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Fulltext Crystal structure of [(2R,3R,4S)-3,4-bis(acet-yloxy)-5-iodo-3,4-di-hydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]methyl acetate

Zukerman-Schpector J, Caracelli I, Stefani HA, Shamim A, Tiekink ER

Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2015 Jan 1;71(Pt 1):o53-4.
PMID: 25705505 DOI: 10.1107/S205698901402564X

In the title compound, C12H15IO7, the 3,4-di-hydro-2H-pyran ring is in a distorted half-boat conformation with the atom bearing the acet-yloxy group adjacent to the C atom bearing the methyl-acetate group lying 0.633 (6) Å above the plane of the remaining ring atoms (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0907 Å). In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked into a supra-molecular chain along the a axis through two C-H⋯O inter-actions to the same acceptor carbonyl O atom; these chains pack with no specific inter-molecular inter-actions between them.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates
Enhancement of CO2 adsorption on biochar sorbent modified by metal incorporation

Zubbri NA, Mohamed AR, Kamiuchi N, Mohammadi M

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2020 Apr;27(11):11809-11829.
PMID: 31975005 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07734-3

This work is scrutinizing the development of metallized biochar as a low-cost bio-sorbent for low temperature CO2 capture with high adsorption capacity. Accordingly, single-step pyrolysis process was carried out in order to synthesize biochar from rambutan peel (RP) at different temperatures. The biochar product was then subjected to wet impregnation with several magnesium salts including magnesium nitrate, magnesium sulphate, magnesium chloride and magnesium acetate which then subsequently heat-treated with N2. The impregnation of magnesium into the biochar structure improved the CO2 capture performance in the sequence of magnesium nitrate > magnesium sulphate > magnesium chloride > magnesium acetate. There is an enhancement in CO2 adsorption capacity of metallized biochar (76.80 mg g-1) compare with pristine biochar (68.74 mg g-1). It can be justified by the synergetic influences of physicochemical characteristics. Gas selectivity study verified the high affinity of biochar for CO2 capture compared with other gases such as air, methane, and nitrogen. This investigation also revealed a stable performance of the metallized biochar in 25 cycles of CO2 adsorption and desorption. Avrami kinetic model accurately predicted the dynamic CO2 adsorption performance for pristine and metallized biochar.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates
Ethyl 2-(4-benzyl-3-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridazin-1-yl)acetate: crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis

Zaoui Y, Ramli Y, Taoufik J, Mague JT, Jotani MM, Tiekink ERT, et al.

Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2019 Mar 01;75(Pt 3):392-396.
PMID: 30867956 DOI: 10.1107/S205698901900241X

The title compound, C16H18N2O3, is constructed about a central oxopyridazinyl ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0047 Å), which is connected to an ethyl-acetate group at the N atom closest to the carbonyl group, and benzyl and methyl groups second furthest and furthest from the carbonyl group, respectively. An approximately orthogonal relationship exists between the oxopyridazinyl ring and the best plane through the ethyl-acetate group [dihedral angle = 77.48 (3)°]; the latter lies to one side of the central plane [the Nr-Nr-Cm-Cc (r = ring, m = methyl-ene, c = carbon-yl) torsion angle being 104.34 (9)°]. In the crystal, both H atoms of the N-bound methyl-ene group form methyl-ene-C-H⋯O(ring carbon-yl) or N(pyridazin-yl) inter-actions, resulting in the formation of a supra-molecular tape along the a-axis direction. The tapes are assembled into a three-dimensional architecture by methyl- and phenyl-C-H⋯O(ring carbon-yl) and phenyl-C-H⋯O(ester carbon-yl) inter-actions. The analysis of the calculated Hirshfeld surface indicates the dominance of H⋯H contacts to the overall surface (i.e. 52.2%). Reflecting other identified points of contact between mol-ecules noted above, O⋯H/H⋯O (23.3%), C⋯H/H⋯C (14.7%) and N⋯H/H⋯N (6.6%) contacts also make significant contributions to the surface.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates
Fulltext Endogenous Antioxidant and LOX-Mediated Systems Contribute to the Hepatoprotective Activity of Aqueous Partition of Methanol Extract ofMuntingia calaburaL. Leaves against Paracetamol Intoxication

Zakaria ZA, Mahmood ND, Mamat SS, Nasir N, Omar MH

Front Pharmacol, 2017;8:982.
PMID: 29497375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00982

Methanol extract ofMuntingia calaburaL. (family Muntingiaceae) leaf has been reported to exert various pharmacological activities including hepatoprotection. The present study was carried out to identify the most effective hepatoprotective partition derived from the extract and to determine the mechanisms of action involved. The extract was partitioned using solvents with different polarity to yield petroleum ether (PEMC), ethyl acetate (EAMC), and aqueous (AQMC) extracts. Each extract, at 250 mg/kg, was subjected to the paracetamol (PCM)-induced hepatotoxic assay and several parameters such as liver weight, liver/body weight ratio, serum liver enzymes' level, and histopathological examinations were determined. Each partition was also tested for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials. The most effective extract (AQMC) was prepared in additional dose of 50 and 500 mg/kg, and then subjected to the same liver toxicity test in addition to the endogenous antioxidant enzymes assay. Moreover, AQMC was also subjected to the phytochemical screening and HPLC analysis. Overall, from the results obtained: AQMC exerted significant (p< 0.05): (i) antioxidant activity when assessed using the DPPH, SOD and ORAC assays with high TPC detected; (ii) anti-inflammatory activity via LOX, but not XO pathway; (iii) hepatoprotective activity indicated by its ability to reverse the effect of PCM on the liver weight and liver/body weight ratio, the level of serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), and activity of several endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT). Phytochemicals analyses demonstrated the presence of several flavonoid-based bioactive compounds such as gallic acid and quercetin, which were reported to possess hepatoprotective activity. In conclusion, AQMC exerts hepatoprotective activity against the PCM-induced toxicity possibly by having a remarkable antioxidant potential and ability to activate the endogenous antioxidant system possibly via the synergistic action of its phytoconstituents.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates
Fulltext Montelukast sodium-induced hypomania

Zainal, N.Z., Tan, T.Y

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2015;24(1):96-98.
MyJurnal

Objective: A rare case of induced hypomania was reported. Method: Patient was a 78-year-old Indian female with squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal septum, childhood bronchial asthma and underlying bipolar disorder. Her bipolar disorder is currently in remission. She developed hypomanic symptoms after one week of initiation of montelukast sodium for treatment of acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma. Result: Her hypomanic symptoms improved after stopping usage of montelukast sodium. Conclusion: Montelukast sodium likely had induced hypomania in this patient.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates
Isolation of Wheat Genomic DNA for Gene Mapping and Cloning

Yu G, Hatta A, Periyannan S, Lagudah E, Wulff BBH

Methods Mol Biol, 2017;1659:207-213.
PMID: 28856653 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7249-4_18

DNA is widely used in plant genetic and molecular biology studies. In this chapter, we describe how to extract DNA from wheat tissues. The tissue samples are ground to disrupt the cell wall. Then cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is used to disrupt the cell and nuclear membranes to release the DNA into solution. A reducing agent, β-mercaptoethanol, is added to break the disulfide bonds between the cysteine residues and to help remove the tanins and polyphenols. A high concentration of salt is employed to remove polysaccharides. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) stops DNase activity by chelating the magnesium ions. The nucleic acid solution is extracted with chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (24:1) or 6 M ammonium acetate. The DNA in aqueous phase is precipated with ethanol or isopropanol, which makes DNA less hydrophilic in the presence of sodium ions (Na+).

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates/chemistry
Fulltext Leea indica Ethyl Acetate Fraction Induces Growth-Inhibitory Effect in Various Cancer Cell Lines and Apoptosis in Ca Ski Human Cervical Epidermoid Carcinoma Cells

Yau Hsiung W, Abdul Kadir H

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2011;2011:293060.
PMID: 21423690 DOI: 10.1155/2011/293060

The anticancer potential of Leea indica, a Chinese medicinal plant was investigated for the first time. The crude ethanol extract and fractions (ethyl acetate, hexane, and water) of Leea indica were evaluated their cytotoxicity on various cell lines (Ca Ski, MCF 7, MDA-MB-435, KB, HEP G2, WRL 68, and Vero) by MTT assay. Leea indica ethyl acetate fraction (LIEAF) was found showing the greatest cytotoxic effect against Ca Ski cervical cancer cells. Typical apoptotic morphological changes such as DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation were observed in LIEAF-treated cells. Early signs of apoptosis such as externalization of phosphatidylserine and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential indicated apoptosis induction. This was further substantiated by dose- and time-dependent accumulation of sub-G(1) cells, depletion of intracellular glutathione, and activation of caspase-3. In conclusion, these results suggested that LIEAF inhibited cervical cancer cells growth by inducing apoptosis and could be developed as potential anticancer drugs.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates
Antimicrobial activity of fungal endophytes from vaccinium dunalianum var. Urophyllum

Xin Tong, Xiao-ye Shen, Cheng-lin Hou

Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1685-1692.

Fungi associated with Vaccinium species play important roles in plant growth and disease control, especially in the final
blueberry production. Vaccinium dunalianum var. urophyllum (Ericaceae) is a well-known medicinal plant in Southern
China used to treat inflammation and microbial infections. The endophytic fungi from these plants are therefore anticipated
as potential new sources of antimicrobials. In this report, the inhibitory effects of endophytes against clinical bacteria
and yeast were comprehensively screened and 11 isolates indicated high bioactivity by the agar diffusion method. The
corresponding crude extracts of these fungi under submerged fermentation also demonstrated distinct differences and
n-butyl alcohol displayed the lowest extraction efficiency among the extracts. The ethyl acetate and dichloromethane
extracts of filtrates from the Colletotrichum sp. VD001, Epicoccum nigrum VD021 and E. nigrum VD022 strains
displayed good properties against pathogenic microorganisms according to disc diffusion assays and minimal inhibitory
concentration (MIC). This study is the first indicating that cultivable endophytic fungi associated with blueberry plants
produce potential compounds against clinical pathogens.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates
Biological kinetics evaluation of anaerobic stabilization pond treatment of palm oil mill effluent

Wong YS, Kadir MO, Teng TT

Bioresour Technol, 2009 Nov;100(21):4969-75.
PMID: 19560338 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.04.074

Biological kinetic (bio-kinetic) study of the anaerobic stabilization pond treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was carried out in a laboratory anaerobic bench scale reactor (ABSR). The reactor was operated at different feed flow-rates of 0.63, 0.76, 0.95, 1.27, 1.9 and 3.8l of raw POME for a day. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) as influent substrates was selected for bio-kinetic study. The investigation showed that the growth yield (Y(G)), specific biomass decay (b), maximum specific biomass growth rate (mu(max)), saturation constant (K(s)) and critical retention time (Theta(c)) were in the range of 0.990 g VSS/g COD(removed) day, 0.024 day(-1), 0.524 day(-1), 203.433 g COD l(-1) and 1.908 day, respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates/analysis
Sustained-release alginate-chitosan pellets prepared by melt pelletization technique

Wong TW, Nurulaini H

Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2012 Dec;38(12):1417-27.
PMID: 22309449 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.653364

Alginate-chitosan pellets prepared by extrusion-spheronization technique exhibited fast drug dissolution.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates/chemistry
Chemical constituents and antibacterial activity of Melastoma malabathricum L

Wong KC, Hag Ali DM, Boey PL

Nat Prod Res, 2012;26(7):609-18.
PMID: 21834640 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.538395

The aqueous methanolic extracts of Melastoma malabathricum L. exhibited antibacterial activity when assayed against seven microorganisms by the agar diffusion method. Solvent fractionation afforded active chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions from the leaves and the flowers, respectively. A phytochemical study resulted in the identification of ursolic acid (1), 2α-hydroxyursolic acid (2), asiatic acid (3), β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4) and the glycolipid glycerol 1,2-dilinolenyl-3-O-β-D-galactopyanoside (5) from the chloroform fraction. Kaempferol (6), kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (7), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (9), kaempferol 3-O-(2″,6″-di-O-E-p-coumaryl)-β-D-galactopyranoside (10), quercetin (11) and ellagic acid (12) were found in the ethyl acetate fraction. The structures of these compounds were determined by chemical and spectral analyses. Compounds 1-4, the flavonols (6 and 11) and ellagic acid (12) were found to be active against some of the tested microorganisms, while the kaempferol 3-O-glycosides (7-9) did not show any activity, indicating the role of the free 3-OH for antibacterial activity. Addition of p-coumaryl groups results in mild activity for 10 against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. Compounds 2-5, 7 and 9-12 are reported for the first time from M. malabathricum. Compound 10 is rare, being reported only once before from a plant, without assignment of the double bond geometry in the p-coumaryl moiety.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates/chemistry
Development of LC-MS/MS method and application to bioequivalence study of a light sensitive drug montelukast

Wong EYL, Loh GOK, Tan YTF, Peh KK

Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2021 Feb;47(2):197-206.
PMID: 33300818 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1862177

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to develop a simple, highthroughput and sensitive LC-MS/MS method and apply to a bioequivalence study of montelukast, a light sensitive drug.
METHOD: The effects of organic modifiers in mobile phase, protein precipitation agent to plasma sample ratio, and light on montelukast stability in unprocessed and processed human plasma, were evaluated. Validation was conducted in accordance with European Medicines Agency Guideline on bioanalytical method validation.
RESULTS: No interference peak was observed when acetonitrile was used as an organic modifier. Acetonitrile to plasma ratio of 4:1 produced clean plasma sample. Approximately 3 % of cis isomer was detected in unprocessed plasma samples while 21 % of cis isomer was detected in processed plasma samples after exposing to fluorescent light for 24h. The standard calibration curve was linear over 3.00-1200.00 ng/mL. All method validation parameters were within the acceptance criteria.
CONCLUSION: The validated method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study of two montelukast formulations involving 24 healthy Malaysian volunteers. The light stability of a light sensitive drug in unprocessed and processed human plasma samples should be studied prior to pharmacokinetic/bioequivalence studies. Measures could then be taken to protect the analyte in human plasma from light degradation.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates/pharmacology*; Acetates/chemistry
Catalytic oxidation of butyl acetate over silver-loaded zeolites

Wong CT, Abdullah AZ, Bhatia S

J Hazard Mater, 2008 Sep 15;157(2-3):480-9.
PMID: 18294771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.012

The performance of silver-loaded zeolite (HY and HZSM-5) catalysts in the oxidation of butyl acetate as a model volatile organic compound (VOC) was studied. The objective was to find a catalyst with superior activity, selectivity towards deep oxidation product and stability. The catalyst activity was measured under excess oxygen condition in a packed bed reactor operated at gas hourly space velocity (GHSV)=15,000-32,000 h(-1), reaction temperature between 150 and 500 degrees C and butyl acetate inlet concentration of 1000-4000 ppm. Both AgY and AgZSM-5 catalysts exhibited high activity in the oxidation of butyl acetate. Despite lower silver content, AgY showed better activity, attributed to better metal dispersion, surface characteristics and acidity, and its pore system. Total conversion of butyl acetate was achieved at above 400 degrees C. The oxidation of butyl acetate followed a simple power law model. The reaction orders, n and m were evaluated under differential mode by varying the VOC partial pressure between 0.004 and 0.018 atm and partial pressure of oxygen between 0.05 and 0.20 atm. The reaction rate was independent of oxygen concentration and single order with respect to VOC concentration. The activation energies were 19.78 kJ/mol for AgY and 32.26 kJ/mol for AgZSM-5, respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates/chemistry*
Fulltext Evaluation of extraction solvent on antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content in Elaeis Guineensis

Wan Zuraida Wan Mohd Zain, Siti Nur Lisha Mohd Ghazali, Samsiah Jusoh

ESTEEM Academic Journal, 2019;15(1):25-32.
MyJurnal

Oil palm or Elaeis guineens is a rich natural source of phenolic with flavonoid as the main constituents. These phenolics are potent antioxidants that can be used in the food industry, cosmetics and others. Therefore, the study was aimed to determine the effect of solvents which were methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane also different plant parts which were leaves, frond and fresh fruit bunch toward antioxidant activity (AOA), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid
content (TFC). The antioxidant was analysed using the DPPH method, TPC by Ciocalteu assay and TFC by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay. The result from ANOVA indicated that there was a difference (P < 0.05) in the extracting ability of each solvent and different plant parts for AOA, TPC and TFC. Generally, the result suggested that methanol give the highest antioxidant
activity, TPC and TFC compared to ethyl acetate and hexane. Therefore, the solvent used should be selected properly to allow for a high level of extraction efficiency.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates
Fulltext Inhibition of Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation in Chromobacterium violaceum by Fruit Extracts of Passiflora edulis

Venkatramanan M, Sankar Ganesh P, Senthil R, Akshay J, Veera Ravi A, Langeswaran K, et al.

ACS Omega, 2020 Oct 13;5(40):25605-25616.
PMID: 33073086 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02483

Chromobacterium violaceum (C. violaceum) is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped facultatively anaerobic bacterium implicated with recalcitrant human infections. Here, we evaluated the anti-QS and antibiofilm activities of ethyl acetate extracts of Passiflora edulis (P. edulis) on the likely inactivation of acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL)-regulated molecules in C. violaceum both by in vitro and in silico analyses. Our investigations showed that the sub-MIC levels were 2, 1, and 0.5 mg/mL, and the concentrations showed a marked reduction in violacein pigment production by 75.8, 64.6, and 35.2%. AHL quantification showed 72.5, 52.2, and 35.9% inhibitions, inhibitions of EPS production (72.8, 36.5, and 25.9%), and reductions in biofilm formation (90.7, 69.4, and 51.8%) as compared to a control. Light microscopy and CLSM analysis revealed dramatic reduction in the treated biofilm group as compared to the control. GC-MS analysis showed 20 major peaks whose chemical structures were docked as the CviR ligand. The highest docking score was observed for hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester bonds in the active site of CviR with a binding energy of -8.825 kcal/mol. Together, we found that hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester remarkably interacted with CviR to inhibit the QS system. Hence, we concluded that hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester of P. edulis could likely be evaluated for treating C. violaceum infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates
Fulltext Induction of Apoptosis in MCF-7 Cells via Oxidative Stress Generation, Mitochondria-Dependent and Caspase-Independent Pathway by Ethyl Acetate Extract of Dillenia suffruticosa and Its Chemical Profile

Tor YS, Yazan LS, Foo JB, Wibowo A, Ismail N, Cheah YK, et al.

PLoS One, 2015;10(6):e0127441.
PMID: 26047480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127441

Dillenia suffruticosa, which is locally known as Simpoh air, has been traditionally used to treat cancerous growth. The ethyl acetate extract of D. suffruticosa (EADs) has been shown to induce apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells in our previous study. The present study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in EADs-induced apoptosis and to identify the major compounds in the extract. EADs was found to promote oxidative stress in MCF-7 cells that led to cell death because the pre-treatment with antioxidants α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of the extract (P<0.05). DCFH-DA assay revealed that treatment with EADs attenuated the generation of intracellular ROS. Apoptosis induced by EADs was not inhibited by the use of caspase-inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK, suggesting that the cell death is caspase-independent. The use of JC-1 dye reflected that EADs caused disruption in the mitochondrial membrane potential. The related molecular pathways involved in EADs-induced apoptosis were determined by GeXP multiplex system and Western blot analysis. EADs is postulated to induce cell cycle arrest that is p53- and p21-dependent based on the upregulated expression of p53 and p21 (P<0.05). The expression of Bax was upregulated with downregulation of Bcl-2 following treatment with EADs. The elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential suggest that EADs-induced apoptosis is mitochondria-dependent. The expression of oxidative stress-related AKT, p-AKT, ERK, and p-ERK was downregulated with upregulation of JNK and p-JNK. The data indicate that induction of oxidative-stress related apoptosis by EADs was mediated by inhibition of AKT and ERK, and activation of JNK. The isolation of compounds in EADs was carried out using column chromatography and elucidated using the nuclear resonance magnetic analysis producing a total of six compounds including 3-epimaslinic acid, kaempferol, kaempferide, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds was determined using MTT assay. Gallic acid was found to be most cytotoxic against MCF-7 cell line compared to others, with IC50 of 36 ± 1.7 μg/mL (P<0.05). In summary, EADs generated oxidative stress, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by regulating numerous genes and proteins that are involved in the apoptotic signal transduction pathway. Therefore, EADs has the potential to be developed as an anti-cancer agent against breast cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates/chemistry
Isolation and structure elucidation of triterpenes from inflorescence of banana (Musa balbisiana cv. Saba)

Tin, H.S., Padam, B.S., Abdullah, M.I., Chye, F.Y.

International Food Research Journal, 2016;23(2):866-872.
MyJurnal

The study aimed to isolate and elucidate the chemical compounds that are found in banana
(Musa balbisiana cv. Saba) inflorescences. Banana inflorescence buds were extracted using
methanol and the resulted methanolic extract was partitioned using chloroform, ethyl acetate
and butanol against deionized water. The chloroform partition was further separated into
fractions using column chromatography assisted by thin layer chromatography. The structure
elucidation was performed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR). Three
triterpenes were isolated namely 31-norcyclolaudenone (1), cycloartenol (2) and (24R)-4a,24-
trimethyl-5a-cholesta-8,25(27)-dien-3b-ol (3). This is the first report on the isolation of these
triterpenes from Musa balbisiana inflorescence. The discovery of new triterpenes from banana
inflorescence should be further explored to open a new perspective that banana by-products
might serve as new source of natural products for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates
Fulltext Extraction and recovery of phytochemical components and antioxidative properties in fruit parts of Dacryodes rostrata influenced by different solvents

Thavamoney N, Sivanadian L, Tee LH, Khoo HE, Prasad KN, Kong KW

J Food Sci Technol, 2018 Jul;55(7):2523-2532.
PMID: 30042568 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3170-6

This study investigated the recovery of phytochemical antioxidants in Dacryodes rostrata fruit using different extraction solvents. The effects of solvent of varying polarities with sequential extraction method on the recovery of phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids and anthocyanins from different parts of the fruit (seed, pulp and peel) were determined. Their antioxidant activities were further determined using DPPH radical, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging and phosphomolybdenum method. Dacryodes Rostrata seed had the highest total phenolic content with 50% ethanol as the most efficient extraction solvent. The highest total flavonoid content was obtained in ethyl acetate extract of fruit pulp, whereas peel extracted with hexane and 50% ethanol was the highest in total carotenoid content and total anthocyanin content, respectively. The seed extracted with 50% ethanol exhibited the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity. Iron chelating activity measured by FRAP assay was the best in seed extracts, particularly in those polar extracts derived from water and 50% ethanol. Antioxidant activities of 50% ethanol extract of D. rostrata seed was the highest when determined by FRAP and phosphomolydenum assays. However, the influence of extraction solvents is not distinctly shown by hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities. This is the first report on the effect of various extraction solvents on the recovery of phytochemicals in D. rostrata fruit parts and the seed of D. rostrata is a potential source of polar antioxidants.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates
Fulltext Antioxidant Capacity, Cytotoxicity, and Acute Oral Toxicity of Gynura bicolor

Teoh WY, Sim KS, Moses Richardson JS, Abdul Wahab N, Hoe SZ

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2013;2013:958407.
PMID: 24369485 DOI: 10.1155/2013/958407

Gynura bicolor (Compositae) which is widely used by the locals as natural remedies in folk medicine has limited scientific studies to ensure its efficacy and nontoxicity. The current study reports the total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, cytotoxicity, and acute oral toxicity of crude methanol and its fractionated extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, and water) of G. bicolor leaves. Five human colon cancer cell lines (HT-29, HCT-15, SW480, Caco-2, and HCT 116), one human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF7), and one human normal colon cell line (CCD-18Co) were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of G. bicolor. The present findings had clearly demonstrated that ethyl acetate extract of G. bicolor with the highest total phenolic content among the extracts showed the strongest antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging assay and metal chelating assay), possessed cytotoxicity, and induced apoptotic and necrotic cell death, especially towards the HCT 116 and HCT-15 colon cancer cells. The acute oral toxicity study indicated that methanol extract of G. bicolor has negligible level of toxicity when administered orally and has been regarded as safe in experimental rats. The findings of the current study clearly established the chemoprevention potential of G. bicolor and thus provide scientific validation on the therapeutic claims of G. bicolor.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates
Phyla nodiflora L. Extracts Induce Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Breast Cancer Cell Line, MCF-7

Teoh PL, Liau M, Cheong BE

Nutr Cancer, 2019;71(4):668-675.
PMID: 30663402 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1559942

Phyla nodiflora L. has been used as medicinal remedies for various ailments due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor activity. Previously, we found that the plant extracts induced DNA fragmentation in MCF-7. This study was to investigate the modes of action of P. nodiflora in inhibiting breast cancer cells using leaf ethyl acetate (EA leaf), stem ethyl acetate (EA stem) and stem methanol (Met stem) extracts. The MTT assay showed that the anti-proliferative effects of P. nodiflora extracts were selective towards MCF-7 with a minimal effect on MCF10A. Morphological changes such as cell shrinkage and nuclear condensation were observed in treated cells. We found that induction of apoptosis by EA leaf and EA stem was mitochondrial-dependent while loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was not found in Met stem-treated cells. In addition, the expression levels of AIFM1, CASP9, CFLAR, and IGF1R were altered after treatment. Decreased BCL-2 expression was found in treated cells while BAX and caspases' expression was upregulated or maintained. All extracts caused perturbation of cell cycle at S phase by dysregulating the expression of cell cycle regulators such as CDKs and cyclins. Our findings indicate that P. nodiflora inhibits MCF-7 cells by inducing apoptosis and perturbing cell cycle.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetates

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