Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 39 in total

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  1. Zarina Mohamad, Fadhilah Ahmad, Ahmad Nazari Mohd Rose, Fatma Susilawati Mohamad, Mustafa Mat Deris
    MyJurnal
    In this work, a new model for federation data grid system called Sub-Grid-Federation was designed to
    improve access latency by accessing data from the nearest possible sites. The strategy in optimising
    data access was based on the process of searching into the area identified as ‘Network Core Area’
    (NCA). The performance of access latency in Sub-Grid-Federation was tested based on the
    mathematical proving and simulated using OptorSim simulator. Four case studies were carried out and
    tested in Optimal Downloading Replication Strategy (ODRS) and the Sub-Grid-Federation. The results
    show that Sub-Grid-Federation is 20% better in terms of access latency and 21% better in terms of
    reducing remotes sites access compared to ODRS. The results indicate that the Sub-Grid-Federation
    is a better alternative for the implementation of collaboration and data sharing in data grid system.
  2. Yusof Nurhayati, Ali Abdul Manaf, Abu Bakar Che Abdullah, Tang, John Yew Huat, Hassan Osman
    MyJurnal
    The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharides (COS),
    prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase from Trichoderma reesei, Celluclast® on the growth of
    Bifidobacterium sp. The growth of the two bacteria strains were determined every 12 h for 48 h under
    anaerobic incubation at 37 °C in four MRS media containing lactose, COS, chitosan and inulin. The
    bacteria cell growth in substrate-added medium increased significantly after 48 h of incubation, except
    for the chitosan medium. COS was found to have a similar growth effect on B. bifidum ATCC 11863
    and B. breve ATCC 15700 when compared with inulin and lactose. The pH of medium containing
    COS, inulin and lactose fermented with B. bifidum ATCC 11863 and B. breve ATCC 15700 decreased
    rapidly after 12 h. B. bifidum ATCC 11863 showed the highest specific growth rate at 12 h. The results
    revealed that COS support the growth of probiotic bacteria, thus indicating that COS has the potential
    as new prebiotic source in the functional food industry.
  3. Yusof Nurhayati, Abdul Manaf Ali
    MyJurnal
    Many researchers have focused chitosan as a source of potential bioactive material during the past few decades. However, chitosan has several drawbacks to be utilised in biological applications, including poor solubility under physiological conditions. Therefore, a new interest has recently emerged on partially hydrolysed chitosan, chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). In this study, degradation of chitosan was performed by Cellulase from Trichoderma reesei® 1.5L and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were employed to optimize the hydrolysis temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration. Optimization of cellulase T. reesei® using central composite design (CCD) was to obtain optimum parameters and all the factors showed significant effects (p˂0.05). The maximum response, Celluclast® activity (1.268 U) was obtained by assaying the process at 49.79oC, pH 4.5, 3% (v/w) of enzyme concentration and 25% (w/v) concentration of chitosan for 24 hours.
  4. Wan Muhamad Amir W. Ahmad, Mohamad Arif Awang Nawi, Mustafa Mamat
    MyJurnal
    This paper proposes the use of bootstrap, robust and fuzzy multiple linear regressions method in
    handling general insurance in order to get improved results. The main objective of bootstrapping is to
    estimate the distribution of an estimator or test statistic by resampling one's data or a model estimated
    from the data under conditions that hold in a wide variety of econometric applications. In addition,
    bootstrap also provides approximations to distributions of statistics, coverage probabilities of confidence
    intervals, and rejection probabilities of hypothesis tests that produce accurate results. In this paper, we
    emphasize the combining and modelling using bootstrapping, robust and fuzzy regression methodology.
    The results show that alternative methods produce better results than multiple linear regressions (MLR)
    model.
  5. Ullah, Hadaate, Kiber, Adnan, Huq, Asadul, Mohammad Arif Sobhan Bhuiyan
    MyJurnal
    Classification is one of the most hourly encountered problems in real world. Neural networks have
    emerged as one of the tools that can handle the classification problem. Feed-Forward Neural Networks
    (FFNN's) have been widely applied in many different fields as a classification tool. Designing an efficient
    FFNN structure with the optimum number of hidden layers and minimum number of layer's neurons for
    a given specific application or dataset, is an open research problem and more challenging depend on
    the input data. The random selections of hidden layers and neurons may cause the problem of either
    under fitting or over fitting. Over fitting arises because the network matches the data so closely as to
    lose its generalization ability over the test data. In this research, the classification performance using
    the Mean Square Error (MSE) of Feed-Forward Neural Network (FFNN) with back-propagation algorithm
    with respect to the different number of hidden layers and hidden neurons is computed and analyzed to
    find out the optimum number of hidden layers and minimum number of layer's neurons to help the
    existing classification concepts by MATLAB version 13a. By this process, firstly the random data has
    been generated using an suitable matlab function to prepare the training data as the input and target
    vectors as the testing data for the classification purposes of FFNN. The generated input data is passed
    on to the output layer through the hidden layers which process these data. From this analysis, it is find
    out from the mean square error comparison graphs and regression plots that for getting the best
    performance form this network, it is better to use the high number of hidden layers and more neurons in
    the hidden layers in the network during designing its classifier but so more neurons in the hidden layers
    and the high number of hidden layers in the network makes it complex and takes more time to execute.
    So as the result it is suggested that three hidden layers and 26 hidden neurons in each hidden layers
    are better for designing the classifier of this network for this type of input data features.
  6. Shaiful Ehsan Shalihin, Mohd Aznan MA, Mohamad Haniki NM
    MyJurnal
    Number of active smokers in Malaysia is increasing despite availability of stop smoking clinics and smoking cessation medications. Thus, the practice of the healthcare professionals involved in providing smoking cessation intervention using evidence-based guidelines needs to be assessed using validated assessment tool. Newly invented reliable and valid questionnaire locally is needed. This study aimed to develop and validate a newly modified questionnaire to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of medical doctors based on national smoking cessation guidelines and factors contributing to the score. The 22 items consists of true/false questions and Likert scaling response based on domain of 5A’s (ask, assess, advice, assist, arrange) and 5R’s (relevant, risks, rewards, roadblocks, repetitions) of the national stop-smoking guideline. Sample size is calculated based on five respondents to one item ratio. The questionnaires were distributed to 131 primary care doctors. Reliability was determined using Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency while construct validity was assessed using factor analysis. A high degree of internal consistency was observed (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.87), with good knowledge subscale (0.72), attitude subscale (0.58) and practice subscale (0.92). Factor analysis showed three meaningful finalized components (knowledge, attitude and practice) which represent the smoking cessation framework. This study indicates that this revised questionnaire is more reliable and valid tool to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice on stop smoking guidelines compared to previous questionnaire.
  7. Safa’a Ahmad Al Masri, Siti Musliha Mat Rasid
    MyJurnal
    In the current study, a total of 86 soccer’s players with mean age of 14 years drawn from Terengganu soccer academy were tested in performing 10 parameters aiming at determining the performance of those players based on assessing the contribution of each activity and its corresponding significant level. The 10 performance related parameters involved anthropometry (BMI), fitness test (agility, coordination, muscular endurance (push and sit up), power, YoYo level), and football skill test (dribbling with ball, dribbling without ball and juggling). All the parameters testing is carried out based on international standard and performed by well-trained staff. The Pearson correlation analysis was used to achieve the objective in this study. Result shows a positive correlation between the two types of muscular parameters; the power is influenced by BMI and coordination; the specific football tests are highly impacted by the power and agility. The coefficient of determination R^2 and the significance level p-values show that the parameters that can be significantly considered are the anthropometric BMI (0.020), agility (0.025), muscular endurance (0.039 and 0.043), power (0.039), special football test without the ball (0.041), and juggling (0.046). The coordination, YoYo, football special test with the ball were not found to be significantly accounted for preparing the young players to achieve the required performance. Based on the results of the coefficient of determination and the significance p-values of the parameters, a model was proposed to determine the highest and lowest parameters that play important roles in the selection of young players.
  8. Sadiq Mukhtar, Rosniza Aznie, C.R., Mansur Abdul Mohammed
    MyJurnal
    This paper is aimed to evaluate the concentration of some heavy metals in order to assess the temporal
    variation, Contamination Factor (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) in the soil along the airport road of
    Kano State. Soil samples were collected during 2009 and 2015 using the composite sampling
    techniques. 10 samples were collected in each period and then analysed using the standard laboratory
    procedures. The findings revealed that the mean values of Mn (52±7.2), Fe (281±19.4) and Cd (3.0±0.3)
    were found to be higher in 2009 soil samples. The mean value of Cu (100±16.3), Zn (161±47.7), Cr
    (20.8±1.5), Ni (53.9±9.7) and pH (9.0±0.56) were found to be higher in 2015 soil samples. The CF value
    shows that the collected soils of the sampling area have low contamination level and moderately
    contaminated with Cd. The soils samples also have been classified as low pollution level according to
    the PLI. The finding has concluded that there is gradual accumulation of Cu, Zn, Cr and Ni with reduction
    in Mn, Fe and Cd. The collected soils have low contamination level with selected heavy metal except
    Cd that moderately contaminates the soil of the area according to contamination factor. The PLI values
    of the heavy metals during 2009 and 2015 are 0.0006 and 0.02 respectively, indicating the increases in
    pollution load from 2009 to 2015 in the study area. Proper soil management such as the increase of pH
    and organic matter as well as the avoidance of using contaminated water for irrigation were
    recommended in the sampling area.
  9. Rabiatul Adawiyah Umar, Nurul 'Adani Sanusi, Mohd Nizam Zahary, Mohd Adzim Khalili Rohin, Salwani Ismail
    MyJurnal
    Piper betel is a member of the family Piperaceae, commonly known as Sirih (Malaysia and
    Indonesia), Paan (India and Bangladesh), Betel (English) and Phlu (Thailand). It is widely found and
    grown in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, other Southeast Asian and East African
    countries. Piper betel is widely used throughout the world even in modern days due to its known
    medicinal properties. Betel plant contains various biologically active compounds, which are
    responsible for its numerous pharmacological actions. The therapeutic profile reveals Piper betel to
    have a high potential for treating many diseases and conditions such as chronic renal disease,
    atherosclerosis, and diabetes mellitus. Further studies of betel plant are recommended to focus on
    the variety of metabolic activities in human, thus, improving its usage medically that will be beneficial
    to humanity.
  10. Ong, Ying Qian, Hasmiza Halib, Bee, Suan Wee
    MyJurnal
    In Malaysia, breakfast is the most frequently skipped meal. Skipping breakfast has been
    associated with an increased risk of childhood obesity. However, this relationship has not been
    investigated widely among preschoolers in Malaysia. Hence, this cross-sectional study aimed to
    determine the association between breakfast intake and Body Mass Index (BMI) among
    preschoolers in Taska Permata Keluarga (TPK), Kuala Nerus. A total of 131 Malays preschoolers
    aged four to six years old were recruited from nine TPK using convenience sampling method.
    Information on sociodemographic, breakfast intake pattern and anthropometric measurements
    (weight and height) were obtained. Respondents consisted of 74 (56.5%) boys and 57 (43.5%)
    girls. Anthropometric results showed that 8.4% preschoolers were overweight and obese. Among
    the preschoolers, 22.1% of them were breakfast skippers. In terms of gender breakdown, 20.3%
    boys and 24.6% girls skipped breakfast. There was a significant association between breakfast
    intake and BMI status among preschoolers (p = 0.003). This indicated that preschoolers that
    skipped breakfast were associated with overweight or obese compared to those who consumed
    breakfast daily. Breakfast consumption is a marker of a healthy lifestyle which can reduce the risk
    of childhood obesity. This habit should be inculcated during this critical period of life in which
    parents play a vital role in promoting breakfast consumption among preschoolers.
  11. Nurnadiah Zamri, Syibrah Naim, Lazim Abdullah
    MyJurnal
    Over the past century there has been a dramatic increase in the number of road accidents in
    Malaysia. Hence, it is necessary to create a decision making method which can consider various
    preferences and criteria in order to identify the main causes of the accidents. This paper proposes an
    Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (IT2FTOPSIS)
    method which provides a comprehensive valuation from experts. This method is developed based on
    the aggregation of experts’ opinions on preferred causes of road accidents. The extended
    IT2FTOPSIS employs a linguistic scales of positive and negative Interval Type-2 Trapezoidal Fuzzy
    Number (IT2TrFN) and hybrid averaging approach (from an ambiguity and type-reduction methods) to
    formulate a collective decision environment. Three authorised personnel from three Malaysian
    Government agencies were interviewed where they were asked to rank the causes. The analysis
    shows that the linguistic scales of positive and negative Interval Type-2 Trapezoidal Fuzzy Number
    (IT2TrFN) and hybrid averaging approach are effective in measuring the uncertainties in the
    interviewees’ responses. Thus this paper concludes that the extended IT2FTOPSIS is more aligned
    with the users’ decisions compared to the earlier IT2FTOPSIS.
  12. Nuraznee Mashodi, Nurul Yani Rahim, Norhayati Muhammad, Saliza Asman
    MyJurnal
    Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is categorized as expensive oil due to high-quality nutritional value. Unfortunately, EVOO is easily adulterated with other low-quality edible oils. Therefore, this study was done to differentiate and analyze the adulteration of EVOO with other edible oils using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The study was used several edible oils included canola oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, and soybean oil as an adulterant for EVOO. The adulterant EVOO samples were prepared by mixing with dissimilar concentrations of the solely edible oils (20 %, 40 %, 60 % and 80 % (v/v)). The main functional groups of EVOO and other edible oils are O-H, C-H, C=C and C=O groups were assigned around 3500 cm-1, 2925 cm-1, 3006 cm-1 and 1745 cm-1 wavenumbers, respectively. From the comparison of EVOO and other adulterant edibles oil spectra, it showed that the EVOO has the lowest absorbance intensity at around 3006 cm-1 represented double bond which is closely related to the composition of oil sample. The adulteration of EVOO was evaluated by analysing the changes in the absorbance based on the linear regression analysis graph of the bands at 3006 and 2925 cm-1 and the limit of detection (LOD) was measured. The graph of A3008/A2925 with good relative coefficients (R2) and lower LOD is more favourable than the linear regression graph of A3006 versus percentage of edible oils added in EVOO. This study showed that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy is a convenient tool for analysing the adulteration of EVOO.
  13. Nur Aishah Jusnaidi, Nurul Fadhlina Ismail
    MyJurnal
    Assessing the repeat rate is crucial to reduce unnecessary dose to the patient by identifying the major cause for repeating the x-rays exposure to the patient and apply corrective measures. To analyse the repeat rate of routine lower limb projections in direct digital radiography (DR) from general radiology department of Pantai Klang Hospital. 26 months retrospective repeated radiograph was acquired from Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) at Hospital Pantai Klang. The retrieved radiographs were grouped based on the reason for the i radiographs being rejected which are incorrect positioning, incorrect collimation, patient movement, incorrect exposure factors, artefact, and other reasons. Total repeated radiographs retrieved for basic lower limbs projections were 13616. Knee was the highest repeted examination and the lowest repeat rate was tibia fibula. (repeat rate: knee = 1.04%, tibia fibula = 0.57%). incorrect positioning is the major causes for repeat exposure for all examinations type, followed by incorrect collimation, other categories, centring ray error, incorrect exposure factors and artifact.
  14. Norzaida Yusof, Noranizan Mohd Adzahan, Kharidah Muhammad
    MyJurnal
    This study was conducted to optimize the production of spray-dried white dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) powder using resistant maltodextrin as wall material. The inlet air temperature (140 °C, 150 °C and 160 °C), outlet temperature (75 °C, 80 °C and 85 °C) and resistant maltodextrin concentrations (20%, 25% and 30%) were tested as independent variables. Process yield, moisture content, water activity, solubility, hygroscopicity and bulk density of the powders were analysed as responses. Process yield significantly (p
  15. Nor Izzati Hussain, Mohd Hanif Abdullah
    MyJurnal
    Surface water quality is an important environmental factor affecting both humans and other living things.
    This present study is purposely to provide a baseline information on physicochemical parameters and
    metals concentration from surface water of Kenyir Lake and their water quality status. Determination of
    metals concentration was carried out using ICP-MS. The mean physicochemical parameters were 31.14°C
    (Temp), 16.29mg/L (TDS), 27.79µS/cm (COND), 4.75mg/L (DO), 7.03 (pH), 1.33NTU (TUR), 0.96mg/L
    (BOD), 6.48mg/L (COD), 0.11mg/L (AN), 2.17mg/L (TSS) and 227.10mV (ORP) while the mean
    concentration of metals (µg/L) Al 23.0845, As 0.2983, B 4.1711, Ba 5.0655, Ca 2033.4024, Cu 1.7407, Fe
    43.7747, K 916.9054, Mg 456.7255, Mn 4.7387, Ni 0.3346, Se 0.5032, V 0.1428 and Zn 1.6796 respectively.
    The results revealed that physicochemical parameters and metals concentration at all sampling stations
    near Kenyir Lake are within Class I and Class II of Malaysia National Water Quality Standard (NWQS)
    except for dissolved oxygen (DO) that was classified into Class III and Class IV due to high activities of
    microorganisms that uses up a great amount of oxygen to carry out their metabolizing activities as well as
    degradation of organic matters. Furthermore, most metals are significantly correlated to each other (p˂0.05)
    which may derive from a common source of metals except for Al and Cu, As and Fe, Ba and Ca, Ca and
    Cu, Ca and Se, Ca and Zn, Cu and Fe, Cu and Mn, Cu and Ni, Cu and Se, Cu and Zn, Fe and Ni, Fe and
    Se, Fe and Zn, Mn and Zn and V and Zn respectively. Therefore, data from the present study will be useful
    as baseline data for future reference.
  16. Nasir Mohamad, Shariff Halim, Mohd Ekhwan Toriman, Nor Hidayah Abu Bakar, Ahmad Zubaidi A. Latif
    MyJurnal
    Zamzam is holy water believed by Muslim to have remedial power for all kinds of diseases. It contains
    many electrolytes and the concentration of the electrolytes may be affected by the types of container
    used for its storage. This study was carried out to determine the difference in ions concentration of
    Zamzam water stored in plastic and glass containers, and to determine cytotoxicity effects of Zamzam
    water against U-87 cell line (human primary glioblastoma cell line). Ion Chromatography (IC) was used
    to analyze the concentration. The analyzed anions in the Zamzam water include bromide, chloride,
    phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate and fluoride whereas the cations were ammonium, lithium, potassium,
    sodium, calcium and magnesium. Subsequently, MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of
    Zamzam water on U-87 cell line. This study reveals that Zamzam water anions and cations
    concentration was not statistically significant neither in plastic nor glass container. In addition, the
    Zamzam water did not cause any toxicity on the U87 cell line. We postulate that types of container do
    not have much influence on the ion concentration of Zamzam water and it is non-toxic on U87 cell line.
  17. Nagendran Jayavel Pandiyan, Amitha Hedge
    MyJurnal
    The purpose of this study is to compare the clinical success between preventive resin restoration, and
    pit and fissure sealant in terms of retention and caries prevention on first permanent molar. Data were
    collected from the patients’ case records in Pediatric Dentistry clinic. Records of children who had done
    their sealants and preventive resin in their first permanent molar were reviewed. 61 patients had
    preventive resin restoration and 56 pit and fissure sealant done in permanent first molar 2 years ago
    were included and called for clinical review. Participants were between 6-10 years. Visual and tactile
    assessment was done to detect the integrity of preventive resin restoration and pit and fissure sealants
    under 4 categories whether the sealant or PRR is total lost, partial lost, completely present, carious.
    Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. At the end of 2 years, sealants showed 64.3 % total
    retention, 21.4% partial retention and 10.7% complete loss when compared to PRR which showed
    62.2% total retention, 14% partial retention and 4.9% complete loss. Preventive resin restoration have
    more tendency to have caries, while teeth with pit and fissure sealants does not (18% vs. 3.6%). As a
    conclusion, pit and fissure sealants have marginally higher retention compared to preventive resin
    restoration on permanent molars. Pit and fissure sealant is better in terms of caries prevention compared
    to preventive resin restoration.
  18. Muhammad Nazirul Mubin Abd Halim Shah, Lee, Siang Hing, Mohd Yusoff Nurulnadia, Meng, Chuan Ong
    MyJurnal
    Development and urbanization processes around Terengganu River estuary are expected to release a significant amount of heavy metals into the existing surface sediment. However, information on how and why these metals are attached into specific fraction of sediments is still lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to explain the heavy metal concentration distribution in each available fraction in Terengganu River estuary. In this study, nine surface sediments originated from various human activities area in Terengganu River estuary were collected during four different sampling sessions in 2017. Heavy metal content from the collected sediments were extracted using 3-steps BCR sequential extraction method followed by detection using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass-Spectrometer (ICP-MS) and we discovered that the total concentration of arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) ranged from 2.18 to 17.48 mg/kg dry wt., 2.53 to 20.53 mg/kg dry wt., 1.01 to 13.13 mg/kg dry wt., and 6.10 to 65.71 mg/kg dry wt., respectively. Dominance of metals in each fraction can be arranged as follows: As: residual > reducible > exchangeable > oxidizable; Co: residual > exchangeable > reducible > oxidizable; Cu: residual > oxidizable > reducible > exchangeable; Zn: residual > exchangeable > reducible > oxidizable. Availability of metals in the sediment at Terengganu River estuary is limited since that majority of metals resides in non-mobilisable fraction of the sediment. In essence, the sequential extraction provides information regarding the metals’ fractionation, availability and mobility, which could be used in assessing the environmental contamination in the area.
  19. Muhammad Aklil, A.R., Aznida, M.Z., Azman A., Muhammad Haneef, A., Nik Him, N.A.S., Syed Sharizman, S.A.R., et al.
    MyJurnal
    Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread re-emerging zoonoses in the world. Malaysia is known to
    be an endemic country for human leptospirosis, with a case fatality rate of 2.11%, and an average annual
    incidence rate of 7.80 cases per 100,000 individuals. This systematic review is conducted to determine
    the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis for leptospirosis among the adult populations who are highly
    at risk of getting infected. A systematic search was performed for the relevant titles, abstracts and
    keywords on PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and Google Scholar from inception to November 2017 based
    on the PICO strategy; which returned 126 studies. Screening of abstracts had shortlisted 19 studies and
    data extraction was conducted for 8 studies which had been accepted after review of the full text. For
    the evaluation of antibiotics prophylaxis effectiveness against leptospirosis, only trials and cohort studies
    with risk ratio (RR) were selected. The articles were analyzed from the viewpoint of the dosage, adverse
    effects, study settings and effectiveness of the antibiotic prophylaxis. Using fixed effects model, pooled
    RR showed protective association between antibiotic prophylaxis use against the incidence of
    leptospirosis (RR = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.48). Antibiotic prophylaxis for leptospirosis had been shown
    to be effective in preventing the incidence of the disease among high-risk populations and carries
    minimal adverse effects. It is recommended that the practice of antibiotic prophylaxis for leptospirosis is
    included in the standard protocol for leptospirosis prevention among people at high-risk, including
    disaster response teams and patrons of eco-sports tourism activities; with the drug of choice being
    doxycycline, either as a single 200 mg dose or weekly dose of 200 mg for the duration of exposure,
    based on the setting, duration of event and resources available.
  20. Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin, Noorjima Abd Wahab, Khalid Abdul Rahim
    MyJurnal
    Awareness of haze pollution and management increased in Southeast Asia since 1990. However, the
    focus on environmental management is decreasing especially in Malaysia due to the abundant
    resources and increased development pressure. The total health damage cost because of haze in the
    country became significantly high due to the long duration of haze events year by year. This paper
    discusses the health damage caused by bronchitis due to the haze events in Malaysia. The analysis
    shows positive coefficient of independent variables which indicates the positive relationship between
    dependent variable and independent variables. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that 45.3%
    variation in damage cost of bronchitis could be explained by FAI, GDPPC, and CO2.
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