waiting period from the first visit to the audiologist to the time when the cochlear implant was activated was 18.5
± 9.1 months. Descriptive findings indicate that the children received their implants at a relatively late age for speech
and language development. The existing national NHS program needs to be tighten and strengthen so that it can be the
main feeder for the pediatric CI program under the MoH. Subsequently, it is hoped that early identification of hearing
loss will lead to earlier age of implantation among the pediatric patients in the future.
Heschl’s gyrus (HG) is known to interact with other auditory related areas of the same hemisphere during the performance
of an auditory cognitive task. However, the information about how it interacts with the opposite HG is still lacking.
The aim of this study was to investigate the psychophysiologic interaction (PPI) between the bilateral HG during a
simple arithmetic addition task and to verify the role of noise as an experimental factor that would modulate the PPI.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were performed on eighteen healthy participants, in which a
single-digit addition task were solved during in-quiet (AIQ) and in-noise (AIN) conditions. The fMRI data were analysed
using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8). The interaction between the bilateral HG was investigated using PPI
analysis. The response in right HG was found to be linearly influenced by the activity in left HG, vice-versa, for both
in-quiet and in-noise conditions. The connectivity from right to left HG in noisy condition seemed to be modulated
by noise, while the modulation is relatively small oppositely, indicating a non-reciprocal behavior. A two-way PPI
model between right and left HG is suggested. The connectivity from right to left HG during a simple addition task in
noise is driven by a higher ability of right HG to perceive the stimuli in a noisy condition. Both the bilateral HGs took
part in the cognitive processes of arithmetic addition from which the interactions between the two were found to be
different in noise.
In light of the increases in alcohol-induced diseases and social problems, the present study sets out to examine the factors affecting alcohol consumption among adults in Penang (Malaysia) using a cross-sectional survey sample consisting of 398 respondents. The results of the logistic regression analysis show that age, gender, ethnicity, marital status and smoking are significantly associated with alcohol consumption. In particular, males (OR: 3.720; 95% CI: 1.939, 7.136), Chinese (OR: 3.628; 95% CI: 1.808, 7.279) and smokers (OR: 5.083; 95% CI: 1.876, 13.774) are more likely to consume alcohol than others, whereas, old individuals (OR: 0.971; 95% CI: 0.941, 1.002), Malays (OR: 0.059; 95% CI: 0.021, 0.165) and married individuals (OR: 0.419; 95% CI: 0.211, 0.833) are less likely to consume alcohol than others. Based on the findings of the present study, several intervention strategies toward reducing alcohol consumption are proposed. Specifically, these strategies should be targeted at young individuals, males, Chinese, unmarried individuals and smokers.
This study aimed to identify the foot sensory status of Malay women with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to determine its relation with: demographic factors, glycated haemoglobin level in plasma, and body mass index. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 71 Malay women with type 2 diabetes mellitus who attend three health clinics in Hulu Langat District, Selangor. Foot sensation was assessed using the Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament 5.07 in nine locations on the plantar and dorsal of the feet. Loss of protective sensation was defined as inability to sense the monofilament in one or more sites of either foot. This study found that 56.3% of women had loss of protective sensation, with common sites being the heel, fifth metatarsal head, lateral mid-foot and little toe. Duration of diabetes mellitus were significantly related to foot sensation. The age, HbA1C level and body mass index did not show any significant correlation. Loss of protective sensation may lead to serious foot complication and therefore early screening involving multidisciplinary team is essential for prevention.
Ulam is fresh traditional Malaysian vegetables which normally consumed in raw form or after a short blanching process.It contains high antioxidants and polyphenols. However, there is limited study about the relationship between ulam consumption and cognitive status. Thus, a cross sectional study was conducted to determine the relation with cognitive function among 132 middle-aged Malays adults (45-59 years old), ecruited by convenient sampling from low income residences in Klang Valley. Respondents were interviewed to obtain data on sociodemography, dietary intake and total ulam intake and also measured for anthropometric parameters at respective community centres. Cognitive status was measured using Digit Span (attention and working memory), Rey auditory verbal learning test (RAVLT) (verbal memory) and comprehensive trail making test (CTMT) (cognitive flexibility). The average ulam intake by the respondents was 15.1 ± 8.2g/day and the top five highest consumed ulam were petai (68.1%), pucuk paku (62.9%), ulam raja (56.8%), pegaga (54.6%) and kesum (44.7%).There was a significant correlation between ulam intake with Digit Span (r = 0.265, p = 0.006), total immediate recall of RAVLT (r = 0.427, p < 0.001) and CTMT (r = 0.257, p = 0.007). Analysis of multiple regression indicated that total ulam intake was a significant predictor for Digit Span (R2 = 0.152, p < 0.05), RAVLT (R2 = 0.335, p = 0.001) and CTMT (R2 = 0.310, p < 0.001). In conclusion, this study showed that ulam has the potential to protect against cognitive decline, however, randomized control trials should be conducted to determine the efficacy of the ulam as neuroprotective agent.
Knowledge of normal anatomy and physiology of swallowing is fundamental in the identification of individuals with or
at risk for swallowing disorders. Learning anatomy and physiology however, is not an easy task thus, computer-assisted
learning (CAL) approaches have been incorporated into the learning of the topics to enhance understanding. Although
evidence exists on the benefits of using CAL in education, more studies are necessary in the field of swallowing. While
courseware for the learning of anatomy and physiology of swallowing exist, they are not comprehensive. Therefore, this
study aimed to develop a comprehensive CAL courseware for anatomy and physiology of swallowing. The current study
used a designed-based research following the ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation)
model to create a multimedia courseware, incorporating the use of text, still images, animations, audio narrations,
and presented on a simple graphical user interface. The courseware was evaluated by 27 undergraduate students in
terms of its usefulness, ease of use, and users’ satisfaction. Results indicate that the participants were satisfied with the
courseware and that they perceived the courseware as useful, easy to learn and easy to use. The study represents an
initiative to investigate the use of CAL in the subject and to establish the basis for further work which includes assessment
on the learning outcomes from the usage of the CAL courseware. It is hoped that the use of this courseware in teaching
and learning of anatomy and physiology of swallowing can enhance students’ knowledge and understanding of the area
efficiently and effectively.
Many studies have shown that probiotic strains added to a number of probiotic products are not compatible to that of
claimed. It is thus of note to validate probiotic strains added to probiotic products. In this study, three probiotic drinks,
A, B and C, were cultured on MRS agar and the number of bacterial colonies was enumerated. The bacterial counts
recovered from A (9.3 ± 6.9 log CFU/ml) and C (9.0 ± 6.9 log CFU/ml) were signifi cantly higher than B (5.2 ± 3.5 log
CFU/ml) and achieved the minimal amount recommended for probiotic bacteria. All of the isolates appeared as gram
positive rods microscopically and were proven to be catalase negative. However, there were only A1, A2, B4 and C1 that
were highly tolerant to the gastrointestinal pH 3 to 6. The four isolates produced and secreted antimicrobial substances
which inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). C1 showed the greatest
growth inhibition by forming 17.50-mm and 17.85-mm inhibition zones against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. The
16s rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed to further identify the twelve isolates. The twelve isolates
were found to be Lactobacillus (L.), particularly L. casei and L. paracasei. However, the bacteria isolated from drink B
were incompatible to the labelled ones. In conclusion, probiotic drinks are possible to contain different bacterial counts
and probiotic strains from the labelled ones. These differences might affect health benefi ts rendered by probiotic strains
to consumers.
There has been a significant increase in research on probiotics-associated health benefits in the last 20 years. Many studies carried out in vitro and clinically show that consumption of probiotics inhibits the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, the consumption of probiotics also enhances the host immune response and decreases the levels of carcinogenesis-inducing enzymes. These positive outcomes have led to the use of probiotics in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases like bacterial or antibiotic associated diarrhea, chronic inflammatory bowel diseases and colon cancer. This review summarises literature pertaining to mechanistic actions of probiotics in improving the well-being of hosts.
Each year, influenza A infections have caused tremendous death rate as high as 300,000-500,000 globally. Although
there are effective anti-influenza agents and vaccines, high mutational rate among influenza A viruses renders dramatic
decline in the effectiveness of anti-influenza agents or vaccines in certain individuals. The situation is further complicated
by limitations in influenza vaccine production, for instance, long production period, limited vaccine capacity and lack
of cross-protection against various influenza A virus strains. To solve these issues, development of universal influenza
vaccine based on conserved antigens such as non-stuctural protein 1 (NS1) has been endeavoured. NS1 protein is highly
conserved in all influenza A virus strains known by far, produced abundantly on infected cell surfaces and responsible for
maintaining virulence. Furthermore, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that are active against NS1 were also reported to be able
to avoid shedding of influenza in hosts. To better inhibit influenza infections, oral immunization has long been proposed
due to feasibility of this method to be implemented and safer for recipients while able to target influenza A viruses from
the entry point. Lactobacillus has been vastly studied for its roles as bacterial carrier in oral vaccine development due
to its significant probiotic properties. For examples, stimulation of immune responses in oral and airway mucosal layers,
high colonization in oral and airway mucosal layers and great natural adjuvant effects. In this light, influenza universal
oral vaccine developed using NS1 dan Lactobacillus should be further studied in influenza oral vaccine design.
The emergence of research about the biological effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) have growing concern among
researchers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on the brain of rats periodically exposed to 0.1 mT EMF.
Total 24 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were subdivided randomly to 4 groups: 2 control groups (C1 6 hours: 6 h/
day for 5 days; C2 20 hours: 20 h/day for 5 days) and 2 treatment groups which exposed to 0.1 mT EMF (T1 6 hours:
6 h/day for 5 days; T2 20 hours: 20 h/day for 5 days). A significant decrease in the pyramidal cell number was higher
as the exposure duration to EMF was extended (T1, p
Breast cancer is one of the commonest cancers among women. Conventional therapies cause adverse side effects in patients. Cytokine immunotherapy such as interleukin-27 (IL-27) has been sought as an alternative cancer treatment in recent years. IL-27 has been shown to improve anticancer immunity and anti-angiogenesis in cancers, however, its effect on apoptotic and anti-apoptotic gene expression especially in breast cancers is yet to be explored. Cytotoxicity of IL-27 in non-cancerous (184b5) and cancerous (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) breast cell lines was first determined for 24-72 h in this study. The results indicated that IL-27 treatment did not retard 184b5 cell growth, however, did inhibit MCF-7 (48 h) and MDA-MB-231 (72 h) cell growth with IC50 at 442 and 457 ng/ml, respectively. Apoptotic (TRAIL, FADD, FAS, caspase-3 and caspase-8) and anti-apoptotic (BCL-2, AKT, and COX-2) genes were then amplified from untreated (control) and treated breast cancer cells and studied. TRAIL, caspase-3, caspase-8 gene expression was significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated in treated MCF-7 (442 ng/ml) and MDA-MB-231 (457 ng/ml) cells. Expression of FADD and FAS genes was not detected in both control and treated MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. COX-2 gene was also not expressed by MCF-7 cells, but reduced significantly (p < 0.05) in treated MDA-MB-231 cells. In MDA-MB-231 cells, IL-27 treatment seemed to slightly enhance the expression of AKT and BCL-2 genes which, on the other hand, was downregulated in treated MCF-7 cells. Conclusively, IL-27 is able to inhibit breast cancer cell growth and regulate apoptotic and anti-apoptotic gene expression in breast cancer cells.
Awareness, involvement and training in dysphagia management are essential to ensure that patients are appropriately
assessed for dysphagia and provided with intervention. The study aimed to identify levels of awareness, involvement and
training of medical officers in dysphagia management. A total of 51 medical officers from the family medicine, medical,
otorhinolaryngology, surgery, and neurosurgery departments in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia participated in the
study. Levels of awareness, involvement and training of medical officers in dysphagia management were reported using
descriptive analysis. Results indicate that medical officers lacked awareness and training in dysphagia management.
Referral rates to speech-language pathologists for dysphagia management were low with 58.4% of medical officers having
had seldom or never referred patients. The results provide valuable information for addressing dysphagia management
in the hospital.
This study aimed to determine the nutrient contents in tempe produced by five cottage industries in Selangor, Malaysia.
Proximate contents were analysed by using standard methods of AOAC (1997) while carbohydrate content was calculated
by difference. Mineral contents, total dietary fiber (TDF), total phenolic content and total isoflavone content were
determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), enzymatic-gravimetric (AOAC 985.29), Folin-Ciocalteu
colorimetric and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) respectively. Macronutrients were reported in 100
g sample and the results showed the average nutrient contents were as follow: 63.07 ± 3.18% moisture, 19.63 ± 1.50%
protein, 0.65 ± 0.17% fat, 0.70 ± 0.06% ash and 15.95 ± 1.88% total carbohydrate. The average mineral content in 100
g samples (based on wet basis) were 29.45 ± 5.67 mg calcium, 13.28 ± 5.76 mg magnesium, 3.48 ± 1.09 mg sodium and
2.06 ± 0.33 mg ferum. The results showed that the average of TDF content was 8.05 ± 3.65%. Total phenolic content
was 259.87 ± 22.62 mg of GAE/g. The total isoflavone content in 100 g samples (wet basis) was 41.94 ± 10.42 mg/100
g. This study had shown that total phenolic content was significantly correlated (p < 0.01) with total isoflavone content
in all tempe samples. It can be concluded that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in nutrient contents among
tempe samples produced by five cottage industries located in Selangor, Malaysia. However, the mineral and isoflavone
contents in the present study were lower compared to previous studies.