Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 95 in total

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  1. Zalina Laili, Mohd Zaidi Ibrahim, Muhamat Omar
    MyJurnal
    A study has been carried out using a gamma-ray spectrometric system to determine the natural
    radioactivity level in bricks made from industrial waste and their associated radiation hazard.
    Brick-1 and brick-2 contained waste from coal power plant and granite industry, respectively. The
    leachability of radionuclides from these bricks was also investigated. The activity concentration
    values of 226Ra,
    228Ra,
    232Th, and 40K are 64.25, 63.15, 67.9 and 254.19 Bq/kg, respectively in brick-
    1, and 193, 164.48, 164.63 and 1348.75 Bq/kg, respectively in brick-2. The radiation hazard
    indexes such as radium equivalent activities (Raeq), representative level index (Iγr), external hazard
    index (Hex) and internal hazard index (Hin) were calculated and compared with the internationally
    approved values. Results indicate that brick-1 showed less radiological hazard than brick-2. This
    suggested that brick-1 could be used in building construction without exceeding the proposed
    criterion level.The leachability of 226Ra for bricks showed the activity concentration slightly
    exceeded 1 Bq/L which is the limit generally used for industrial wastewater.
  2. Zal U’yun Wan Mahmood, Norfaizal Mohamed @ Mohamad, Nik Azlin Nik Ariffin, Abdul Kadir Ishak
    MyJurnal
    An improved laboratory technique for measurement of polonium-210(
    210Po) in environmental
    samples has been developed in Radiochemistry and Environmental Laboratory (RAS), Malaysian
    Nuclear Agency. To further improve this technique, a study with the objectives to determine the
    optimum conditions for
    210Po deposition and; evaluate the accuracy and precision results for
    the determination of 2 1 0 P o in environmental samples was carried-out. Polonium-210 which
    is an alpha emitter obtained in acidic solution through total digestion and dissolution of samples
    has been efficiently plated onto one side of the silver disc in the spontaneous plating process for
    measurement of its alpha activity. The optimum conditions for deposition of 210Po were achieved
    using hydrochloric acid (HCl) media at acidity of 0.5 M with the presence of 1.0 gram hydroxyl
    ammonium chloride and the plating temperature at 90
    oC. The plating was carried out in 80 mL
    HCl solution (0.5 M) for 4 hours. The recorded recoveries obtained using 2 0 9 P o tracers in
    the CRM IAEA-385 and environmental samples were 85% – 98% whereby the efficiency of the
    new technique is a distinct advantage over the existing techniques. Therefore, optimization of
    deposition parameters is a prime importance to achieve accuracy and precision results as well as
    economy and time saving
  3. Zal U’yun Wan Mahmood, Norfaizal Mohamed, Nita Salina Abu Bakar, Nur Hidaya Dmuliany Mohd Sidek
    MyJurnal
    Laboratory radiotracer experiment was performed to study the bioaccumulation of 109Cd and 134Cs in the Malaysian common fish White seabass (Lates calcarifer). The aim of this study was to compare the biokinetics of uptake these two contrasting radionuclides by White seabass in laboratory condition scale. Experiments were designed to determine the processes controlling uptake of both radionuclides following exposure via seawater. In this study, the curve shapes of the uptake kinetic of 109Cd and 134Cs in White seabass were slightly linear and gradually increased with increasing of exposure time but were not reach equilibrium in the period of the study of 21 days. This phenomenon can be concluded that radioelement concentrations of 109Cd and 134Cs; and exposure duration of this experiment may not adequately to reach steady-state condition for uptake kinetic of those radioelements in White seabass. Furthermore, this was indicated that the uptake rate of 109Cd was 1.79 times faster than 134Cs due to some factors may probably influenced the output of this experiment such as different element accumulation strategies, physiological, behavior of radioelements, etc.
  4. Zal U’yun Wan Mahmood, Zaharudin Ahmad, Che Abd Rahim Mohamed, Abdul Kadir Ishak, Norfaizal Mohammed
    MyJurnal
    The distribution, enrichment and pollution status of metals in sediment cores from the Sabah-Sarawak coastal waters were studied. Seven sediment cores were taken in July 2004 using a gravity box corer. The metals of Cu, Zn and Pb were analyzed by ICP-MS to assess the pollution status of the sediments. The sediment fine fraction and organic carbon content was also analyzed. Enrichment Factor (EF), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) was calculated as criteria of possible contamination. The results showed that collected sediments were composed with clay, silt and sand as 12 – 74%, 27 – 72% and 0 – 20%, respectively. Meanwhile, organic carbon contents were relatively low and constant over time, based on sediment depth profiles, and it did not exceed 5% at any sampling station. The average metal concentrations in sediment cores at all sampling station were distributed in the ranges of 1.66 ± 1.36 – 6.61 ± 0.12 μgg-1 for Cu, 26.55 ± 1.04 – 57.94 ± 1.58 μgg-1 for Zn and 3.99 ± 0.10 – 14.48 ± 0.32μgg-1 for Pb. According to calculations of EF, Igeo and PLI, it can be concluded that concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb were not significantly affected by pollution from anthropogenic sources at the seven sampling locations. Thus, the metal content of Cu, Zn and Pb in sediment should not cause pollution problem to the marine environment of Sabah-Sarawak coastal waters and further response measures are not needed.
  5. Zal U’yun Wan Mahmood, Mei, Wo Yii, Abdul Kadir Ishak
    MyJurnal
    This study was performed to observe the variation in the distribution of 210Po,210Pb and 210Po/210Pb activity ratio throughtheir vertical profile of the sediment cores takenat surrounding Sungai Linggi estuary. Five sediment cores were takenin February 2011 and were cutto an intervalof 2 cm layer. Activity concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb were determined using alpha radiochemical analysis and gamma direct measurement, respectively. Generally, the measured activity of 210Po, 210Pb and 210Po/210Pbwere in the ranges of 22.73 –139.06 Bqkg-1dw., 37.88 –176.24 Bqkg-1dw.and 0.23 –1.34, respectively. The variation in the distribution profile for the radionuclides are believed to be influencedby human activities such as agriculture, fertilizer, vehicles, burned fuel fossil and forest, industrialand others via river input from land-base.Other factor is due to organic mattercontent played importantrole as the geochemical carrier to transportthose radionuclides at study area. It was provedthat hasa strong correlation between the radionuclide distribution and the sedimentcomposition of organic matter.Furthermore, in those rangesreflectedthat 210Pb activities were higher than210Po with an activity ratio average of 0.79. This is probably due to dramatic increase of excess 210Pb supplied from atmospheric deposition, in situ decay of 226Ra and as a result of diagenetic remolibilazationof 210Pbin deeper layesof the sediment column. Thus, thosefactors are majorcontributions on thevariation of 210Po and 210Pb in the sediment core at surrounding Sungai Linggi estuary.
  6. Zal Uyun Wan Mahmood, Yii, Mei-Wo, Che Abd. Rahim Mohamed, Norfaizal Mohamed @ Mohamad, Abdul Kadir Ishak
    MyJurnal
    The most commonly used techniques of alpha and gamma spectrometry were performed to measure
    210Pb activity in marine sediment core as a comparison. Alpha analytical technique measured the
    activity of 210Pb from it’s in-grow grand-daughter 210Po after a chemical separation, assuming
    radioactive equilibrium between the two radionuclides. Meanwhile, gamma analysis technique
    allows direct measurement, non-destructive and no preliminary chemical separation. Through the
    comparison, it is found that both alpha and gamma analysis techniques were slightly difference.
    Overall, the results from alpha analytical technique were basically higher than those from the
    gamma analytical techniques. Some logical argument had been discussed to explain this situation.
    In routine analysis, the analytical technique used should be chosen carefully based on advantages
    and disadvantages of the each technique and analysis requirements. Therefore, it is recommended to
    determine exactly the needs and purpose of analysis and to know the sample history before decide
    the appropriate analytical technique
  7. Zal U'yun Wan Mahmood, Nita Salina Abu Bakar, Mohamad Noh Sawon, Khairul Nizam Razali, Mohd Tarmizi Ishak, Norfaizal Mohamed, et al.
    MyJurnal
    Results ofthe bioaccumulation study anddose assessmentof Th-232 in whole-body Anabas testudineus are presented. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Th-232 concentration activity on the laboratory bioaccumulation and total dose rate in Anabas testudineus. Anabas testudineus adults were exposed to different waterborne Th-232 levels: 0 Bq/L (control), 50 Bq/L and 100 Bq/L for 30 day (uptake phase). Whole-body uptakesof Th-232 in Anabas testudineuswere calculated and total dose ratesusing ERICA Assessment Tool were also estimated. The results showed the increase of waterborne Th-232 concentration corresponded to a progressive increase of Th-232accumulation and total dose rate (internal and external) in whole-body Anabas testudineus.Considering the ERICA dose rate screening value of 10 μGy/h, the findings can be concluded the estimated of total dose rate (0.38 –1.29μGy/h) in Anabas testudineuswasin orderof small magnitude. Nevertheless, these results showed that the Anabas testudineushas a potential to accumulate thorium.
  8. Zal U'yun Wan Mahmood, Norfaizal Mohamad, Nur Nazirah Johari
    MyJurnal
    Accumulation kinetic trends of cesium and cadmium in the Penaeus monodon were studied using Cs-134 and Cd-109 as a tracer. The objective of this study was to quantify the uptake and loss/depuration kinetic of these two radionuclides in the Penaeus monodon. Uptake and loss/depuration kinetic of these two radionuclides in the Penaeus monodon were varied widely, displayed a simple double kinetic model of linear and exponential trend with time unless modified by moulting at the stage in the mount cycle. Therefore, the variation of Cs-134 and Cd-109 bio-concentration factor could be concluded considerably influence by moulting cycle, environmental and biological condition as well as physico-chemical that direct effects on their uptake and loss/depuration kinetic.
  9. Zaidi Embong
    MyJurnal
    This review briefly describes some of the techniques available for analysing surfaces and illustrates their usefulness with a few examples such as a metal and alloy. In particular, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and laser Raman spectroscopy are all described as advanced surface analytical techniques. In analysing a surface, AES and XPS would normally be considered first, with AES being applied where high spatial resolution is required and XPS where chemical state information is needed. Laser Raman spectroscopy is useful for determining molecular bonding. A combination of XPS, AES and Laser Raman spectroscopy can give quantitative analysis from the top few atomic layers with a lateral spatial resolution of
  10. Yusof Abdullah, Mohd Reusmaazran Yusof, Megat Harun Al Rashid Megat Ahmad, Hafizal Yazid, Abdul Aziz Mohamed, Norazila Mat Sali, et al.
    MyJurnal
    Effects of 3 MeV electron (10 mA) irradiation at room temperature on the phase, microstructure,
    electrical and life time properties of 4H-SiC wafer were investigated by scanning electron
    microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), four point probe current-voltage measurements and
    positron annihilation spectroscopy. It was found that irradiation damage in SiC wafer is
    significantly increased with the increase of radiation dose as observed in SEM. Irradiation also
    resulted in modification of crystallite size as identified by XRD. The resistance of a sample before
    irradiation was found to be 0.8 MΩ, whereas for a sample irradiated at 200 kGy, the resistance as
    measured by four point probe was 5.2 MΩ. It seems that the increase of resistance hence, reduction
    in conductivities could be due to defects induced by the radiation dose received then created
    leakage currents at both reverse and low-forward biases and creation of traps in the SiC.
    Meanwhile positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) was used to analyse the life time of irradiated
    samples which nonetheless shows that all irradiated sample have similar life time of 151 ps. It was
    observed that that no degradation process of materials experienced by SiC wafer irradiated at 500
    kGy.
  11. Yusof Abdullah, Mohd Reusmaazran Yusof, Nadira Kamarudin, Paulus, Wilfred Sylvester, Rusnah Mustaffa, Nurazila Mat Zali, et al.
    MyJurnal
    Al/B4C composites with 0 wt.%, 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% of B4C were prepared by powder metallurgy and their properties were characterised successfully. Investigation of the effect of milling times (4, 8, 12, 16 hours) on microstructure, phase identification, hardness and neutron attenuation coefficient of composites has been studied. The results showed that hardness increased with increased of milling time, with maximum hardness obtained at 16 hours milling time. The increment is slower as the composition of B4C increased. The hardness of Al/10%B4C, Al/5%B4C and Al/0%B4C were 81.7, 78.7 and 61.2 HRB respectively. Morphology of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that microstructures play important role in controlling the hardness. Meanwhile, x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the phases and crystalline present in composites with an indication that crystalline of the grain increased as the milling time increased. Neutron absorption of Al/10%B4C composites showed that this composite has the highest attenuation coefficient, thus indicating that it is the best composites for neutron shielding.
  12. Wo, Yii Mei, Hidayah Shahar, Zaharudin Ahmad
    MyJurnal
    Present of 241Am in the environment is being determined as part of surveillance and research
    programs related to nuclear activities. The separation of 241Am from environmental samples was
    carried out against the IAEA’s reference material by using an improved in-house radiochemical
    separation method through anion exchange column, followed by the electro-deposition on a
    stainless steel disc, and finally assayed on alpha spectrometry counting system. The resulting
    spectra showed good isolated peak, indicating a good separation of the radionuclide of interest.
    The analytical results were in good agreement with the certified value for IAEA-326 and IAEA-368
    with the calculated U-score was 0.36 and 0.82, respectively, showing no significant difference
    between the experimental and certified value. Using this method, distributions of 241Am in seabed
    surface sediment in the Exclusive Economic Zone of East Coast Peninsular Malaysia were studied.
    Samples were collected during June 2008 where the concentrations of 241Am were found to be
    ranged from < 0.08 to 0.36 Bq/kg, dry weight.
  13. Wan Nordiana W Abd Rahman, Raizulnasuha Ab Rashid, Mahfuzah Muhammad, Khairunisak Abdul Razak, Norhayati Dollah, Moshi Geso
    MyJurnal
    Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively investigated as dose enhancement agent to increase the lethal dose to the tumours while minimizing dose to the normal tissue. Their intriguing properties and characteristics such as small size and shape provide favorable option in increasing radiotherapy therapeutic efficiency. In this study, the effects of AuNPs size on the dose enhancement effects irradiated under megavoltage photon beams were investigated. The study was conducted in-vitro on HeLa cells using AuNPs of 5 nm and 15 nm sizes. The cells samples were incubated with AuNPs and irradiated with photon beam of energy 6 MV and 10 MV at 100 cm SSD and 10 cm x 10 cm field size. Clonogenic assay were performed to observe the dose enhancement effects on cell survival. Dose enhancement factor (DEF) were extrapolated and evaluated from the cell survival curves. The results show that both sizes of AuNPs produce dose enhancement with the larger size AuNPs of 15 nm produce more dose enhancement compare to 5 nm AuNPs for 6 MV photon beam. Dose enhancements were observed for 10 MV photon beams but DEF for both sizes AuNPs shows no differences. In conclusion, larger size AuNPs produce higher dose enhancement compare to small size of AuNPs which conclude that nanoparticles size is important factor that need to be taken into account for AuNPs to be applied in radiotherapy.
  14. Sofian Ibrahim, Chantara Thevy Ratnam, Chai, Chee Keong, Noor Hasni M. Ali, Mohd Noorwadi Mat Lazim, Khairiah Badri
    MyJurnal
    Peroxide pre-vulcanized natural rubber latex prepared by using gamma irradiation technique is an alternative over the conventionally prepared peroxide pre-vulcanized that used activator to promote the peroxide decomposition in natural rubber latex. Through this technique the problems aroused by some activators such as tends to darken the natural rubber latex film during the drying process can also be overcome. For this preliminary study, data obtained from crosslink density and mechanical measurements were used to evaluate the effectiveness of gamma irradiation in the vulcanization process. Increasing the quantity of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHPO) from 0.1 pphr to 0.3 pphr while the irradiation dose maintain at 12 kGy has successfully delivered peroxide vulcanized natural rubber latex films with average tensile strength, modulus @ 500% and modulus @ 700% around 15.33, 1.01 and 3.42 MPa, respectively. The effective pre-vulcanization irradiation dose with respect to maximum crosslinking density (85.8 %) was observed on film prepared at 0.1 pphr t-BHPO.
  15. Siong, Wee Boon, Ebihara, Mitsuru
    MyJurnal
    Prompt gamma-ray analysis (PGA) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) are essential for the study of rare samples such as meteorites because of non-destructivity and relatively being free from contaminations. The objective of this research is to utilize PGA and INAA techniques for comparative study and apply them to meteorite analyses. In this study, 11 meteorite samples received from the Meteorite Working Group of NASA were analyzed. The Allende meteorite powder was included as quality control material. Results from PGA and INAA for Allende showed in good agreement with literature values, signifying the reliabilities of these two methods. Elements Al, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na and Ti were determined by both methods and their results are compared. Comparison of PGA and INAA data using linear regression analysis showed correlations coefficients r2 > 0.90 for Al, Ca, Mn and Ti, 0.85 for Mg, and 0.38 for Na. The PGA results for Na using 472 keV were less accurate due to the interference from the broad B peak. Therefore, Na results from INAA method are preferred. For other elements (Al, Ca, Mg, Mn and Ti), PGA and INAA results can be used as cross-reference for consistency. The PGA and INAA techniques have been applied to meteorite samples and results are comparable to literature values compiled from previously analyzed meteorites. In summary, both PGA and INAA methods give reasonably good agreement and are indispensable in the study of meteorites.
  16. Shamsiah Abdul Rahman, Md Suhaimi Elias, Nazaratul Ashifa Abdullah Salim, Zalina Laili, Azian Hashim, Shakirah Abd Shukor, et al.
    MyJurnal
    Samples of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10-2.5) fraction of airborne particulate were collected on weekly basis during the period from May 2012 to July 2014 at Bangi, Selangor. The samples were collected using a Gent Stacked Filter Sampler in two fractions of < 2.5 µm and 2.5 - 10 µm sizes. This research paper aims at establishing the concentration level of PM2.5, PM10-2.5 and PM10 at Bangi area and investigates their possible sources and contribution to the ambient aerosol of the area. The samples were analyzed for their elemental composition and black carbon content by Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Smoke Stain Reflectometer, respectively. The average for PM2.5, PM10-2.5 and PM10 ranged from1.8 µg/m3 to 78.0 µg/m3, 9.6 µg/m3 to 76.8 µg/m3 and 12 µg/m3 to 134 µg/m3, respectively. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) technique was also applied to fine and coarse data set in order to identify the possible sources of particulate matter (PM) and their contribution to the ambient particulate matter concentrations in the area. The best solution was found to be five factors for both elemental compositions of fine and coarse PM, respectively. The PMF results show that motor vehicles and secondary sulphate contribute about 40.3% and 33.0% of the fine mass respectively followed by soil, sea salt and smoke/biomass burning with the average contribution of 10.5%, 10.3% and 6.4%, respectively. In case of coarse particles the PMF results show that a large fraction of about more than 50% of the coarse mass comes from motor vehicle. Soil dust including road dust and soil construction contribute about 32.5% of the coarse mass whilst the smoke/biomass burning factor contributes about 6.7% of the coarse mass.
  17. Shakinah Salleh, Zaiton Ahmad, Affrida Abu Hassan, Yahya Awang, Yutaka Oono
    MyJurnal
    Chrysanthemum morifolium is an important temperate cut flower for Malaysian floriculture
    industry and the lack of new local owned varieties led to this mutation breeding research. The
    objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of ion beam irradiation in generating
    mutations on ray florets and nodal explants of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. ‘Reagan Red’. Ion
    beams has become an efficient physical mutagen for mutation breeding. The ray florets and nodal
    explants were irradiated with ion beams at doses 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 8.0, 10, 15, 20 and 30 Gy.
    The 50% of in vitro shoot regeneration (RD50) for ray florets explants was 2.0 Gy and for nodal
    explants was 4.0 Gy. Thus, relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for ray florets was found 2.0
    times higher than the nodal explants. The regenerated plantlets were planted in the greenhouse at
    MARDI, Cameron Highlands for morphological screening. Overall performance of survival
    plantlets derived from in vitro nodal and ray floret explants was recorded. The characters studied
    include plant morphology and flowering characteristic. The ray florets explants were found to be
    more sensitive to ion beam irradiation and generated more mutations as compared to nodal
    explants.
  18. Shakinah Salleh, Affrida Abu Hassan, Shuhaimi Shamsudin, Yahya Awang, Ab. Kahar Sandrang, Abdullah, Thohirah Lee
    MyJurnal
    Chrysanthemum morfolium is an important temperate cut flower and potted plant for Malaysian local market and exporter. Considering chrysanthemum as a popular vegetatively propagated ornamental plant, induce mutations for breeding purposes are more beneficial. Several of physical mutagens have been used in mutation breeding including x-rays, gamma rays and ion beams. Gamma rays and ion beams are from two different linear energy transfer (LET) which are low and high, respectively. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acute gamma and ion beam irradiation in generating flower colour mutations on nodal explants of Chrysanthemum morifblium cv. Reagan Red'. The nodal explants were irradiated with acute gamma (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110 and 120 Gy) and ion beam (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 8.0, 10, 15, 20 and 30 Gy). The optimal dose for in vitro shoot regeneration using acute gamma was in the range of 10 to .15.0Gy and for ion beam was between 3.5 to 4.OGv. Relative biological effectiveness for ion beam was found 3.75 higher than the acute gamma. The regenerated plantlets were planted in the greenhouse at MARDI, Cameron Highland for morphological screening. The highest frequency of flower colour mutation for acute gamma was 77.8% whilst for ion beam were between 42.3 to 58.3%.
  19. Shaiful Azuar Mohamad, Nurul Shahnadz Amir Hamzah, Mohd Yusof Hamzah, Rusli Ibrahim, Khairuddin Abd Rahim, Choong, Yew Keong, et al.
    MyJurnal
    The fermentation of Pleurotus pulmonarius (non-irradiated) and Pleurotus pulmonarius (irradiated) were carried out in Erlenmeyer flask 500 mL (working volume 250 mL) and screened for the presence of β-glucan (1, 3:1, 6). The biomass obtained was extracted using Modified Mizuno Method to get the endopolysaccharide. The endopolysaccharides of Pleurotus pulmonarius (irradiated) contained higher content of β-glucan (1, 3:1, 6) with 16.7 g/100g crude polysaccharide compared to the non-irradiated strain. The irradiated strain was chosen for further investigation. Fractionation of endopolysaccharide Pleurotus pulmonarius (irradiated) using column chromatograph yielded 7 fractions. The first fraction (F1) contained high molecular weight fraction ~ 105 Da which potential immunomodulation characteristics. The Pleurotus pulmonarius (irradiated) was produced in a 5 L air-lift bioreactor. The highest biomass was obtained at air flowrate of 2 L/min, yielding productivity of 2.56 g/L.d.
  20. Selambakkannu, Sarala, Bakar, Khomsaton Abu, Ming, Ting Teo, Jamaliah Sharif
    MyJurnal
    In this studies gamma and electron beam irradiation was used to treat textile waste water. Comparisons between both types of irradiation in terms of effectiveness to degrade the pollutants present in textile waste water were done. Prior to irradiation, the raw wastewater was diluted using distilled water to a target concentration of COD 400 mg/l. The sample was irradiated at selected doses between the ranges of 10 kGy to 100 kGy. The results showed that irradiation has significantly contributed in the reduction of the highly colored refractory organic pollutants. The COD removal at the lowest dose, 10 kGy was reduced to 390 mg/l for gamma and 400 mg/l for electron beam. Meanwhile, at the highest dose, 100 kGy, the COD was reduced to 125 mg/l for gamma and 144 mg/l for electron beam. The degree of removal is influenced by the dose introduced during the treatment process. As the dose increased, the higher the removal of organic pollutant was recorded. However, gamma irradiation is more effective although the differences are not significant between gamma and electron beam irradiation. On the other hand, other properties of the wastewater such as pH, turbidity, suspended solid, BOD and color also shows a gradual decrease as the dose increases for both types of irradiation.
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