Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 388 in total

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  1. Mak JW, Lim PK
    Z Parasitenkd, 1983;69(5):677-80.
    PMID: 6415950
    The chemoprophylactic use of diethylcarbamazine citrate at total oral doses of 15--180 mg/kg body weight was tested against subperiodic Brugia malayi infection in the leaf monkey (Presbytis melalophos). A total dose of 45 mg/kg body weight given over 9 days killed all developing infective larvae. Similarly, a total dose of 35 mg/kg body weight given over 7 days killed all fourth stage larvae. The minimum effective dose that prevents infection would be 5 mg/kg body weight daily for 7 days every month.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  2. Jaganathan SK, Vellayappan MV, Narasimhan G, Supriyanto E, Octorina Dewi DE, Narayanan AL, et al.
    World J Gastroenterol, 2014 Dec 7;20(45):17029-36.
    PMID: 25493015 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i45.17029
    Colon cancer arises due to the conversion of precancerous polyps (benign) found in the inner lining of the colon. Prevention is better than cure, and this is very true with respect to colon cancer. Various epidemiologic studies have linked colorectal cancer with food intake. Apple and berry juices are widely consumed among various ethnicities because of their nutritious values. In this review article, chemopreventive effects of these fruit juices against colon cancer are discussed. Studies dealing with bioavailability, in vitro and in vivo effects of apple and berry juices are emphasized in this article. A thorough literature survey indicated that various phenolic phytochemicals present in these fruit juices have the innate potential to inhibit colon cancer cell lines. This review proposes the need for more preclinical evidence for the effects of fruit juices against different colon cancer cells, and also strives to facilitate clinical studies using these juices in humans in large trials. The conclusion of the review is that these apple and berry juices will be possible candidates in the campaign against colon cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  3. Chan WK, Azmi N, Mahadeva S, Goh KL
    World J Gastroenterol, 2014 Oct 21;20(39):14488-94.
    PMID: 25339836 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14488
    To compare same-day whole-dose vs split-dose of 2-litre polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution (PEG-ELS) plus bisacodyl for colon cleansing for morning colonoscopy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  4. Jaganathan SK, Vellayappan MV, Narasimhan G, Supriyanto E
    World J Gastroenterol, 2014 Apr 28;20(16):4618-25.
    PMID: 24782614 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i16.4618
    Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Recent studies prove that though chemotherapeutic agents are being used for the treatment of colon cancer, they become non-effective when the cancer progresses to an invasive stage. Since consumption of certain dietary agents has been linked with various cancers, fruit juices have been investigated for their consistently protective effect against colon cancer. The unique biochemical composition of fruit juices is responsible for their anticancer properties. In this review, the chemo-preventive effect of fruit juices such as pomegranate and citrus juices against colon cancer are discussed. For this purpose, the bioavailability, in vitro and in vivo effects of these fruit juices on colorectal cancer are highlighted. Moreover, there is a scarcity of studies involving human trials to estimate the preventive nature of these juices against colon cancer. This review will support the need for more preclinical tests with these crude juices and their constituents in different colorectal cancer cell lines and also some epidemiological studies in order to have a better understanding and promote pomegranate and citrus juices as crusaders against colon cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  5. Sujá F, Yusof A, Osman MA
    Water Sci Technol, 2010;61(2):389-96.
    PMID: 20107265 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2010.825
    Leachate samples collected from the Ampar Tenang open dumping site at Dengkil, Malaysia, were analyzed for acute toxicity. Two in vivo toxicity tests, Acute Oral Toxicity (AOT) and Primary Skin Irritation (PSI), were performed using Sprague Dawley rats and New Zealand Albino rabbits, respectively. The leachate samples were also analyzed chemically for nitrate and phosphate, ammonia-nitrogen, Kjeldahl-nitrogen and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Results from both the AOT and PSI tests showed that the leachate did not contribute to acute toxicity. The AOT test yielded a negative result: no effect was observed in at least half of the rat population. The PSI test on rabbits produced effects only at a leachate concentration of 100%. However, the skin irritation was minor, and the test returned a negative result. The four chemical tests showed high levels of nutrient pollution in the leachate. The nitrate and phosphate concentrations were 2.1 mg/L and 23.6 mg/L, respectively. Further, the ammonia-nitrogen concentration was 1,000 mg NH(3)-N/L the Kjeldahl-nitrogen level was 446 mg NH(3)-N/L, and the Chemical Oxygen Demand was 1,300 mg/L. The in vivo toxicity and chemical analyses showed that the leachate is polluted but not acutely toxic to organisms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  6. Dorny P, Vercruysse J, Jalila A, Sani R, Symoens C
    Vet Parasitol, 1994 Jun;53(3-4):233-41.
    PMID: 7975118
    The therapeutic and prophylactic effects of closantel on natural infections with Haemonchus contortus were studied in goats in Peninsular Malaysia. Closantel was highly effective against H. contortus, either at a subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of 5.0 mg kg-1 body weight (100%), or in an oral drench mixture with mebendazole at a dose of 10.0 mg kg-1 (99.2%), as indicated by faecal egg counts. H. contortus larvae were absent from faecal cultures for 5, 6 and 7 weeks following treatment with s.c. injections of closantel at doses of 2.5 mg kg-1, 5.0 mg kg-1 and 10.0 mg kg-1 respectively, and for 6 weeks after treatment with closantel at 10.0 mg kg-1, given orally. Through its sustained activity, closantel not only prevented reinfection with H. contortus but also caused a dramatic reduction in pasture contamination. The potential utility of closantel in the strategic control of haemonchosis in goats, and as an alternative treatment for benzimidazoles and levamisole resistant H. contortus strains, is discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  7. Shuai L, Ge J, Wen Z, Wang J, Wang X, Bu Z
    Vet Microbiol, 2020 Feb;241:108549.
    PMID: 31928698 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108549
    Nipah virus (NiV) is a re-emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes high mortality in humans and pigs. Oral immunization in free-roaming animals is one of the most practical approaches to prevent NiV pandemics. We previously generated a recombinant rabies viruses (RABV) Evelyn-Rokitnicki-Abelseth (ERA) strain, rERAG333E, which contains a mutation from arginine to glutamic acid at residue 333 of glycoprotein (G333E) and serves as an oral vaccine for dog rabies. In this study, we generated two recombinant RABVs, rERAG333E/NiVG and rERAG333E/NiVF, expressing the NiV Malaysian strain attachment glycoprotein (NiV-G) or fusion glycoprotein (NiV-F) gene based on the rERAG333E vector platform. Both rERAG333E/NiVG and rERAG333E/NiVF displayed growth properties similar to those of rERAG333E and caused marked syncytia formation after co-infection in BSR cell culture. Adult and suckling mice intracerebrally inoculated with the recombinant RABVs showed NiV-G and NiV-F expression did not increase the virulence of rERAG333E. Oral vaccination with rERAG333E/NiVG either singularly or combined with rERAG333E/NiVF induced significant NiV neutralizing antibody against NiV and RABV, and IgG to NiV-G or NiV-F in mice and pigs. rERAG333E/NiVG and rERAG333E/NiVF thus appeared to be suitable candidates for further oral vaccines for potential animal targets in endemic areas of NiV disease and rabies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  8. Zhang SS, Noordin MM, Rahman SO, Haron J
    Vet Hum Toxicol, 2000 Oct;42(5):261-4.
    PMID: 11003114
    The influence of copper (Cu) overload on hepatic lipid peroxidation and antioxidation defense capacity was studied by overloading rats with copper sulphate orally (500 mg Cu/kg bw) 5 d/w for 8 w. Malondialdehyde (MDA), Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Se-glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured in serum and liver homogenate at 2, 4 and 8 w of dosing. Liver Cu concentration and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity were also determined. As Cu loading progressed, there were multiparameter changes with significant ALT elevation, increased MDA concentrations in serum and liver homogenate, and dramatic declines of SOD and GSH-Px activities in erythrocytes and whole blood respectively, along with marked elevation of hepatic Cu in the Cu-dosed group. Excessive Cu accumulation in the liver depressed SOD and GSH-Px activities and resulted in high MDA in serum and liver homogenate due to the lipid peroxidation induced by the Cu overload.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  9. Adam A, Marzuki A, Abdul Rahman H, Abdul Aziz M
    Vet Hum Toxicol, 1997 Jun;39(3):147-51.
    PMID: 9167243
    The toxicities of ROUNDUP and its component chemicals, glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine) and polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA), were determined at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 24 h following administration to rats. The intratracheal administration of glyphosate (0.2 g/kg), POEA (0.1 g/kg), a mixture of glyphosate (0.2 g/kg) + POEA (0.1 g/kg), or ROUNDUP (containing 0.2 g/kg glyphosate and 0.1 g/kg POEA) elicited immediate respiratory effects which were more severe and which lasted longer in the groups receiving the POEA-containing preparations than in the glyphosate alone group. By 1 h, all test preparations had caused deaths, but more occurred from the POEA-containing preparations than from glyphosate. The po administration of POEA (1 g/kg), the mixture of glyphosate (2 g/kg) +POEA (1 g/kg), or ROUNDUP (containing 2 g/kg glyphosate and 1 g/kg POEA) produced diarrhea and blood-stained weeping from noses. Death was only seen from POEA at 24 h. Glyphosate (2 g/kg po) produced transient diarrhea without nose bleeds; POEA caused diarrhea at 1 h; and the mixture of POEA + glyphosate produced diarrhea later that increased in severity with time. Bloody nose secretions were seen only with the preparations that contained POEA. No deaths, respiratory effects or bloody nose secretions occurred in controls given saline. Both POEA and glyphosate caused lung hemorrhages and lung epithelial cell damage with po or intratracheal exposures. These results indicate POEA and preparations that contained POEA were more toxic than glyphosate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  10. Ling WC, Mustafa MR, Vanhoutte PM, Murugan DD
    Vascul. Pharmacol., 2018 03;102:11-20.
    PMID: 28552746 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.05.003
    AIM: Endothelial dysfunction accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress is a key event leading to hypertension. As dietary nitrite has been reported to exert antihypertensive effect, the present study investigated whether chronic oral administration of sodium nitrite improves vascular function in conduit and resistance arteries of hypertensive animals with elevated oxidative stress.

    METHODS: Sodium nitrite (50mg/L) was given to angiotensin II-infused hypertensive C57BL/6J (eight to ten weeks old) mice for two weeks in the drinking water. Arterial systolic blood pressure was measured using the tail-cuff method. Vascular responsiveness of isolated aortae and renal arteries was studied in wire myographs. The level of nitrite in the plasma and the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) content in the arterial wall were determined using commercially available kits. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the presence of proteins (nitrotyrosine, NOx-2 and NOx-4) involved in ROS generation were evaluated with dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescence and by Western blotting, respectively.

    RESULTS: Chronic administration of sodium nitrite for two weeks to mice with angiotensin II-induced hypertension decreased systolic arterial blood pressure, reversed endothelial dysfunction, increased plasma nitrite level as well as vascular cGMP content. In addition, sodium nitrite treatment also decreased the elevated nitrotyrosine and NOx-4 protein level in angiotensin II-infused hypertensive mice.

    CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that chronic treatment of hypertensive mice with sodium nitrite improves impaired endothelium function in conduit and resistance vessels in addition to its antihypertensive effect, partly through inhibition of ROS production.

    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  11. Siak PY, Wong KY, Song AA, Rahim RA, In LLA
    Vaccines (Basel), 2021 Feb 26;9(3).
    PMID: 33652552 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030195
    KRAS G12A somatic point mutation in adenocarcinomas is categorized clinically as ineligibility criteria for anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody therapies. In this study, a modified G12A-K-ras epitope (139A) with sequence-specific modifications to improve immunogenicity was developed as a potential vaccine against G12A-mutant KRAS cancers. Additionally, coupling of the 139A epitope with a tetanus toxoid (TTD) universal T-cell epitope to improve antigenicity was also reported. To facilitate convenient oral administration, Lactococcus lactis, which possesses innate immunomodulatory properties, was chosen as a live gastrointestinal delivery vehicle. Recombinant L. lactis strains secreting a G12A mutated K-ras control and 139A with and without TTD fusion were generated for comparative immunogenicity assessment. BALB/c mice were immunized orally, and high survivability of L. lactis passage through the gastrointestinal tract was observed. Elevations in B-cell count with a concomitant titre of antigen-specific IgG and interferon-γ secreting T-cells were observed in the 139A treated mice group. Interestingly, an even higher antigen-specific IgA response and interferon-γ secreting T-cell counts were observed in 139A-TTD mice group upon re-stimulation with the G12A mutated K-ras antigen. Collectively, these results indicated that an antigen-specific immune response was successfully stimulated by 139A-TTD vaccine, and a TTD fusion was successful in further enhancing the immune responses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  12. Mohamad A, Zamri-Saad M, Amal MNA, Al-Saari N, Monir MS, Chin YK, et al.
    Vaccines (Basel), 2021 Apr 10;9(4).
    PMID: 33920311 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040368
    Multiple infections of several bacterial species are often observed under natural farm conditions. The infections would cause a much more significant loss compared to a single infectious agent. Vaccination is an essential strategy to prevent diseases in aquaculture, and oral vaccination has been proposed as a promising technique since it requires no handling of the fish and is easy to perform. This research attempts to develop and evaluate a potential feed-based polyvalent vaccine that can be used to treat multiple infections by Vibrios spp., Streptococcus agalactiae, and Aeromonas hydrophila, simultaneously. The oral polyvalent vaccine was prepared by mixing formalin-killed vaccine of V. harveyi, S. agalactiae, and A. hydrophila strains with commercial feed pellet, and palm oil as an adjuvant was added to improve their antigenicity. Thereafter, a vaccinated feed pellet was tested for feed quality analysis in terms of feed stability in water, proximate nutrient analysis, and palatability, safety, and growth performance using Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer as a fish host model. For immune response analysis, a total of 300 Asian seabass juveniles (15.8 ± 2.6 g) were divided into two groups in triplicate. Fish of group 1 were not vaccinated, while group 2 was vaccinated with the feed-based polyvalent vaccine. Vaccinations were carried out on days 0 and 14 with oral administration of the feed containing the bacterin at 5% body weight. Samples of serum for antibody and lysozyme study and the spleen and gut for gene expression analysis were collected at 7-day intervals for 6 weeks. Its efficacy in protecting fish was evaluated in aquarium challenge. Following vaccination by the polyvalent feed-based vaccine, IgM antibody levels showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum against Vibrio harveyi, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Streptococcus agalactiae and reached the peak at week 3, 5, and 6, respectively. The high-stimulated antibody in the serum remained significantly higher than the control (p < 0.05) at the end of the 6 weeks vaccination trial. Not only that, but the serum lysozyme level was also increased significantly at week 4 (p < 0.05) as compared to the control treatment. The immune-related gene, dendritic cells, C3, Chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4), and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) showed significantly higher expression (p < 0.05) after the fish were vaccinated with the oral vaccine. In the aquarium challenge, the vaccine provided a relative percentage survival of 75 ± 7.1%, 80 ± 0.0%, and 80 ± 0.0% after challenge with V. harveyi, A. hydrophila, and S. agalactiae, respectively. Combining our results demonstrate that the feed-based polyvalent vaccine could elicit significant innate and adaptive immunological responses, and this offers an opportunity for a comprehensive immunization against vibriosis, streptococcosis, and motile aeromonad septicemia in Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. Nevertheless, this newly developed feed-based polyvalent vaccination can be a promising technique for effective and large-scale fish immunization in the aquaculture industry shortly.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  13. Zamri HF, Shamsudin MN, Rahim RA, Neela V
    Vaccine, 2012 May 2;30(21):3231-8.
    PMID: 22426330 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.02.012
    A gene associated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) transport was cloned from a local clinical Vibrio cholerae O1 strain of the Ogawa serotype by using the Lactococcus lactis nisin-controlled expression (NICE) system. The V. cholerae wzm gene, which codes for an integral membrane transporter protein, was expressed and targeted to the cytoplasmic membrane, and was crudely isolated through simple centrifugation and SDS solubilization. To examine seroreactivity of this construct, rabbits were orally fed with 10(9) cfu/ml of live, recombinant L. lactis carrying the wzm gene, induced with nisin prior to administration. Recombinant plasmids were retrieved from L. lactis cultured directly from stool samples of inoculated rabbits. Reverse-transcriptase PCR of wzm using the retrieved plasmids confirmed transcription of this gene, indicating viability and stability of the recombinants in vivo. The L. lactis-Wzm construct elicited substantial levels of IgG and sIgA, and challenge with virulent V. cholerae O1 evoked severe diarrhoea in the naive, non-immunised control group, but not in those fed with either recombinant or non-recombinant L. lactis. Oral administration with recombinant L. lactis expressing the V. cholerae wzm gene increases both systemic and mucosal immunity, whereas L. lactis itself appears capable of protecting against the diarrhoeal symptoms caused by V. cholerae. Wzm is a conserved membrane protein associated with the LPS endotoxin, and together with the food-grade L. lactis, represent an attractive target for the development of a safer, live anti-infective therapy against V. cholerae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  14. Xian TH, Parasuraman S, Sinniah K, Ravichandran M, Prabhakaran G
    Vaccine, 2019 01 29;37(5):711-720.
    PMID: 30630696 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.027
    The repeated dose toxicity of a prototype cold chain-free, live, attenuated oral cholera vaccine containing 5 × 106 CFU/mL of the VCUSM14P strain was evaluated in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (single dose administered daily for 30 days) to ascertain its safety for clinical use. Repeated dose toxicity studies for cholera vaccines in the literature have administered 2 or 3 fixed doses at 7, 14, 21 or 69 day intervals. The present study reports an evaluation of 30 repeated doses of cholera vaccine administered at three different concentrations (Group II (1.25 × 106 CFU), Group III (2.5 × 106 CFU) and Group IV (5 × 106 CFU)) in SD rats. The liquid vaccine was administered orally to the rats with the respective dose every day, and normal saline was administered to the control group (Group I). No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in the body weights and biochemical parameters of the rats after 15 and 30 repeated doses compared to those of the control group. However, compared to those of Group I, a significant increase (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral*
  15. Mak JW, Ngah Z, Choong MF, Navaratnam V
    Trop. Med. Parasitol., 1995 Mar;46(1):6-8.
    PMID: 7631131
    CGI 18041, an adduct of benzothiazol isothiocyanate N-methyl piperazine, was evaluated for its antifilarial properties in subperiodic Brugia malayi infected Presbytis cristata. Animals experimentally infected with 200-400 subperiodic Brugia malayi infective larvae, were matched according to microfilaria density, infective dose, and duration of infection. They were then randomly assigned to various treatment and control groups. The compound was suspended in 1% Tween 20 in distilled water, sonicated, and then fed to monkeys using a stomach tube. Control animals received an equivalent volume of drug diluent. CGI 18041 at a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg had complete adulticidal and microfilaricidal activities against subperiodic B. malayi in P. cristata. It was also extremely effective at a single dose of 25 mg/kg, the final geometric mean microfilaria count being 1.6% of initial level, and only 1.0% of the infective dose was recovered as live adult worms at autopsy 6 weeks post-treatment. In control animals, these were 226.9% and 5.56% respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  16. Mak JW, Suresh K, Lam PL, Choong MF, Striebel HP
    Trop. Med. Parasitol., 1990 Mar;41(1):10-2.
    PMID: 2339241
    CGP 20376, a 5-methoxyl-6-dithiocarbamic-S- (2-carboxy-ethyl) ester derivative of benzothiazole was evaluated for its antifilarial properties and shown to be extremely effective against subperiodic Brugia malayi in the leaf-monkey, Presbytis cristata at oral doses of 20-100 mg/kg. The compound and/or its metabolites had complete micro- and microfilaricidal activities even when given at a single dose of 20 mg/kg. Lower doses had incomplete filaricidal action.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  17. Pettit JHS
    Trop Doct, 1986 Jul;16(3):105-12.
    PMID: 3765093 DOI: 10.1177/004947558601600305
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  18. Basripuzi HB, Sani RA, Ariff OM, Chandrawathani P
    Trop Biomed, 2013 Sep;30(3):516-25.
    PMID: 24189681 MyJurnal
    A study was conducted to evaluate the anthelmintic properties of enhanced virgin coconut oil (EVCO) and senduduk (Melastoma malabathricum) plant against strongyle nematodes in goats. Two preparations of 10% EVCO dissolved in 90% virgin coconut oil and 10% EVCO dissolved in 90% palm oil, were given orally to two groups of mixed breeds goats. The efficacy test indicated that EVCO was insufficiently active as an anthelmintic. Four concentrations of senduduk solution (1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg ml(-1)) were compared with a control and albendazole in an in vitro test for larvicidal effect. There was no significant larval mortality using senduduk solution. An in vivo test of senduduk was conducted by comparing three groups of goats, namely control, levamisole and treatment groups that were given a daily oral dose of senduduk crude extract with 1g kg(-1) from Day 0 to Day 12 and 2 g kg(-1) from Day 13 to Day 30. This efficacy test with senduduk also gave negative results. The findings obtained indicated that EVCO and senduduk were ineffective as anthelmintics against caprinestrongyle nematodes at the concentrations used.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  19. Wahab AA, Norliyana N, Ding CH, Nurzam SCH, Salbiah N, Rao KR
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Sep 01;37(3):560-565.
    PMID: 33612771 DOI: 10.47665/tb.37.3.560
    Primary prostatic melioidosis is a rare presentation of melioidosis even in melioidosis endemic areas. We report a case of a 58-year-old man with underlying diabetes mellitus who presented with a 5-day history of high-grade fever associated with lower urinary tract symptoms. Suprapubic tenderness and tender prostatomegaly were noted on examination. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed the presence of a prostatic abscess. Both blood and prostatic pus cultures grew Burkholderia pseudomallei. He was initially started on intravenous ceftazidime, followed by an escalation to intravenous meropenem. He was discharged home with oral amoxicillin-clavulanate and doxycycline after completing 12 days of meropenem. Unfortunately, his compliance to oral antibiotic therapy was poor, and he succumbed to the disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
  20. Chung ELT, Predith M, Nobilly F, Samsudin AA, Jesse FFA, Loh TC
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 2018 Jun 20.
    PMID: 29926360 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1641-4
    Brachiaria decumbens is an extremely productive tropical grass due to its aggressive growth habit and its adaptation to a varied range of soil types and environments. As a result of the vast availability, treated B. decumbens demonstrates as a promising local material that could be utilised as an improved diet for sheep and goats. Despite the fact that the grass significantly increases weight gains in grazing farm animals, there were many reports of general ill-thrift and sporadic outbreaks of photosensitivity in livestock due to the toxic compound of steroidal saponin found in B. decumbens. Ensiling and haymaking were found to be effective in removing toxin and undesirable compounds in the grass. Biological treatments using urea, activated charcoal, polyethylene glycol, and effective microorganisms were found to be useful in anti-nutritional factor deactivation and improving the nutritive values of feedstuffs. Besides, oral administration of phenobarbitone showed some degree of protection in sheep that fed on B. decumbens pasture. In this review, we aim to determine the effect of B. decumbens toxicity and possible treatment methods on the grass to be used as an improved diet for small ruminant.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Oral
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