Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 143 in total

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  1. Abdullah M, Rafiq A, Shahid N, Nasir Kalam M, Munir Y, Daoud Butt M, et al.
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2023 Nov;36(6(Special)):1849-1858.
    PMID: 38264890
    Pharmaceutical substance sitagliptin has long been used to treat diabetes. However, subsequent researches have shown that sitagliptin has additional therapeutic effects. Anti-inflammatory effects are observed. Combining sitagliptin with biodegradable polymers like nanoparticles for chemotherapy may be effective. This method enhances therapeutic agent pharmacokinetics. This study tests sitagliptin (SIT) chitosan base nanoparticles against MCF-7 cancer cell lines for anti-cancer effects. Sitagliptin chitosan-based nanoparticles are tested for their ability to suppress MCF-7 cancer cell proliferation. Ionic gelation, a typical nanoparticle manufacturing method, was used. A detailed examination of the nanoparticles followed, using particle-size measurement, FTIR and SEM. Entrapment efficiency, drug-loading, and in-vitro drug release were assessed. Loaded with chitosan and sitagliptin, the nanoparticles averaged 500nm and 534nm in diameter. Sitagliptin has little effect on particle size. Chitosan-based Sitagliptin nanoparticles grew slightly, suggesting Sitagliptin is present. SIT-SC-NPs had 32% encapsulation efficiency and 30% drug content due to their high polymer-to-drug ratio. SEM analysis showed that both drug-free and sitagliptin-loaded nanoparticles are spherical, as shown by the different bands in the photos. The SIT-CS-NPs had a 120-hour release efficiency of up to 80%. This suggests that these nanoparticles could cure hepatocellular carcinoma, specifically MCF-7 cell lines.
  2. Sulistyani N, Nurkhasanah -, Angelita L, Ridwan Rais I, Amiruddin Zakaria Z
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2022 Nov;35(6(Special)):1805-1811.
    PMID: 36861247
    This study aimed to determine the ability of Persea americana (Mill.) or avocado peels ethanolic extract and its fractions to cause bacterial cell leakage in Staphylococcus aureus. The interaction of antibacterial compound with bacterial cells induces several changes leading to the damage of membrane permeability, followed by intracellular bacterial cell leakage. The experiment started with the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration by micro dilution method. Following the determination of MIC and MBC values, the samples, at the concentrations of 1xMIC and 2xMIC, were tested and analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 260 and 280 nm to determine the leakage of bacteria cells. The value of K+ ion leakage was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry while the value of electrical conductivity was measured by conducto meter to determine the leakage of the cell membrane. The recorded MIC and MBC values of samples were 10% w/v. At the concentrations of 10% and 20% w/v, the samples caused an increase in nucleic acid, protein and DNA levels as well as an increase in extra cellular electrical conductivity. Prolonged exposure of the extract increased the leakage of bacterial cell contents and the electrical conductivity, indicating the damage of bacterial cell membrane.
  3. Ajmal H, Sharif Z, Zeshan B, Zahra N, Khan M
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2022 Sep;35(5):1327-1331.
    PMID: 36451560
    Due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, bacteriophage therapy appears to be an ideal weapon to utilize against pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to isolate, identify and characterize the lytic bacteriophage effective against the multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. The isolated bacteriophage caused lysis by applying the double-layer agar technique on A. baumannii up to 99% in 18 hours of incubation at 37ºC. The bacterial growth reduction assay exhibited that JHA phage had high adsorption rates and could rapidly inhibit bacterial growth. The pH and thermal stability testing showed that JHA phage was stable in vast ranges of pH from 5 to 9 but its activity was highest at pH7 (1860000±1000 pfu/mL). It was stable in broad ranges of temperatures from 25ºC to 60ºC but the highest activity was found at 37ºC (1300000±30000 pfu/mL). One-step growth test results showed that it has a short latent period, strong lytic ability, high burst size and adsorption rates and was host specific. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of JHA phage demonstrated icosahedral heads and tailless particles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed JHA phage belongs to Tectiviridae family. All the characteristics of JHA phage possess lytic activity against A. baumannii strains and exhibit novel candidates to use as an alternative competitor to antibiotics in controlling such infections.
  4. Walayat K, Ahmad M, Ali Ashfaq U, Ali Khan Z, Sultan S
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2021 Sep;34(5(Supplementary)):1909-1915.
    PMID: 34836859
    α-Glucosidase inhibitors occupy a prominent position among the various treatments of type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). In this study, a series of new norfloxacin-acetanilide hybrid molecules were synthesized and screened for α-glucosidase inhibition activity. The synthetic methodology involves the synthesis of a series of α-bromoacetanilides by condensing bromoacetyl bromide with various substituted anilines. These α-bromoacetanilides were coupled with norfloxacin in DMF to get the titled hybrids. The structure elucidation of synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and LC-MS. Finally, the compounds were screened for their α-glucosidase inhibition activity using acarbose as a reference drug (IC50 =58 μM). Among the tested compounds, 3i and 3j displayed potent α-glucosidase inhibition activity with IC50 values of 7.81±0.038 and 5.55±0.012 μM respectively. In-addition, 3m, 3f and 3k were demonstrated moderate alpha-glucosidase inhibition activities with IC50 values of 52.905±0.041, 23.79± 0.087 and 23.06±0.026 μM respectively. The structure-activity relationship was established with the help of molecular docking by using Molecular Operating Environment software (MOE 2014).
  5. Anis S, Masood Khan M, Ali Z, Khan A, Arsalan HM, Naeem S, et al.
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2021 Sep;34(5):1821-1836.
    PMID: 34803021
    The COVID-19 epidemic is considered the most important health disaster of the century and the largest humanitarian crisis since World War II. In December 2019, a new respiratory disease/disorder was discovered in Wuhan, Hubei province, China and World Health Organization named it COVID-19 (coronavirus 2019). It has been diagnosed with a new class of corona virus, called SARS-CoV-2 (a serious respiratory disease). According to the history of human civilization it is affected by the incidence of disease outbreaks caused by the number of viruses. Covid-19 is rapidly spreading across the globe, due to which mankind faces major health, economic, environmental and social challenges. The outbreak of coronavirus is seriously affecting the global economy. Almost all nations have problems limiting the spread of the disease by screening and treating patients, setting up suspects by keeping in touch, blocking large gatherings, maintaining full or partial closure etc. This paper describes the impact of COVID-19 on society and the global environment, and the ways in which the disease is likely to be controlled have been discussed.
  6. Ling Wong EY, Kit Loh GO, Peh KK
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2021 Sep;34(5):1791-1803.
    PMID: 34803017
    A simple and sensitive stability-indicating HPLC-UV method was developed and validated for the determination of montelukast in the development of chewable tablet formulation. Chromatographic separation was achieved using Atlantis® T3 3µm C18 (4.6mmID X 10cm) analytical column. The mobile phase was consisted of KH2PO4 (0.05mM)-ACN-TEA (450:550:1.33, v/v/v) adjusted to pH 2.0 with orthophosphoric acid. The analysis was run at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min with detection wavelength at 255nm. Method validation was performed in accordance with ICH guideline. Stress degradation studies, comprising of acid and alkali hydrolysis (1M HCl and 1M NaOH), oxidative degradation (3% H2O2), photo degradation and heat degradation, were performed. The standard calibration curve was linear from 0.0025 - 0.375mg/mL. The LOD and LLOQ were 0.01μg/mL and 0.04μg/mL. Stress degradation result shows that montelukast sodium was sensitive to photo degradation, oxidation and acid hydrolysis. Oxidative degradation kinetic study of montelukast sodium followed first order reaction, with r2 =0.9877, apparent degradation rate constant, k= 0.1066 h-1, t1/2= 6.6151 hr and t90% = 1.0118hr. In conclusion, HPLC-UV method was successfully developed and validated for determination of montelukast sodium in chewable tablet formulation.
  7. M Hanif A, Bushra R, Iffat W, Ghayas S, Perveen S, Riaz H, et al.
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2021 Jul;34(4(Supplementary)):1519-1525.
    PMID: 34799327
    Empagliflozin is a selective inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter II, given as mono therapy or an add-on treatment to reduce the glycated hemoglobin levels in type 2 diabetes. This work deals with designing, formulating and optimizing empagliflozin (10mg) immediate release (IR) tablets by direct compression technique using different excipients. Through central composite rotatable design (CCRD), total nine formulations (EF1-EF9) were generated by changing the composition of binder avicel PH 102® (X1) and superdisintegrant acdisol⌖ (X2). Formulation runs with in suitable weight range and powder properties were subjected to compression. The influence of interaction of excipients on friability (Y1), hardness (Y2) and disintegration (Y3) were analyzed by fitting the polynomial quadratic model with response surface methodology (RSM). Trials EF2, EF7, EF8 and EF9 exhibited acceptable tablet attributes upon physico-chemical testing. Different dissolution models were applied to observe the in vitro drug release pattern in phosphate buffer of pH 6.8. The cumulative drug release of IR tablet batches followed the Weibull kinetics with regression coefficient (r2) values of 0.983-0.992. Empagliflozin trials were exposed to accelerated storage conditions (40±2°C/ 75±5% RH) for stability testing. Shelf life period of exposed formulations were computed in range of 22 to 25 months. Keeping in view of the results, it is concluded that the employed technique of preparation and optimization are observed to be excellent for developing immediate release empagliflozin (10mg) tablets.
  8. Sharma PK, Fuloria S, Ali M, Singh A, Kushwaha SP, Sharma VK, et al.
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2021 Jul;34(4):1397-1401.
    PMID: 34799313
    The current research was aimed to isolate newer phyto-metabolites from rhizomes of Alpinia galanga plant. Study involved preparation of Alpinia galanga rhizome methanolic extract, followed by normal phase column chromatography assisted isolation of new phytometabolites (using different combinations of chloroform and methanol), and characterization (by UV, FTIR, 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, COSY, DEPT and Mass spectrometry). The isolation and characterization experiment offered two phytometabolites: an ester (Ag-1) and tetrahydronapthalene type lactone (Ag-2). Present study concludes and reports the two phytometabolites, benzyl myristate (Ag-1) and 3-Methyl-6α, 8β-diol-7-carboxylic acid tetralin-11, 9β-olide (Ag-2) for the first time in Alpinia galanga rhizome. The study recommends that these phytometabolites Ag-1 and Ag-2 can be utilized as effective analytical biomarkers for identification, purity and quality control of this plant in future.
  9. M Hanif A, Bushra R, Ismail NE, Bano R, Abedin S, Alam S, et al.
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2021 May;34(3(Supplementary)):1081-1087.
    PMID: 34602436
    The current investigation is based on efficient method development for the quantification of empagliflozin in raw and pharmaceutical dosage forms, as no pharmacopoeial method for the drug is available so far. The developed analytical method was validated as per ICH guidelines. C18 column with mobile phase (pH 4.8) consisted of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid solution and acetonitrile (70:30 v/v) was used for drug analysis. The calibration plot showed good linear regression (r2>0.999) over the concentration of 0.025-30 μg mL-1. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.020 μg mL-1 and 0.061 μg mL-1, respectively. The percentage recovery was estimated between 98.0 to 100.13%. Accuracy and precision data were found to be less than 2%, indicating the suitability of method for routine analysis in pharmaceutical industries. Moreover, the drug solution was found to be stable in refrigerator and ambient room temperature with mean % accuracy of >98%. Empagliflozin contents were also tested in both the raw API and marketed tablet brands using this newly developed method. The mean assay of raw empagliflozin and tablet brands were ranged from 99.29%±1.12 to 100.95%±1.69 and 97.18%±1.59 to 98.92%±1.00 respectively. Based on these findings, the present investigated approach is suitable for quantification of empagliflozin in raw and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
  10. Hassan IM, Wan Ibrahim WN, Yusuf FM, Ahmad SA, Ahmad S
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2021 Jan;34(1):47-56.
    PMID: 34248002
    Diseases caused by oxidative stress can be prevented by antioxidant. Current treatments for those neurodegenerative diseases are not effective and cause many side effects. Thus, the search for alternative medicines is in high demand. Therefore, the main purposed of this study is to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of Curcuma longa (rhizome) 80% methanol extract. Antioxidant using dichlorofuoresence diacetate (DCF-DA) assay on SH-SY5Y cells revealed high activities of Curcuma longa (rhizome) extract with IC50 of 105.9±0.8 µg/mL. Sub-acute and chronic toxicity tests of the plant extract on adult Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus) showed high toxicity effect with LC50 of 24.15±0.8 mg/L and 13.69±0.7 mg/L respectively. Neuroprotective tests using cholinesterase assay disclose significant differences at P<0.05 between the group that are exposed to arsenic and treated with the crude extract and the group that are exposed to only arsenic. Identification of vitexin and isovitexin justified the high antioxidant potential of this plant leaf and it highest benefit to be used as medicinal supplement.
  11. Ur-Rehman A, Khan SG, Naqvi SAR, Ahmad M, Akhtar N, Bokhari TH, et al.
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2021 Jan;34(1(Special)):441-446.
    PMID: 34275792
    A series of new derivatives of 4-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine hydrochloride (5) were efficiently synthesized. Briefly, different aromatic organic acids (1a-f) were refluxed to acquire respective esters (2a-f) using conc. H2SO4 as catalyst. The esters were subjected to nucleophillic substitution by monohydrated hydrazine to acquire hydrazides (3a-f). The hydrazides were cyclized with CS2 in the presence of KOH to yield corresponding oxadiazoles (4a-f). Finally, the derivatives, 6a-f, were prepared by reacting oxadiazoles (4a-f) with 5 using NaH as activator. Structures of all the derivatives were elucidated through 1D-NMR EI-MS and IR spectral data. All these molecules were subjected to antibacterial and hemolytic activities and showed good antibacterial and hemolytic potential relative to the reference standards.
  12. Us MR, Zin T, C SS, Iqbal M
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2020 Nov;33(6):2601-2606.
    PMID: 33867336
    To investigate the physiological indices such as body weight, food and fluid drinking concern to antidiabetic properties of syringin and its useful outcome on hematological parameters in streptozotocin stimulated diabetic rats. Six normal and 18 diabetic rats totally 24 rats have been used for the present investigation. Streptozotocin was injected in male Wistar rats to induce diabetes through intraperitoneal route. After the confirmation of diabetes, the test animals were treated with distilled water through oral route or syringin 5 mg/kg body weight/ rat /day for 10 days. The diabetic treated groups compared with the controls were evaluated based on their hematological parameters such as red blood cells, white blood cells and its functional indices. The blood glucose levels significantly decreased in syringin injected rats. The intake of water and feed in diabetic rats were significantly decreased, whereas after syringin administration the weight loss was minimized. Congruently, the level of red blood cells, white blood cells and their functional key characters were also considerably enhanced. It can be conjectured that syringin has antihyperglycemic properties. In addition, it can positively amend some hematological parameters.
  13. Shalayel MH, Al-Mazaideh GM, Aladaileh SH, Al-Swailmi FK, Al-Thiabat MG
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2020 Sep;33(5):2179-2186.
    PMID: 33824127
    Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a pandemic threat to public health. Vaccines and targeted therapeutics to prevent infections and stop virus proliferation are currently lacking. Endoribonuclease Nsp15 plays a vital role in the life cycle, including replication and transcription as well as virulence of the virus. Here, we investigated Vitamin D for its in silico potential inhibition of the binding sites of SARS-CoV-2 endoribonuclease Nsp15. In this study, we selected Remdesivir, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine and Vitamin D to study the potential binding affinity with the putative binding sites of endoribonuclease Nsp15 of COVID-19. The docking study was applied to rationalize the possible interactions of the target compounds with the active site of endoribonuclease Nsp 15. Among the results, Vitamin D was found to have the highest potency with strongest interaction in terms of LBE, lowest RMSD, and lowest inhibition intensity Ki than the other standard compounds. The investigation results of endoribonuclease Nsp15 on the PrankWeb server showed that there are three prospective binding sites with the ligands. The singularity of Vitamin D interaction with the three pockets, particularly in the second pocket, may write down Vitamin D as a potential inhibitor of COVID-19 Nsp15 endoribonuclease binding sites and favour addition of Vitamin D in the treatment plan for COVID-19 alone or in combination with the other used drugs in this purpose, which deserves exploration in further in vitro and in vivo studies.
  14. Abbasi MA, Irshad M, Aziz-Ur-Rehman -, Siddiqui SZ, Nazir M, Ali Shah SA, et al.
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2020 Sep;33(5):2161-2170.
    PMID: 33824125
    In the presented work, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-amine (1) was reacted with 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (2) in presence of aqueous basic aqueous medium to obtain 4-chloro-N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)benzenesulfonamide (3). In parallel, various un/substituted anilines (4a-l) were treated with bromoacetyl bromide (5) in basified aqueous medium to obtain corresponding 2-bromo-N-(un/substituted)phenylacetamides (6a-l) as electrophiles. Then the compound 3 was finally reacted with these electrophiles, 6a-l, in dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent and lithium hydride as base and activator to synthesize a variety of 2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl](2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)amino]-N-(un/substituted)phenylacetamides (7a-l). The synthesized compounds were corroborated by IR, 1H-NMR and EI-MS spectral data for structural confirmations. These molecules were then evaluated for their antimicrobial and antifungal activities along with their %age hemolytic activity. Some compounds were found to have suitable antibacterial and antifungal potential, especially the compound 2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl](2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)amino]-N-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)acetamide (7l) exhibited good antimicrobial potential with low value of % hemolytic activity.
  15. Nasir NLM, Kamsani NE, Mohtarrudin N, Tohid SFM, Zakaria ZA
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2020 Sep;33(5):2009-2016.
    PMID: 33824108
    Muntingia calabura (M. calabura), locally known as "kerukup siam" or "buah ceri" belongs to the family Muntingiaceae and has been scientifically demonstrated to exert various pharmacological activities. The objectives of the current study are to evaluate the antioxidant activities and to determine the subchronic toxicity of 90 days orally-administered methanol extract of M. calabura (MEMC) in male Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=6). Vehicle control received 8% tween 80 and treatment group received 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg of MEMC orally administered daily for 90 days. Blood collection was carried out to obtain the hematological and biochemical profile of the rats. The organs harvested were subjected to histopathological analysis. For the antioxidant test, the extract was subjected to antioxidant study using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)- and superoxide anion-radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and phytochemical screening. Results obtained show that no adverse effects were observed during the experimental period. Hematological and biochemical analysis also showed no significant changes in this toxicity study. Besides, antioxidant analyses revealed that MEMC has higher DPPH- and SOD-radical scavenges activity as well as higher TPC value. In conclusion, M. calabura is safe for consumption and possesses beneficial antioxidant effect.
  16. Sattar A, Aziz-Ur-Rehman -, Abbasi MA, Siddiqui SZ, Rasool S, Ali Shah SA
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2020 Jul;33(4):1697-1705.
    PMID: 33583804
    A series of propanamide compounds 6a-l was derived by N-substitution reactions, encompassing tosyl, piperidine and 1,3,4-oxadiazole moieties. The intended array of compounds 6a-l was afforded by a series of five steps reaction scheme. 1-Tosylpiperidin-4-carboxylate (1) was synthesized by the reaction of tosyl chloride (a) with ethyl isonipecotate (b) under mild basic conditions. Compound 1 was subjected to nucleophillic substitution by hydrazine to synthesize 1-tosylpiperidin-4-carbohydrazide (2). The compound, 5-(1-tosylpiperidin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (3) was synthesized by intermolecular cyclization of compound 2 by CS2 under strong basic conditions. The target compounds, 6a-l, were finally synthesized from 3 by reacting with different electrophiles, 5a-l, in an aprotic polar solvent with sodium hydride as an activator. The different propanamoyl electrophiles, 5a-l, were synthesized by the reaction of different aromatic and aliphatic amines, 4a-l, with 3-bromopropionyl chloride under mild basic conditions. The structural elucidation was carried out using modern spectroscopic techniques including IR, 1H-NMR and EI-MS. The antibacterial potential of synthesized compounds was assessed against five bacterial strains. Compounds 6a, 6c, 6d, 6e and 6f were found to be potent antibacterial agents.
  17. Subramaniyan V, Chakravarthi S, Seng WY, Kayarohanam S, Fuloria NK, Fuloria S
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2020 Jul;33(4):1739-1745.
    PMID: 33583811
    The outbreak of CoVID-19 infection rapidly increases worldwide. Most of the continents affecting from CoVID-19 and still widening its burden disease (Jones DS, 2020; Lai et al., 2020). Along with its fatality rates, CoVID-19 has caused physiological disturbances in the society and termed as "coronophobia". CoVID-19 with renal failure, severe pneumonia and respiratory syndrome patients have been reported to increase the severity of disease conditions (Sevim et al., 2020). Also, CoVID-19 with cancer patients increase the higher risk of infections. Currently, there is no vaccine or specific treatment against CoVID-19 and drug research centres continuously investigating the potential drug against CoVID-19 (Osama and Amer, 2020). For the past 20 years two major coronavirus epidemics have occurred in public includes SARS-CoV approximately 8000 cases and 800 deaths and MERS-CoV 2,500 cases and 800 deaths and these continuing sporadically (Cascella et al., 2020).
  18. Abbasi MA, Ijaz M, Aziz-Ur-Rehman -, Siddiqui SZ, Ali Shah SA, Shahid M, et al.
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2020 Jul;33(4):1609-1616.
    PMID: 33583794
    In the planned research work, the nucleophilic substitution reaction of 1-[(E)-3-phenyl-2-propenyl]piperazine (1) was carried out with different sulfonyl chlorides (2a-g) at pH 9-10 to synthesize its different N-sulfonated derivatives (3a-g). The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by their proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), carbon-nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) and Infra Red (IR) spectral data, along with CHN analysis. The inhibition potential of the synthesized molecules was ascertained against two bacterial pathogenic strains i.e. Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. It was inferred from the results that some of the compounds were very suitable inhibitors of these bacterial strains. Moreover, their cytotoxicity was also profiled and it was outcome that most of these molecules possessed moderate cytotoxicity.
  19. Ishaqui AA, Khan AH, Syed Sulaiman SA, Alsultan M, Khan I
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2020 Jul;33(4(Supplementary)):1763-1770.
    PMID: 33612459
    Secondary bacterial infection is considered as a major complication associated with severe Influenza-A (H1N1)pdm09 infection responsible for the mortalities and morbidities worldwide. Use of antibiotics in viral Influenza infection is still debatable. All the confirmed diagnosed hospitalized Influenza-A (H1N1)pdm09 infection patients fulfilling inclusion/exclusion criteria during the study period were divided into two groups based on drug therapy for initial 72 hours. Group-1 included those patients who received oral oseltamivir alone while Group-2 included patients who were initiated on oseltamivir in combination with empiric cephalosporin antibiotic within 6-8 hours after hospitalization. The patients of both groups were assessed for incidences of various complication associated with Influenza-A (H1N1)pdm09 infection. A total of 227 and 116 patients were enrolled for Group-1 and Group-2 respectively. The incidences of secondary bacterial infections were significantly less (P<0.05). Moreover, length of stay in hospitalization, need of ICU admission, multiple organ failure and need of respiratory support were also significantly less (P<0.05) for Group-2 patients. Majority of patients that suffered complications were unvaccinated and aged more than 50 years with multiple comorbidities. Among cephalosporins, cefuroxime was found to be least effective in prevention of Influenza associated complications. Early initiation of empiric antibiotic therapy in combination with oseltamivir can prevent complications associated with Influenza-A (H1N1)pdm09 infection especially in elderly and unvaccinated high risk patients. Different combinations of antibiotics and antiviral medications need to be analysed for the prevention of severe Influenza infection complications.
  20. Dellemin NA, Zahari Z, Ahmad Hassali MA, Rashid SA
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2020 May;33(3):1057-1061.
    PMID: 33191229
    Recent years, the prevalence of paracetamol allergy becomes great concerns. However, data on knowledge, attitude and perception towards allergic reactions of paracetamol are lacking. This study aimed to investigate knowledge, attitude, and perception towards allergic reactions of paracetamol (KAP-ARP). A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a validated self-administered questionnaire around Pasar Siti Khadijah, Kelantan from February 2016 to January 2017 among the general population. A total of 177 respondents participated in this study. The mean percentage scores for knowledge, attitude and perception towards allergic reactions of paracetamol were 31.7% (SD 23.6), 53.1% (SD 19.2) and 53.3% (SD 23.9), respectively. This study revealed that respondents demonstrated a poor level of knowledge, a fair level of attitude and negative perception towards allergic reactions of paracetamol. These results may lay a basis for conducting a study of knowledge, attitude and perception towards allergic reactions among general population in other different setting or around Malaysia.
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