The participation of the local community in the decision-making activity has its own significant role in
determining that every decision made, centralizes on the needs of the local community. Such an
involvement is admittedly crucial in ensuring that every program held is “blessed” by the local
community and wins their support and cooperation in rendering success to the program. In relation to
this, this article aims at recognizing the participation of the Iban community in the decision-making
activities with regards to the poverty eradication programs (or People’s Welfare Development Scheme)
implemented in the district of Song, Sarawak. To meet this objective, the survey method has been
adopted to obtain the information important for the study. The questionnaire forms were distributed to
260 Iban community’s Heads of Household at the longhouse. The data obtained were then analysed
using the descriptive statistics through SPSS. All in all, the discovery of this study points to the fact
that the majority of the Heads of Household (90.0%) have had participated in at least one decisionmaking
activity in relation to the implementation of the programs under the SPKR or the People’s
Welfare Development Scheme. The study finding also shows that the Heads of Household participated
in the program’s decision-making activities have pointed out that they occasionally make their voices
heard and are involved in ways such as attending the meeting, representing the locals in the
discussions, giving opinion in the discussions, managing the conflict that emerges out of the program
implementation and posing questions in the discussion of the program under the scheme mentioned.
Notwithstanding, the findings also establish that many of the Heads of the Household admitted that
they had never taken part in the planning of work, evaluating or troubleshooting that might occur in the
execution of the program, in the resolution of implementation issues and in the decision-making on the
program implementation under this scheme.
This paper seeks to illustrate how empowerment theory can be applied as a critical approach which
could heighten power and capacity in community development. This is because empowerment is not
just viewed through theory or philosophy only, but as an active approach which could be applied to
enhance individual, oganizational or even communal prosperity. Many communal issues discussed by
scholars such as poverty, health, women, people with disability, single mothers, youth, leadership, organization and many others utilises the empowerment approach. This is because it is the most
effective approach in resolving issues by empowering individual or target group to take effective action
through ability and potential, which have been developed. Discussion will ensue with definition of
empowerment, which will be elucidated, with the concept of power. In the context of community
development, empowerment refers to a mechanism where individual, organization and community will
amass control on life and related issues affecting them such as economy, social, psychology and
politics. To understand this concept clearly, discussion of empowerment concept will be closely
examined to view the definition from two different dimensions, which is whether empowerment can be
ascertained as a process, benefit or outcome. By using the qualitative approach, which is through
analysing content, books, journals and other references, a few steps or process have been unearthed to
apply empowerment as an approach, which could be practiced in the context of community
development specifically in rural areas.
Anthony Burgess (1917 - 1993) has written a trilogy of novels on the Malay World, namely The
Malayan Trilogy (1964). It has been suggested that the trilogy, which consists of the novels Time for a
Tiger (1956), The Enemy in the Blanket (1958) and Beds in the East (1959), depicts the Islamic
practices through its Muslim Malay characters, displaying their hypocrisy and their wayward Islamic
practices as stated by Zawiyah Yahya (2003). In contrast, the trilogy has rarely been studied based on
elements of the paradigm of Malayness in literature, consisting of six elements, namely the Malay
language, Islam, the Malay rulers, adat/culture, ethnicity, and identity. Therefore, we aim to analyse
one of the novels in the trilogy, The Enemy in the Blanket, in light of Islam as one of the elements
under the paradigm of Malayness in literature as stated by Ida as our primary conceptual framework in
this study. To achieve these objectives, we employ a close textual reading on the novel by analysing
the Muslim Malay characters in The Enemy in the Blanket. The findings show that the Muslim Malay
characters in The Enemy in the Blanket could be considered as wayward Muslims in their practices and
beliefs. Therefore, we would like to reconfirm that the paradigm of Malayness in in fact, an everydaydefined
social reality, as experienced by the people in the course of their everyday life as opposed to it
as an authority-defined social reality, as defined by people of the dominant power structure. It is hoped
that this study will contribute to the on-going discourse on Islam as the paradigm of Malayness as well
as English literature on the Malay World.
The objective of this study is to identify the level of instructional leadership, efficacy and the routine
duties of the principal including their influence towards academic achievement of the school. Three
instrument have been used in the collection of data namely Principal Instruction Management Rating
Scale (PIMRS); Principals Sense Of Efficacy Scale (PSES); and The Principal’s Routine Duties.
Whilst the academic achievement statistic refers to the SPM examinations result for the 2011 that was
sourced directly from the JPNS examination unit. All the instruments was found to have a high level of
genuineness and reliability with Cronbach’s alfa multiplier at 0.94. Altogether 650 set of
questionnaires have been distributed to the secondary school in the southern zone namely Kuching,
Samarahan, Sri Aman and Betong Division and 91% of them have been collected successfully. From
the total number, 487 set have been processed after it was found to be complete and have fully satisfied
the set characteristics. The research data has been analysed using SPSS software version 21.0. The
result of the research shows that the level of instructional leadership, efficacy and the principal’s
routine duties are high. Nevertheless, there is no significant and clear relationship between those
variables with the school academic achievement. This shows that instructional leadership, efficacy and
principal routine duties are not factors that would absolutely determine the academic achievement
without the support of the other factors. Nonetheless, sub scale variable of the instructional leadership
namely coordinate curriculum (r=.123, p=.01) and incentive given to teachers (r=.094, p=.04) shows
that there is a significant relationship with the school academic achievement but not for the sub scale
for efficacy and principal’s routine duties. Arising thereof, the principal is advised to implement
capability enhancement, streamline interpersonal relationship, effective work delegation in
collaboration with their subordinate in order to attain a more positive academic achievement. For this
purpose, the principals are required at the outset to equip themselves by enhancing their knowledge,
garner more experience, increase skilfulness including keeping abreast with the latest ability related to
their duties as an instructional leader. In order words, the principal which lead the school should equip
their self with the current requirement including applying “Leadership For a Need” culture.
Logistics development of Malaysian Armed Forces (ATM) involving the Malaysian Army (TDM),
Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) and Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) have been developed since
1957. Since the 1990s, ATM has been through the process of modernization which is can seen through
the rapid and strong capabilities in logistics aspect. Defense policy development has involved the
development of the logistical aspects of ATM. Purchasing of defense equipments such as the most
modern warship in Armed Force in 1990, Scorpene submarines, fighter aircraft which is used by the
developed countries such as the MiG-29, FA/18 Hornet and Sukhoi 30MKM, battle tanks from Poland
and so on with the transfer package technology is essential to ensure that the principle of self-reliance
defense ATM can be achieved. This process has force the government to allocate a large amount of
money in providing modern logistics equipments so it can be used to the maximum by the defense forces. In fact, the development of the defense and Malaysian Armed Forces (ATM) also growing
along with the development of technology, defense policy, doctrine of current world logistics. However
the logistics development has raised questions because of the capabilty of logistic and Malaysian
Armed Forces (ATM) itself which are caused various accidents and issues affecting ATM.
Fabian Society is a type of political think tank which was founded by a group of students and
intellectuals at London School of Economics (LSE), United Kingdom in the late of 19 centuries. The
Fabian political thought is a new manifestation of socialist ideology in United Kingdom emerged through the role of Labour Party Partiat that time. After the World War II, the influence of this political
thought began to widespread throughout Malaya via British-educated Malayan students. This
development brought about a new form of political idealism based on social-democrat orientation
which emphasized on class struggles and civil issues in Malaya. Thus, the aim of this article is to
scrutinize objectively and descriptively the influence of the Fabian political thought in the Malaysian
political development from 1952 to 1970. Using the approach of history reconstructionist, the analysis
discussion was developed based on the use of primary sources as the argument base. The research
findings indicate that the influence of the Fabian political thought developed in Malaya by the role of
the socialist intellectual-progressive group throughout the research. The development did not only
involve labour movements and left-wing political parties such as Malayan Democratic Union (MDU)
and the Malayan Labour Party, but it also influenced students movements at universities through
University of Malaya Socialist Club in Singapore around 1950s and students societies in Universiti
Malaya, Kuala Lumpur around 1960s. In fact, at the same time the progressive Fabian group slipped in
right-conservative group through their direct involvement in UMNO and the Perikatan regime at the
time. This indirectly proves that there is a different side of the socialist role through the role of the
Fabian group in the development of democracy and politics in Malaysia.
Self performance is important among entrepreneurs due to increasing the business enhancement.
Nevertheless, previous literature showed that there are less current study which focused on the self
performance using Biofeedback techniques among entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Thus, this study was
aimed; 1) to look at how Emwave Biofeedback techniques can be used to improve self performance
among Ikhtiar Malaysia women entrepreneurs and 2) to improve the HRV score among participants
through increased the HF coherence. A total of 10 respondents were recruited in this study. The
changing nature of Heart Rate variability (HRV) of HF, LF and VLF frequencies was measured
through Biofeedback Emwave training techniques. The HRV Biofeedback techniques were used to
determine the emotional state and the balance ability between individual Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic systems. This balance is important to enable women entrepreneurs to control internal
and external stimuli to be adapted to their business environment. The study showed that the technique
is able to improve the characteristics of HRV to increase self performance among women
entrepreneurs. The study found that respondents who successfully completed the HRV training able to
increase their self performance in term of HRV score and businesses. Result showed that there was a
positive correlation (0.80-1.00) between all the business and HRV. This showed that Emwave
Biofeedback training is appropriate to be used as an intervention program to improve self performance
and business enhancement among the participants. Thus, this study concludes that HRV Biofeedback
techniques can be an important measure in gauging business entrepreneur’s health and performance.
This article describes the development process of the National Defence Policy (NDP), which is
executed by the Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) and government. In this chapter, it will touch on the
early development of the international political developments during and after the Cold War (1991),
the Southeast Asian region and threats that affect the development of the defense. In addition, this
paper describes the development process of the Malaysian defense policy adopted since 1957 to 2010.
The NDP formed since 1957 involves various aspects such as the importance of the region to Malaysia,
the concept of defense and the principle of national defense. This article clarify in detail on the aspects
as set out in the NDP in particular the principle of self-reliance defense, principal of regional
cooperation defense and the principle of the foreign aid defense. In addition, this paper also describes
the implementation of a number of defense strategies implemented by MAF as resistant barring
defense, forward defense, diplomacy defense, and total defense. To fine-tune the process of national
defense developmet, this chapter also will look on the efforts and development process by all branches of service of MAF which are Malaysian Army (MA), Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) and Royal
Malaysian Air Force (RMAF).
This paper aims to describe the activities of drug treatment and rehabilitation program at one center in
Kuala Lumpur based on the preliminary study. Treatment and rehabilitation center adopts the biopsycho
- socio – spiritual model in their recovery process. The data was collected using observation as
well as personal interviews of respondents who are undergoing treatment and rehabilitation at the
center. Counsellors are also interviewed to get information about treatment programs that are being
conducted. Initial research findings indicated that the approach to treatment and rehabilitation using the
Therapeutic Community has helped facilitate the drug rehabilitation process, especially during the
remodeling behavior and vocational life skills. Therefore, the results of this study indicated that the
program can be used as an alternative to drug addiction treatment and rehabilitation in this country.
This The fields of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and human resource (HR) function have gained
increasingly importance to corporate strategies. As many hotels are concerned with sustainability
issues and CSR, the HR function is positioned to assist implementing and enhancing CSR strategy as
well as administering its core functions. In most cases, CSR in the hotels are housed in HR Department
where the managers have responsibility for the strategic application of CSR in the hotels. This paper
presents a case study of five hotels in Penang Island, Malaysia as an attempt to demonstrate how
Human Resource managers of these hotels perform their CSR practices. Specific focus is placed on the
role of Human Resource managers who are not well-equipped with social work experience or
background and specifically to investigate how these managers perceive CSR concept, the impact of
their CSR programs on beneficiaries and the challenges that they encountered in the process. To
answer these questions, we have conducted interviews with five managers from four and five star
hotels in Penang. Our findings have reflected the importance of conceptualization of CSR particularly
in hotel sector as well as gaining insight into current HR profession in administering CSR activities to
consider someone with social work background in a bid to improve the quality of life of targeted
communities.
Writing ability is essential in second language (L2) learners’ educational and professional life.
However, experiencing writing apprehension can inhibit the L2 learners’ confidence (Daly, 1975). The
objective of this study was to investigate the writing apprehension levels of ESL pre-university learners
in writing argumentative composition. 320 pre-university learners from a local institution participated
in the study. Two instruments were employed in the study. The first was the Second Language Writing
Anxiety Inventory (SLWAI) and the other one was the Analytic Scale of Argumentative Writing
(ASAW). The findings revealed a moderate level of writing apprehension among the pre-university
learners in argumentative writing. Among the three Second Language Writing Apprehension (SLWA)
dimensions, avoidance behaviour obtained the highest mean score. As writing is one of the important
components tested in Malaysian University English Test (MUET), the findings of the present study
may become a platform for instructors to develop a better understanding about SLWA. Hence, it may
throw light on what educators can do to help these L2 learners cope with or eliminate writing
apprehension as it hampers the writing quality.
Previous research has found that interaction processes between coach and athlete have always been the
strongest factor for sports performance. Other researches have drawn conclusions to other factors in the
coach-athlete relationship, such as culture and gender. Research has generally shown that effective
communication required the development of trust and respect between coach and athlete (Yukelson,
1984). The review focuses on an analysis of past literature on communication styles, culture, and
gender as potential key factors influencing the coach-athlete relationship. This review paper examined
studies specific to the empirical studies on athletes and coaches from the Western and Asian
perspectives. In particular, the review analysed empirical studies on communication, gender and
culture as potential factors influencing the coach-athlete relationship. The review concluded that while
various studies on the coach-athlete relationship had been done, a majority of the empirical studies
were within Western perspectives. Such empirical study is particularly under-researched in Malaysia.
Therefore, the paper concludes by suggesting that future research which explores the aspects of
communication styles, culture, and gender within the Malaysian context is timely.
This study is a survey to identify the formation of leadership skills through teaching practice.
Leadership skills consist of three basic skills of technical skills, interpersonal skills and conceptual
skills. The study also examined the relationship between the formations of leadership skills with the
course of study and identifies the differences in formation of leadership skills during teaching practice
conducted in rural schools and urban schools. The study was conducted through survey method by
using questionnaires. Meanwhile, the population involved were students of Faculty of Education,
UTM. Analysis of the findings of this study is using SPSS 17.0 by descriptive and inferential. The
results of this study show that the formation of leadership skills through teaching practice is high at
85.4%. For inferential statistical results showed there was no significant relationship to formation of
leadership skills with the course of study and there was no significant difference in relationship between the formation of leadership skills through teaching practice conducted in rural schools and
urban schools. In conclusion, all the elements of leadership skills can be formed and developed through
teaching practice and will be improved from time to time. Meanwhile, there was no significant
relationship to the formation of leadership skills through teaching practice with the course of study and
with the different of teaching practice location.
Homeownership affordability is not only the ability of households to pay the housing cost. But homeownership affordability is also involving the ability of households to pay housing costs as well as to maintain the basic needs in the continuity of life. Thus, affordability aspect is important in home ownership. Meanwhile, home ownership is the biggest decision for a household in a term. The combination of affordability and homeownership led to research on factors that affect the affordability of homeownership, especially in terms of socio-economic households inclusively. Socio-economic factors as discussed include income, household expenditures, job type, education level, number of dependents, monthly housing loan and financial savings. Each factor plays the role of its own to ensure the affordability level of homeownership. In fact, the factors that affect the homeownership affordability is different between households. Analysis of the socio-economic factors is necessary because homeownership affordability issues impact the quality life of mankind.
This Methodology framework in research study smoothing the process of collecting data. Research
study is categorized into qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research refer to a studies
require careful observation, while quantitative research refers to a studies involve in statistics.
Qualitative and quantitative research study can be determined through primary and secondary data.
Primary data is defined as data that comes from original or the first source, while secondary data is
defined as data that has been collected by other researchers. Primary data can be categorized into
active and passive. Active primary data can be divided into direct interview (through face to face
between researcher and respondents) and interviewed indirectly (e.g. by phone, mail, technology),
while passive primary data involve with structured and secret characteristic, structured and open
characteristic, unstructured and secret characteristic, unstructured and open characteristic. Secondary
data involves with writing (journals, books, magazines, past records, reports and documents, internet, theses, short stories, newspaper), as well as vision and hearing (speeches, movies and videos, songs,
stories). Even secondary data has its advantages and disadvantages, but both secondary and primary
data are depend on each other in solving the society problems through the achievement of the
objectives or hyphotheses in a research study.
This study examines the factors that influence organizational commitment among public employees in
residential colleges in the University of Malaya. A total of 100 employees representing 12 colleges
responded to the questionnaires that were designed to measure their motivation and level of
commitment. The data obtained were analyzed using correlation, analysis of variance and regression
analysis were used in order to achieve the objectives of the study. The findings of this study indicated
that there are significant and positive relationships between all factors (employment compensation,
training and development, career development and management support) with organization
commitment. Furthermore, the findings also showed a directional relationship between independent
and dependent variables by which the public employees at the colleges have positive commitment to
the organization when the management provides attractive training and development, career
development and good management support. In addition, the findings indicated that career
development was the most dominant factor influencing organizational commitment followed by
training development and job compensation. However, management support factor does not affect the
organizational commitment among public employees compared to the other factors.
Research study is an academic methods applied in real world in solving problems associated with the
society. The research process in achieving objectives of study will have a complete framework
including methodology. Methodology can be defined as method used to collec and compile data
through effective procedures in resulting the study problems. Methodology is divided into three stages,
namely the planning process, application process, and analysis process. This literature review of
methodology framework prioritizes on the planning process that involve with research study design,
which can be divided into an experimental and non-experimental. Experimental methods can be
categorized into real-experimental studies and quasi-experimental studies. Meanwhile, nonexperimental
can be divided into experimental survey, field studies, case studies, action studies and
historical studies. Mostly experimental methods are used in pure science and non-experimental methods used in social sciences. However, both methods are still relevant to be applied into certain
areas of study in order to achieve the objectives and hypothesis. Therefore, the methodology are
compulsory to be designed and applied properly, precisely and accurately so that the process of
collecting data in the period of before, during and after collection will not involve with ant errors,
mistakes and carelessness that may affect the research study.
This study aimed to examine the relationship between dimensions of corporate social responsibility
(CSR) practices and intrinsic job motivation of employees in one of the banking companies in
Malaysia. The study utilised CSR framework by Bursa Malaysia with localised CSR best practices
dimensions developed by Mohd Hasan (2013). Multistage sampling was employed in this study,
whereby simple random sampling and cluster sampling were employed. A survey method was used in
this study, whereby questionnaires were distributed to 110 bank staff (managerial and non-managerial),
but with 37 valid responses received. A set of self-administered questionnaires was used as the
instrument for the data collection. The data was then analysed using Spearman’s rho correlation test
through the SPSS version 22.0. Based on the findings, all the dimensions namely; workplace,
environment, community, and marketplace have a positive and moderate relationship with internal job
motivation. Limitations of the study, implications of the findings, and suggestions for future study are
also discussed.
The practice of development planning does not empower the local authority to prepare a development
plan, as planning and development control is under the jurisdiction of the State Planning Authority
(SPA). Rapid growth in the housing sector shows a positive indicator towards urbanization in Sarawak.
This study showed that the current centralised process is fair to all parties, for it ensures equilibrium in
all areas. Beside that, the study also found that there is some confusion in the roles played by the
involved parties. The study also identified few problems that often occur, among them complicated
procedures, slow approval process, bureaucracy, and risks in planning and marketing. However, the
practice of development planning is concerned with aspects quality and quantity so as not to burden the
purchaser. The state government, through the SPA, controls the price of housing to ensure equilibrium
and to avoid the occurrence of abandoned housing projects.
Various research have been carried out by Islamic academicians, especially Islamic academicians from
the past, related to fields they had explored such as beliefs (aqidah), Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh),
mystical dimensions of Islam (tasawuf), interpretation (tafsir), hadith, astronomy (falak), philosophy
etc. These academicians had used various research methods when exploring their fields of study.
Hence, most of these research methods have yet to be studied before they could be applied as methods
in Islamic research. It is for this reason that this study aims to study one the research methods used by
past Islamic religious scholars, which is the thematic (al-mawdu‘iy) hadith method. The two questions
that arise in this study are, what is the thematic hadith method and how can the method be applied in
research related to Islam. In order to answer these questions, the discussions in this study were divided
into two main parts. The first is to identify the thematic hadith method used by the muhaddithin when
elaborating on the Prophet’s SAW hadith. The second is to analyse the suitability of applying the
thematic hadith method in a study related to Islam. The quantitative study found that the thematic hadith method was suitable for application in studies related to Islam. The suitability was based on two
aspects, namely rating the sources of the data and analysing the data.