Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 96 in total

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  1. Maimon, A.K., Hamidah, A.L., Zuhaida, A.J.
    MyJurnal
    Infrastructure damage due to land slide, fallen bridge and broken and submerged roads become the main constraint in providing good medical services to the flood victims and isolated places in the remote area. The health care provider has to face a huge challenge at delivering the medical services to the flood victims in Kluang district especially to the remote and isolated areas. This gives us a meaningful and valuable experience in managing such problem. From the true experience of the medical and health team and also the flood victims, few problems and major issues were detected. Other than the environmental factor, human error is another major area of concern of which the failure to interact with the District Flood Operation Centre leading to miscommunication resulting in delay of management of the patient. In smaller proportion, poor inter-agency collaboration and lacking of good equipment was also noted to be affecting the health care services. The issues raised here will hopefully be making better in managing disaster in the future.
  2. Wan Puteh SE, Selahuddeen AA, Aljunid SM, Zarihah Z
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: This study seeks to identify the socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics of smokers (aged 18 and above), thus develop a predicting model for tobacco abstinence receiving cessation services for tobacco dependence at the Smoking Cessation Clinics (SCC) in government Primary Health Centers in Malaysia. These predictors would improve the effectiveness and efficiency of these clinics.
    Methods : Smokers who sought smoking cessation therapy at the SCCs from 1st January 2004 to 31st
    December 2004 were chosen randomly from clinic’s registries, and 254 smokers were recruited from 8 clinics chosen through stratified random sampling. Data analyses were performed with SPSS 12.0. 17.3% of smokers attending SCCs were able to quit smoking for at least six months.
    Results : Factors significantly contributing to quitting success were elderly smokers (above 40 years old), smoked for more than 15 years, smoked less than ten sticks per day, had a previous history of quitting attempt, self referral to the clinic, high confidence level, attended SCC at least four times, each counseling session lasted for at least 30 minutes and were satisfied with the clinic service. In logistic regression model, smokers aged 40 years and above were 6.7 times more successful to quit, high level of confidence were nine times more successful, smoked more than ten sticks per day were ten times less successful, self referred smokers were ten times more successful and attending for at least 30 minutes counseling session were 12 times more successful.
    Conclusion : This study concludes that more concerted effort is needed to approach various groups of target population and SCCs clinic services need to be improved.
  3. Nor Azim, M.N., Rizal, A.M., Wei, Bi L
    MyJurnal
    Background : A cross-sectional survey was carried out in December 2007 to compare the healthrelated quality of life (HRQoL) of stroke survivors with that of general Malaysian population.
    Methodology : Stroke patients were recruited from two community-based rehabilitation centres in Selangor. HRQoL was assessed using Medical Outcome 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36).
    Result : A total of 61 patients (34 males and 27 females) were interviewed. Majority were Chinese (85%) and a small percentage were Malays (15%). 82% (n=50) were elderly of 60 years and above, and the remaining 18% (n=11) were younger patients. 64% had stroke for one year and more, and 36% were less than a year post-stroke. All subjects were community-dwellers and lived with their families. The result showed that with the exception of bodily pain, the mean score of all SF-36 health domains of stroke patients were lower than that of the general population. The greatest difference was in role physical, followed by physical functioning. Female patients demonstrated higher score than the males in all SF-36 domains, in particular general health (57.2 vs 70.3, p=0.01) and social functioning (52.2 vs 73.1, p=0.00). There were no differences of HRQoL domains after comparison according to poststroke duration (all p>0.05).
    Conclusion : HRQoL of stroke survivors is lower than that of Malaysian general population in all SF-36 health domains, with the exception of bodily pain.
  4. Rosnah, S., Wan Aishah, W.N.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Pre-pregnancy care is an important strategy in prevention of adverse maternal and fetal health as well as continuity of good child care. In multi-ethnicity country such as Malaysia there are many cultural, religion and beliefs related to certain life stages.
    Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted among the Indian ethnic group to assess the prevalence and factors associated with pre-pregnancy care. A study was conducted in Taman Manickavasangam Hulu Langat Selangor among the age group of 18-45 year old women.
    Result: There were 90 respondents participated in self administered questionnaires. There were 65 respondents (72.2%) married, 24 (26.7%) single and one widow (1.1%). Using a scoring method of analysis (high and low) showed that 55 (61.1%) have high score in knowledge on pre-pregnancy care. The prevalence of pre-pregnancy care practice showed that 63 (70%) scored as high practice. Using correlation analysis showed that there was a significant association between the practice score and increasing age (P=0.03). However, only history of previous pregnancy showed a significant association with the pre-pregnancy care practice and no association found between the practice and knowledge score.
    Conclusion: Prepregnancy care helps in screening risk factors of women before conception. This will help in prevention of adverse effect on maternal and foetal. Giving awareness on the importance of having prepregnancy care screening may help women to continue practicing good antenatal care.
  5. Sazlina, S.G., Krishnan, R., Shamsul, A.S., Zaiton, A., Visvanathan, R.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction : The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and the pattern of falls in community dwelling older people attending a primary care clinic in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
    Methods : A cross sectional study was conducted in an urban primary care clinic. Participants aged 60 years and older were included in the study. A structured questionnaire, assessing socio-demographic variables, medical and falls history was administered by one investigator over a 3-month period in 2004.
    Results : A total of 151 respondents participated in this study with a response rate of 72%. The prevalence of falls was 47.0% over the previous 12-months period. Fifty-seven percent reported experiencing recurrent falls. Majority (61%) of falls occurred in the home and the two most common places were the bathroom (27%) and stairs (27%). Sixty-one percent of older people who fell, sustained an injury and most sought medical attention.
    Conclusion : In conclusion, falls are common amongst older people attending this primary care clinic. It occurred commonly in the home in the bathroom and near stairs. However, a larger local community study is warranted to determine the prevalence and risk factors for falls in Malaysia.

    Study site: primary care clinic in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  6. Faizah, J., Vanitha, S.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction : The focus of this paper is to evaluate effectiveness of health education material produced and identify effective educational methods in disseminating health-related information. The study explores the knowledge, attitude and practice level among flood victims in Sub-District Sri Medan, Batu Pahat.
    Methodology : Convenient sampling method was adopted as a technique to get 195 respondents aged 18 years and above who had stayed in flood relief centres in the district. A set of questionnaire designed to collect data on demography, effectiveness of health education material, accessibility to education materials, preferable educational methods during flood situation, and flood victims knowledge, attitude and practices.
    Result : The study found no association between knowledge level and practice of seven steps hand washing. Result showed poster was regarded as most preferable method in disseminating health related information during flood. No association was found in demographic determinants and knowledge. The length of stay in relief centre has significant association with the level of knowledge obtained.
    Conclusion : The use of qualitative and quantitative methods together able to determine accurately the effectiveness of the health education materials used during the disaster as well as the impact in behavioral change.
  7. Hamzah NA, Tengku MA
    MyJurnal
    Background : Safety and health is one of major concerns in public health issues. There are lots of injuries or accidents reported in the news which include school accidents and injuries.
    Methodology : This survey was conducted among head of primary schools in Kota Bharu from May to June 2004. The objective of this study was to investigate the awareness about safety and health status among school’s head using a questionnaire.
    Result : The study showed that knowledge on safety and health among the school’s heads were relatively low (7.7%). Forty-two percent of the schools did not implement any safety and health programme while more than 50 % did not have safety policies in their school.
    Conclusions : It is necessary to have specific safety programmes in school in order to improve the safety and health awareness among teachers, staff, students and community.
  8. Khalib, A.L., Suriyati, A.A.
    MyJurnal
    Gender bias are most obvious in the distribution of income and wealth. This reflects women’s unequal position in the labour market , their less favorable treatment in most social security systems and their lower status within the household. Discrimination against women is also evident in the political sphere. Their access to power is not commensurate with their numbers, their needs or their contributions as citizens. As well as affecting women’s physical and mental health, gender bias also affect the quality of the services they receive. In most developed countries, women are offered equal access to basic health care. However their use of those service may be hindered by a number of gender related factors which are likely to affect poor women in particular. In health organization, gender bias gives significant impact to the evaluation of staff performance, increase stress level and miscommunication. It is also influence the leadership style and also can create ‘glass ceiling’ phenomenon. Job dissatisfaction , absenteeism and high turn over are also the consequences of gender bias. Alongside the development of gender sensitive methods of routine data collection, gender bias in health research will also need to be addressed. Most biomedical research continues to be based on the unstated assumption that women and men are physiologically similar in all respects apart from their reproductive systems. Other biological differences are ignored, as are the social/gender differences that have such a major impact on health.
  9. Aniza I, Suhaila A
    MyJurnal
    Background: All healthcare services are moving towards quality management system including ISO 9000 due to pressure from various stakeholders involves and also to improve healthcare quality. The objective of this study was to measure the satisfaction level among the outpatients in ISO Certified Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor. Also to identify the relations of patient’s satisfaction with the sociodemographic factors and service dimensions such as general satisfactions, technical quality of clinic staffs, interpersonal aspect of clinic staffs, time with doctors, communications with clinic staffs and availability/accessibility of clinic.
    Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out from February 2008 to Jun 2008 and a total of 240 respondents in the clinic were selected using universal sampling. Only those who are Malaysians aged 18 and above and complied with the inclusions criteria’s were selected as the respondents to fill up the Patient’s Satisfaction Questionnaire III.
    Results: The study found that the satisfaction level of the respondents in Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor were remarkable with 78.8%.It has been shown that the predictor factors of total patient’s satisfaction were general satisfaction (AOR=5.06, CI= 1.51-16.96), technical quality of clinic staff (AOR = 3.09, CI= 1.13-8.43), interpersonal aspect of clinic staff (AOR = 2.96,CI= 1.04-8.42), availability/accessibility of clinic (AOR = 9.38, CI= 9.37-87.95) and communication of clinic staff ( AOR=17.90, CI=3.74-85.73) with the R2 = 67.7%.
    Conclusion: The satisfaction level among the respondents in Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor were remarkable with percentages of 78.8%. The study has shown that service dimensions factor influenced the patient’s satisfaction such as general satisfaction, interpersonal aspect of staff, communication of staff, technical quality of clinic staff and availability/accessibility of clinic. It could have also been contributed by the implementation of ISO and it can only be confirmed by carrying out a comparison study of patient’s satisfaction in clinics with and without ISO certification.
    Study site: Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
  10. Jamsiah M, Shamsul AS, Aniza I, Rozhan S, Sharifah Ezat WP
    MyJurnal
    Introduction : A cross sectional study was conducted among married women in Kg. Sasapan Kelubi, Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia. The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence of Pap Smear practice and it`s influencing factors.
    Methodology : Universal sampling was conducted from door to door to all married women who agreed to be involved in this study. Guided questionnaire was used as the main instrument in this study. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 12.0.
    Result : A total of 154 respondents gave their feedback. Mean age in this study was 23.3±4.4.years. Only 66 respondents (42.9%) have had the pap smear with only 6 respondents (3.9%) practiced as per recommended schedule. The reasons for the respondents never practicing pap smear were no knowledge (n=46,52.3%), scared (n=22, 42.5%), shyness (n=21,23.9%), no free time(n-6,6.8%), unconcerned (n=3,3.4%), no female doctors (n= 6,6.8%), not bother, health clinic too far and high cost (n=1,1.1%). The only factor that showed significant association with pap smear practice was the score of knowledge about smear whereby respondents who underwent pap smear showed higher score compared to those respondents who never underwent pap smear.
    Conclusion : The study showed that more efforts is required to improve knowledge and awareness among married women in rural area in order to overcome the knowledge gap, wrong perception and other reasons that prevent acceptance pap smear practice among them.
    Keywords : married women, pap smear practice, rural area, Malaysia
  11. Amin, S.A., Ali, M., Aniza, I., Rizal, A.M., Saperi, S., Amrizal, M., et al.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction : Diabetes mellitus is recognized as a major public health problem worldwide. The burden of diabetes to society are morbidity, mortality and extensive usage of health care services.
    Methodology : This study aimed to determine the provider’s cost in treating diabetic foot patient per day in orthopaedic ward, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) in year 2006. Result : A total of 54 patients fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 29 were eligible for analysis. The cost of health care providers derived from cost calculation on capital and recurrent costs. Results showed that the average cost for treating diabetic foot patient per day is RM 634.57. Recurrent costs contributed 75.3% of the total diabetic foot treatment and Intensive Care Unit costs was the biggest percentage (40.5%).
    Discussion : The results were comparable with findings by Case-Mix Unit of UKMMC. Treatment cost of diabetic foot is substantial and therefore avoidance of this complication must be emphasized to all diabetic patients.
  12. Jannatul Madihah, A.B., Natrah, M.S., Jamsiah, M., Sharifa Ezat, W.P.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction : Quality is an important aspect in health care delivery not only because it is one of the most important factors in individual and community health, but it also influences lives in improving lifespan, health status and also reduction in disease and the burden of diseases.
    Methodology : This is a systematic review on various papers, studies and articles based on studies and researches done by a few scholars, experts and organizations involved in quality, quality assessment and monitoring.
    Results : Quality in health care delivery involves six main aspects including access to services, suitability to the needs, effectiveness, equity, social acceptance and efficiency. Quality is taken from the perspective of the consumers and the providers. Some of the issues surrounding quality assessment are identifying and balancing between the difference perspective among the stakeholders, producing accountable framework of assessment and also finding suitable criteria for outcome assessment. Health care services in Malaysia are provided both by the government and the private sector with each sector has its own advantages, disadvantages and challenges.
    Conclusion : The challenges in improving and maintaining quality include balancing advances in science and technology with the available brainpower and human resources. Therefore all agencies should work together in order to provide the best health care delivery and to keep improving the quality in health care services.
  13. Jamsiah, M., Rahmah, M.A., Sh Ezat, W.P., Shamsul, A.S.
    MyJurnal
    Background : Family planning is a method to control family size and to increase the intervals between chidbirths using multiple methods of contraceptives.
    Objectives : This study aims to determine the pravelance of family planning practice among married women (wife less than 55 years old) and its related factors and also to determine the husbands knowledge on family planning and their support.
    Methodology : This is a cross sectional study done through direct interviews amongst 118 married couples in Kampung Sesapan Batu Mingkabau, Hulu Langat Selangor.
    Results : On family planning practise, 43.2% of couples is currently practising, 22.0% have practiced but stopped and 34.8% have never used any types of family planning methods. As high as 75% of wives received support from their husband to pratice family planning. There is a significant association between family planning practice and wife’s age, husband’s age, wife’s occupation, wife’s education, wife’s knowledge and husband’s support. Husband’s knowledge , number of live children and husband’s education have no significant assocation in influencing family planning practice.
    Conclusion : To achieve better knowledge and family planning practises, husband’s involvement and support must be encouraged to ensure the correct informations and support are delivered to both couples. Approach through husbands is regarded as one of the key factors to the success of rural women family planning practice.
  14. Rahmah, M.A., Rozy, J., Halim, I., Jamsiah, M., Shamsul, A.S.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction : Nursing is an occupation associated with high risk of developing back pain due to their nature of work practices. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of back pain among nurses working in government health clinics and hospitals in Port Dickson and the factors associated with it.
    Methods : A cross sectional study was conducted involving 126 nurses working in government health clinics and district hospital in Port Dickson. They were universally sampled. A selfadministered questionnaire, assessing personal and socio-demographic characteristics, back pain, work factors and psychosocial factors.
    Results :The prevalence of back pain among nurses was 79.4% and factors that showed significant association were workplace (p=0.026) and carried heavy load (p=0.043).
    Conclusion : Where one work and nature of work one does has been shown in this study to be important issues to be considered in helping to manage back pain related to work. It is also recommended that staff need to be encouraged to do exercise to strengthen the back muscles, increase spinal flexibility and blood circulation to the spine as well as need to be reminded regarding ergonomic adjustment at work.
  15. Rozhan, S.M.R., Halim, I., Shamsul Azhar Sha
    MyJurnal
    Background : Visual impairment among the rural community has rarely been studied in this country. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of visual impairment and its related factors among the adult population of Kampung Kuala Pajam, Branang.
    Methodology : A cross sectional study was carried out in Kampung Kuala Pajam, Mukim Beranang from 25th of December till 30th of December 2007. Universal sampling is adopted and the sample size consists of 321 respondents who is 18 years and above. Trained interviewer has been used to obtain the data through questionnaire and eye examinations using logMAR chart, Red Reflex eye test, Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD) test and Pin-Hole test.
    Result : A total of 261 respondents who fulfil the criteria were interviewed and had eyes examination during the study period. The prevalence of visual impairment in this population was 9.2% and factors that showed significant association were age (p
  16. Rahmah MA, Shahraniza B
    MyJurnal
    Introduction : Social problems among adolescents are on the increasing trend. Their involvement in different kinds of high risk behaviours could lead them into juvenile delinquency. Early adolescence is the stage where they are easily influenced. However, this is the period where they should be captured for health prevention enhancement.
    Objectives : A cross-sectional study was carried out to identify factors associated with risk taking behaviours involving form one adolescents in selected secondary schools in Johor Bharu.
    Methods : Using self administered questionnaires, a total of 280 respondents were recruited via multi-stage sampling.
    Results : The prevalence of risk taking behaviour among respondents was 66.8%. Going to video games and karaoke centres was the most popular risk taking behaviour (46.8%) to be followed by truancy (30.7%). Among all the factors studied, being male (AOR=4.5, 95% CI 2.39-8.4), Malay (AOR=7.5, 95% CI 3.30-17.19), and having negative perception towards teachers (AOR 0.3, 95% CI 0.16-0.65) were risk factors for such behaviour among respondents. However, coming from an intact family (AOR=0.1), 95% CI 0.02-0.47) was found to be protective against risk taking behaviour.
    Conclusion : Intact family structure and having positive perception towards teachers were found to be protective against risk taking behaviours among adolescents.
  17. Maimunah, W., Kwong, CS, Siti Rozana, M.S., Shahariah, A.
    MyJurnal
    Objective : This scientific writing is meant for describing the problems faced by pharmacy staffs during heavy flood situations in Johore and the actions to be taken for solving these problems.
    Methodology : This finding is in accordance to the observations, experiences and interview of staffs (through questionnaires), who are involved directly and indirectly in preparations of emergency during flood. Efficiency of pharmaceutical services provided during flood is evaluated.
    Result : Several problems were identified when providing pharmaceutical services, such as purchasing and supplying of items, pre-packing, preparing drug charts, visit to relief centers, post-flood health campaign, and doctors from NGOs prescibing medicines out of MOH drug formulary. During the period of flood, usage of drug and non-drug items increases drastically resulting in the current stock in store were not sufficient to compensate for the high demand. Moreover, inaccessibility of certain roads in districts such as Segamat and Kota Tinggi, aggravated and worsen the problems of obtaining goods from suppliers. Workload of pharmacy staffs increased especially in activities such as pre-packing and preparing drug charts due to shortage of manpower.
    Conclusion : Even though workload increased drastically during flood, pharmaceutical services provided by the state pharmacy are still able to maintain good quality services to cater for the need of healthcare professionals and patients. Throughout the flood period, all the difficulties and hurdles faced by us had been solved; due to the cooperation from other agencies. Besides, by writing this article, a disaster preparedness guideline is produced for the purpose of improving management of future disasters.
  18. Sharifa Ezat, W.P., Azimatun, N.A., Amrizal, M.N., Rohaizan, J., Saperi, B.S.
    MyJurnal
    Background : The worldwide prevalence of diabetes is increasing, as is the demand for and cost of medical care. Diabetic Mellitus (DM) prevalence in Malaysia rose from 6.3% of the population in 1986 to 8.3% in 1996 and costs need to be managed more effectively.
    Objective : To estimate the financial burden of diabetic care, including providers’ and patients’ costs in government facilities in Selangor and to determine factors influencing cost of diabetic care.
    Methodology : A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2005 among Hospitals with and without Specialist and Health Clinics. Total sample of 361 subjects with type 2 diabetes representing both inpatient and outpatient were chosen randomly. Results were analyzed using SPSS version 13.0.
    Results : The average cost for a diabetic patients’ admission in a Hospital with Specialist was RM1951 and RM1974 for patient admitted in a Hospital without Specialist and these cost difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Providers’ mean cost for outpatient care was RM772.69 and RM761.07 respectively for Hospital with Specialist and Hospital without Specialist per year. As for the health clinics the average providers’ cost for a patient was RM385.92 per year. The cost difference was statistically significant (p0.05). The mean total costs of outpatient care were RM841.46, RM832.80 and RM458.01 per year for Hospital with Specialist, Hospital without Specialist and Health Clinics respectively. Level of care and length of stay were the influencing factors for inpatient provider’s cost. The overall provider’s cost for outpatient diabetic care was influenced by level of care, number of visits and complications. Cost of treating diabetes mellitus year 2004, was estimated at RM18,956,021.51 which was equivalent to 3.3% of total state health expenditure.
    Conclusion : As much as 60.2 % was spent on management of outpatient diabetic care and 39.8% for management of inpatient diabetic care. Financial burden of diabetic care is predominantly for outpatient care. Therefore, effective and efficient management of outpatient care is needed to improve allocate efficiency, equity, accessibility and appropriateness of the health care system so that the health care services delivered to the nation are of good quality.
  19. Redhwan, A.A., Md Idris, M.N., Zaleha, M.I., Robert, C., Fuad, I., Sami, R.A.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction : The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of life (QOL) of breast cancer survivors based on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics.
    Methods : A cross-sectional study was performed on 125 breast cancer survivors from the outpatient clinics. FACT-B (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast) questionnaire was used to assess survivors’ QOL.
    Results : Survivors with low body mass index (BMI) (underweight) were found to have the lowest overall QOL. Those who were overweight had a higher overall QOL, and those who were normal-weight had the highest QOL. Low educational level, being underweight and low monthly household income were significantly associated with lower overall QOL Tamoxifen use and employment status were significantly associated with QOL in some domains. Time since diagnosis to QOL interview was significantly associated with greater scores in emotional well-being (EWB). Multiple linear regression indicated that age, marital status, monthly household income, surgery and histological grade were indicative of the patients QOL.
    Conclusion : The four primary factors related to better QOL were high educational level, high income, normal body weight and greater duration from the time of diagnosis to the time of interview. Age, marital status, income, lumpectomy and histological grade were indicative of the patient QOL.
    Study site: Oncology and Surgical clinics; Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  20. Norma S, Azmi MT, Rotina AB
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease and major cause of chronic renal disease. Chronic renal disease can be prevented if known risk factors were been early detected. Albuminuria is the earliest clinical evidence of chronic renal disease. Objectives of this study is to identify the incidence of albuminuria and relationship between albuminuria with socio demographic and clinical factors such as blood sugar control, blood pressure control, excessive body mass index and hypercholesterolemia.
    Methodology: Data been collected from patient’s record that been regularly follow up at Primary Healthcare Clinics in Negeri Sembilan. Duration of study follow up was from the date of they been diagnosed of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 until detection of albuminuria or 1st July 2007,end date of data collection then survival analysis been done.
    Result: Majority of study population was female 60.9% and Malay 69.7%. Mean age was 59.9 ± 10.7 and duration having Diabetes Mellitus was 7.0 ± 6.3 years. Only 22% achieved optimum glucose (HbA1c < 6.5%), controlled blood preassure 130/80 mmHg 42.3%, level of cholesterol <4.5 mmol/L only 22.7 %, 11.4% of patients having ideal body weight < 23 kg/m2. The incidence of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 was 24.4 cases per 1000 population. The median of follow up duration was 22 years; with minimum follow up was 7 months and maximum 42 years. Survival analysis showed that the median of free albuminuria among cases was 22 years (CI 95%:16.5 – 27.4). The log rank test showed no significant relationship between high blood pressure, excessive body mass index and hypercholesterolemia with albuminuria. This study noted that the occurrence of albuminuria seems to be higher among those were hypertensive (26.6%), and excessive body mass index (24.7%).
    Conclusion: Percentage of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 patient that achieved optimum clinical target still very low. Early detection of albuminuria is very important as preventive measure of diabetes nephropathy. Good blood pressure control and ideal body weight also prevent of occurring diabetes nephropathy complication.
    Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, albuminuria, survival analysis.
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