Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 121 in total

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  1. Che HX, Yeap SP, Osman MS, Ahmad AL, Lim J
    ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2014 Oct 8;6(19):16508-18.
    PMID: 25198872 DOI: 10.1021/am5050949
    The synthesis of nanocomposite with controlled surface morphology plays a key role for pollutant removal from aqueous environments. The influence of the molecular size of the polyelectrolyte in synthesizing silica-iron oxide core-shell nanocomposite with open shell structure was investigated by using dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Here, poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) was used to promote the attachment of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) onto the silica surface to assemble a nanocomposite with magnetic and catalytic bifunctionality. High molecular weight PDDA tended to adsorb on silica colloid, forming a more extended conformation layer than low molecular weight PDDA. Subsequent attachment of IONPs onto this extended PDDA layer was more randomly distributed, forming isolated islands with open space between them. By taking amoxicillin, an antibiotic commonly found in pharmaceutical waste, as the model system, better removal was observed for silica-iron oxide nanocomposite with a more extended open shell structure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry
  2. Md Saad SK, Ali Umar A, Ali Umar MI, Tomitori M, Abd Rahman MY, Mat Salleh M, et al.
    ACS Omega, 2018 Mar 31;3(3):2579-2587.
    PMID: 31458546 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00109
    This paper reports the synthesis of two-dimensional, hierarchical, porous, and (001)-faceted metal (Ag, Zn, and Al)-doped TiO2 nanostructures (TNSs) and the study of their photocatalytic activity. Two-dimensional metal-doped TNSs were synthesized using the hydrolysis of ammonium hexafluorotitanate in the presence of hexamethylenetetramine and metal precursors. Typical morphology of metal-doped TNSs is a hierarchical nanosheet that is composed of randomly stacked nanocubes (dimensions of up to 5 μm and 200 nm in edge length and thickness, respectively) and has dominant (001) facets exposed. Raman analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicated that the Ag doping, compared to Zn and Al, much improves the crystallinity degree and at the same time dramatically lowers the valence state binding energy of the TNS and provides an additional dopant oxidation state into the system for an enhanced electron-transfer process and surface reaction. These are assumed to enhance the photocatalytic of the TNS. In a model of photocatalytic reaction, that is, rhodamine B degradation, the AgTNS demonstrates a high photocatalytic activity by converting approximately 91% of rhodamine B within only 120 min, equivalent to a rate constant of 0.018 m-1 and ToN and ToF of 94 and 1.57 min-1, respectively, or 91.1 mmol mg-1 W-1 degradation when normalized to used light source intensity, which is approximately 2 times higher than the pristine TNS and several order higher when compared to Zn- and Al-doped TNSs. Improvement of the crystallinity degree, decrease in the defect density and the photogenerated electron and hole recombination, and increase of the oxygen vacancy in the AgTNS are found to be the key factors for the enhancement of the photocatalytic properties. This work provides a straightforward strategy for the preparation of high-energy (001) faceted, two-dimensional, hierarchical, and porous Ag-doped TNSs for potential use in photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical application.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ammonium Compounds
  3. Wardell JL, Jotani MM, Tiekink ERT
    Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2017 Apr 01;73(Pt 4):579-585.
    PMID: 28435725 DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017004352
    In the anion of the title salt hydrate, H5N2(+)·C7H5N2O4(-)·2H2O, the carboxyl-ate and nitro groups lie out of the plane of the benzene ring to which they are bound [dihedral angles = 18.80 (10) and 8.04 (9)°, respectively], and as these groups are conrotatory, the dihedral angle between them is 26.73 (15)°. An intra-molecular amino-N-H⋯O(carboxyl-ate) hydrogen bond is noted. The main feature of the crystal packing is the formation of a supra-molecular chain along the b axis, with a zigzag topology, sustained by charge-assisted water-O-H⋯O(carboxyl-ate) hydrogen bonds and comprising alternating twelve-membered {⋯OCO⋯HOH}2 and eight-membered {⋯O⋯HOH}2 synthons. Each ammonium-N-H atom forms a charge-assisted hydrogen bond to a water mol-ecule and, in addition, one of these forms a hydrogen bond with a nitro-O atom. The amine-N-H atoms form hydrogen bonds to carboxyl-ate-O and water-O atoms, and the amine N atom accepts a hydrogen bond from an amino-H atom. The hydrogen bonds lead to a three-dimensional architecture. An analysis of the Hirshfeld surface highlights the major contribution of O⋯H/H⋯O hydrogen bonding to the overall surface, i.e. 46.8%, compared with H⋯H contacts (32.4%).
    Matched MeSH terms: Ammonium Compounds
  4. Bagabas AA, Alhoshan SB, Ghabbour HA, Chidan Kumar CS, Fun HK
    Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2015 Jan 1;71(Pt 1):o62-3.
    PMID: 25705511 DOI: 10.1107/S2056989014027297
    In the title salt, C6H11NH3 (+)·SCN(-), the cyclo-hexyl-ammonium ring adopts a slightly distorted chair conformation. The ammonium group occupies an equatorial position to minimize 1,3 and 1,5 diaxial inter-actions. In the crystal, the components are linked by N-H⋯N and N-H⋯S hydrogen-bonding inter-actions, resulting in a three-dimensional network.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ammonium Compounds
  5. Wardell JL, Jotani MM, Tiekink ERT
    Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2018 Dec 01;74(Pt 12):1851-1856.
    PMID: 30574387 DOI: 10.1107/S2056989018016389
    The asymmetric unit of the centrosymmetric title salt, C17H17F6N2O+·C2Cl3O2-, comprises a single ion-pair. The hy-droxy-O and ammonium-N atoms lie to the same side of the cation, a disposition maintained by a charge-assisted ammonium-N-H⋯O(hy-droxy) hydrogen bond [the Oh-Cm-Cm-Na (h = hy-droxy, m = methine, a = ammonium) torsion angle is 58.90 (19)°]. The piperidin-1-ium group is approximately perpendicular to the quinolinyl residue [Cq-Cm-Cm-Na (q = quinolin-yl) is -178.90 (15)°] so that the cation, to a first approximation, has the shape of the letter L. The most prominent feature of the supra-molecular association in the crystal is the formation of chains along the a-axis direction, being stabilized by charge-assisted hydrogen-bonds. Thus, ammonium-N+-H⋯O-(carboxyl-ate) hydrogen bonds are formed whereby two ammonium cations bridge a pair of carboxyl-ate-O atoms, leading to eight-membered {⋯O⋯HNH}2 synthons. The resulting four-ion aggregates are linked into the supra-molecular chain via charge-assisted hydroxyl-O-H⋯O-(carboxyl-ate) hydrogen bonds. The connections between the chains, leading to a three-dimensional architecture, are of the type C-X⋯π, for X = Cl and F. The analysis of the calculated Hirshfeld surface points to the importance of X⋯H contacts to the surface (X = F, 25.4% and X = Cl, 19.7%) along with a significant contribution from O⋯H hydrogen-bonds (10.2%). Conversely, H⋯H contacts, at 12.4%, make a relatively small contribution to the surface.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ammonium Compounds
  6. Wardell JL, Wardell SMSV, Jotani MM, Tiekink ERT
    Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2018 Jul 01;74(Pt 7):895-900.
    PMID: 30002881 DOI: 10.1107/S2056989018007703
    In the racemic title mol-ecular salt, C17H17F6N2O+·C2ClF2O3- (systematic name: 2-{[2,8-bis-(tri-fluoro-meth-yl)quinolin-4-yl](hy-droxy)meth-yl}piperidin-1-ium chloro-difluoro-acetate), the cation, which is protonated at the piperidine N atom, has the shape of the letter, L, with the piperidin-1-ium group being approximately orthogonal to the quinolinyl residue [the Cq-Cm-Cm-Na (q = quinolinyl; m = methine; a = ammonium) torsion angle is 177.79 (18)°]. An intra-molecular, charge-assisted ammonium-N-H⋯O(hydrox-yl) hydrogen bond ensures the hy-droxy-O and ammonium-N atoms lie to the same side of the mol-ecule [Oh-Cm-Cm-Na (h = hydrox-yl) = -59.7 (2)°]. In the crystal, charge-assisted hydroxyl-O-H⋯O-(carboxyl-ate) and ammonium-N+-H⋯O-(carboxyl-ate) hydrogen bonds generate a supra-molecular chain along [010]; the chain is consolidated by C-H⋯O inter-actions. Links between chains to form supra-molecular layers are of the type C-Cl⋯π(quinolinyl-C6) and the layers thus formed stack along the a-axis direction without directional inter-actions between them. The analysis of the calculated Hirshfeld surface points to the dominance of F⋯H contacts to the surface (40.8%) with significant contributions from F⋯F (10.5%) and C⋯F (7.0%) contacts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ammonium Compounds
  7. Azmi NE, Ahmad M, Abdullah J, Sidek H, Heng LY, Karuppiah N
    Anal Biochem, 2009 May 1;388(1):28-32.
    PMID: 19454217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.02.005
    An optical biosensor based on glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) immobilized in a chitosan film for the determination of ammonium in water samples is described. The biosensor film was deposited on a glass slide via a spin-coating method. The ammonium was measured based on beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidation in the presence of alpha-ketoglutaric acid at a wavelength of 340 nm. The biosensor showed optimum activity at pH 8. The optimum chitosan concentrations and enzyme loading were found to be at 2% (w/v) and 0.08 mg, respectively. Optimum concentrations of NADH and alpha-ketoglutaric acid both were obtained at 0.15 mM. A linear response of the biosensor was obtained in the ammonium concentration range of 0.005 to 0.5 mM with a detection limit of 0.005 mM. The reproducibility of the biosensor was good, with an observed relative standard deviation of 5.9% (n=8). The biosensor was found to be stable for at least 1 month when stored dry at 4 degrees C.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/analysis*
  8. Liu Y, Sairi M, Neusser G, Kranz C, Arrigan DW
    Anal Chem, 2015 Jun 2;87(11):5486-90.
    PMID: 25962586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01162
    In this work, independent radial diffusion at arrayed nanointerfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (nanoITIES) was achieved. The arrays were formed at nanopores fabricated by focused ion beam milling of silicon nitride (SiN) membranes, enabling the reproducible and systematic design of five arrays with different ratios of pore center-to-center distance (rc) to pore radius (ra). Voltammetry across water-1,6-dichlorohexane nanoITIES formed at these arrays was examined by the interfacial transfer of tetrapropylammonium ions. The diffusion-limited ion-transfer current increased with the ratio rc/ra, reaching a plateau for rc/ra ≥ 56, which was equivalent to the theoretical current for radial diffusion to an array of independent nanoITIES. As a result, mass transport to the nanoITIES arrays was greatly enhanced due to the decreased overlap of diffusion zones at adjacent nanoITIES, allowing each interface in the array to behave independently. When the rc/ra ratio increased from 13 to 56, the analytical performance parameters of sensitivity and limit of detection were improved from 0.50 (±0.02) A M(-1) to 0.76 (±0.02) A M(-1) and from 0.101 (±0.003) μM to 0.072 (±0.002) μM, respectively. These results provide an experimental basis for the design of arrayed nanointerfaces for electrochemical sensing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
  9. Jajuli MN, Hussin MH, Saad B, Rahim AA, Hébrant M, Herzog G
    Anal Chem, 2019 06 04;91(11):7466-7473.
    PMID: 31050400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01674
    A new sample preparation method is proposed for the extraction of pharmaceutical compounds (Metformin, Phenyl biguanide, and Phenformin) of varied hydrophilicity, dissolved in an aqueous sample. When in contact with an organic phase, an interfacial potential is imposed by the presence of an ion, tetramethylammonium (TMA+), common to each phase. The interfacial potential difference drives the transfer of ionic analytes across the interface and allows it to reach up to nearly 100% extraction efficiency and a 60-fold enrichment factor in optimized extraction conditions as determined by HPLC analysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry
  10. Babaei M, Sulong A, Hamat R, Nordin S, Neela V
    PMID: 25858356 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-015-0071-7
    Antiseptics are commonly used for the management of MDR (multiple drug resistance) pathogens in hospitals. They play crucial roles in the infection control practices. Antiseptics are often used for skin antisepsis, gauze dressing, preparation of anatomical sites for surgical procedure, hand sterilization before in contact with an infected person, before an invasive procedure and as surgical scrub.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology*
  11. Taha EM, Omar O, Yusoff WM, Hamid AA
    Annals of microbiology, 2010 Dec;60(4):615-622.
    PMID: 21125005
    Lipid biosynthesis and fatty acids composition of oleaginous zygomycetes, namely Cunninghamella bainieri 2A1, cultured in media with excess or limited nitrogen were quantitatively determined at different times of culture growth. Accumulation of lipids occurred even when the activity of NAD(+)-ICDH (β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-isocitrate dehydrogenase) was still detectable in both media. In C. bainieri 2A1, under nitrogen limitation, the ratio of lipids was around 35%, whereas in nitrogen excess medium (feeding media supplemented with ammonium tartarate), the lipid ratio decreased. The amount of this decrease depended on the level of ammonium tartarate in the media. The main findings in this paper were that C. bainieri 2A1 has the ability to accumulate lipid although nitrogen concentration detected inside the media and that NAD-ICDH was active in all culture periods. These results proved that the strain C. bainieri 2A1 has an alternative behavior in lipid biosynthesis that differs from yeast. According to the old hypotheses, yeasts could not accumulate lipid more than 10% when nitrogen was detected inside the media. Nitrogen-limited and excess media both contained the same fatty acids (palmitic acid, stearic acid, olic acid, linoleic acid and γ-linolenic acid), but at different concentrations. The C:N ratio was also studied and showed no effects on total lipid accumulation, but a significant effect on γ-linolenic acid concentration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ammonium Compounds
  12. Lim JW, Lim PE, Seng CE, Adnan R
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2013 Jun;170(4):831-40.
    PMID: 23613119 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0245-8
    The aeration strategy ranging from intermittent to continuous aeration in the REACT period of moving bed sequencing batch reactor (MBSBR) was evaluated for simultaneous removal of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and nitrogen. The results show that the removal rates of 4-CP and ammonium nitrogen (NH(4)(+)-N) increased with the increase of continuous aeration period. In the presence of 4-CP, NH(4)(+)-N removal was mainly by the assimilation process. The removal of NH(4)(+)-N to oxidized nitrogen via oxidation was only observed after 4-CP was completely degraded with sufficient aeration period provided indicating the inhibitory effect of 4-CP on nitrification. As the intermittent aeration strategy would lead to slower 4-CP degradation resulting in the delay of nitrification process, continuous aeration would be the preferred strategy in the simultaneous removal of 4-CP and nitrogen in the MBSBR system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ammonium Compounds/metabolism
  13. Low KS, Lee CK, Tan BF
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2000 Jun;87(3):233-45.
    PMID: 10982232
    Various species of local wood modified with N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-trimethylammonium chloride showed sorption enhancement for hydrolyzed Reactive Blue 2 (HRB) compared to the untreated samples. The enthalpy of sorption of HRB on Simpoh (Dillenia suffruticosa) was found to be endothermic. Maximum sorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir isotherm was 250.0 mg/g. Under continuous flow conditions HRB could be successfully removed. Dye removal was a function of bed depth and flow rate. However, the bed depth service time model of Bohart and Adams was not applicable in the HRB-quaternized wood system. The modified wood was applied to a sample of industrial textile effluent, and it was found to be able to remove the color successfully under batch conditions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry
  14. Watts MP, Spurr LP, Gan HM, Moreau JW
    Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2017 Jul;101(14):5889-5901.
    PMID: 28510801 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8313-6
    Thiocyanate (SCN-) forms as a by-product of cyanidation during gold ore processing and can be degraded by a variety of microorganisms utilizing it as an energy, nitrogen, sulphur and/or carbon source. In complex consortia inhabiting bioreactor systems, a range of metabolisms are sustained by SCN- degradation; however, despite the addition or presence of labile carbon sources in most bioreactor designs to date, autotrophic bacteria have been found to dominate key metabolic functions. In this study, we cultured an autotrophic SCN--degrading consortium directly from gold mine tailings. In a batch-mode bioreactor experiment, this consortium degraded 22 mM SCN-, accumulating ammonium (NH4+) and sulphate (SO42-) as the major end products. The consortium consisted of a diverse microbial community comprised of chemolithoautotrophic members, and despite the absence of an added organic carbon substrate, a significant population of heterotrophic bacteria. The role of eukaryotes in bioreactor systems is often poorly understood; however, we found their 18S rRNA genes to be most closely related to sequences from bacterivorous Amoebozoa. Through combined chemical and phylogenetic analyses, we were able to infer roles for key microbial consortium members during SCN- biodegradation. This study provides a basis for understanding the behaviour of a SCN- degrading bioreactor under autotrophic conditions, an anticipated approach to remediating SCN- at contemporary gold mines.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ammonium Compounds/metabolism
  15. Kok ESK, Lim XJ, Chew SX, Ong SF, See LY, Lim SH, et al.
    BMC Oral Health, 2021 03 12;21(1):116.
    PMID: 33711992 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01470-x
    BACKGROUND: Compare antimicrobial efficacy of a quarternary ammonium silane (QAS)/k21 as an intracanal medicament against E. faecalis and C. albicans biofilms formed on root dentin.

    METHODOLOGY: Dentin blocks were sterilized and E. faecalis and C. albicans microbial colonies were counted for colony-forming-units against 2%k21, 2%CHX and Ca(OH)2 medicaments. Biofilm colonies after 7 days on dentin were analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy with live/dead bacterial viability staining. TEM was done to study dentin collagen matrix. Dentin discs from 3rd day and 7th day well plate was used for Raman spectra and observed under fluorescent-microscope. Docking studies were carried out on MMP-2 S1 binding-domain with k21.

    RESULTS: There was reduction of E. faecalis/C. albicans when k21, chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide were used with highest percentage in 2%k21 treated specimens. 2%k21 showed dense and regular collagen network with intact cross-banding and decreased Raman intensity for 2%k21 on 3rd day. NaOCl + k21 showed least adherence, whereas saline groups showed highest adherence of E. faecalis and C. albicans to root-canal dentin. Alizarin red staining of hDPSCs revealed calcium deposition in all groups with significant difference seen amongst 2%k21 groups. MMP-2 ligand binding was seen accurately indicating possible target sites for k21 intervention.

    CONCLUSION: 2%k21 can be considered as alternative intracanal medicament.

    Matched MeSH terms: Ammonium Compounds*
  16. Jamulidin, S.N.K., Manogaran. M., Yakasai, M.H., Rahman, M.F.A., Shukor, M.Y.
    MyJurnal
    In this study, a novel glyphosate-degrading shows the ability to reduce molybdenum to
    molybdenum blue. The enzyme from this bacterium was partially purified and partially
    characterized to ascertain whether the Mo-reducing enzyme from this bacterium shows better or
    lower efficiency in reducing molybdenum compared to other Mo-reducing bacterium that only
    exhibits a single biotransformation activity. The enzyme was partially purified using ammonium
    sulphate fractionation. The Vmax for the electron donating substrate or NADH was at 1.905 nmole
    Mo blue/min while the Km was 6.146 mM. The regression coefficient was 0.98. Comparative
    assessment with the previously characterized Mo-reducing enzyme from various bacteria showed
    that the Mo-reducing enzyme from Burkholderia vietnamiensis strain AQ5-12 showed a lower
    enzyme activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ammonium Compounds
  17. Mousavi S, Ibrahim S, Aroua MK
    Bioresour Technol, 2012 Dec;125:256-66.
    PMID: 23026342 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.075
    In this study, a twin-chamber upflow bio-electrochemical reactor packed with palm shell granular activated carbon as biocarrier and third electrode was used for sequential nitrification and denitrification of nitrogen-rich wastewater under different operating conditions. The experiments were performed at a constant pH value for the denitrification compartment. The effect of variables, namely, electric current (I) and hydraulic retention time (HRT), on the pH was considered in the nitrification chamber. The response surface methodology was used based on three levels to develop empirical models for the study on the effects of HRT and current values as independent operating variables on NH(4)(+)-N removal. The results showed that ammonium was reduced within the function of an extensive operational range of electric intensity (20-50 mA) and HRT (6-24h). The optimum condition for ammonium oxidation (90%) was determined with an I of 32 mA and HRT of 19.2h.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/isolation & purification*; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry
  18. Lim SL, Chu WL, Phang SM
    Bioresour Technol, 2010 Oct;101(19):7314-22.
    PMID: 20547057 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.092
    The potential application of Chlorella vulgaris UMACC 001 for bioremediation of textile wastewater (TW) was investigated using four batches of cultures in high rate algae ponds (HRAP) containing textile dye (Supranol Red 3BW) or TW. The biomass attained ranged from 0.17 to 2.26 mg chlorophyll a/L while colour removal ranged from 41.8% to 50.0%. There was also reduction of NH(4)-N (44.4-45.1%), PO(4)-P (33.1-33.3%) and COD (38.3-62.3%) in the TW. Supplementation of the TW with nutrients of Bold's Basal Medium (BBM) increased biomass production but did not improve colour removal or reduction of pollutants. The mechanism of colour removal by C. vulgaris is biosorption, in accordance with both the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The HRAP using C. vulgaris offers a good system for the polishing of TW before final discharge.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/analysis
  19. Ganesan S, Vadivelu VM
    Bioresour Technol, 2020 Jan;296:122341.
    PMID: 31711905 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122341
    Anammox bacteria can easily undergo starvation due to fluctuations in feed flowrate and concentration in wastewater treatment plants. In this study, we analyzed the effects of different types of storage conditions (presence of ammonium (Ra), nitrite (Rn), hydrazine (Rh), and no substrate (Rc)) in aiding the viability of anammox bacteria during starvation and recovery. After starvation, the bacteria were subjected to a 15-week recovery period. Anammox bacteria showed better results during starvation and recovery in Rh as compared to other conditions. Decay rate values obtained after starvation in Ra, Rn, Rh, and Rc were 0.032/day, 0.042/day, 0.019/day, and 0.037/day, respectively. Meanwhile, µmax values obtained in Rh, Ra, Rn, and Rc on the 15th week of recovery were 0.092, 0.075, 0.011, and 0.067 d-1, respectively. This indicated that the availability of hydrazine helps to reduce the mortality rate of anammox bacteria during starvation and enhances the recovery of anammox process.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ammonium Compounds*
  20. Xia A, Wei P, Sun C, Show PL, Huang Y, Fu Q
    Bioresour Technol, 2019 Sep;288:121560.
    PMID: 31170688 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121560
    An advanced electrodialysis fermentation system was set up to remove ammonium during hydrogen fermentation. When the voltage was increased from 0 to 6 V, the average ammonium removal rate was improved from 8.7 to 31.1 mg/L/h at an initial ammonium concentration of 3000 mg/L. A model based on the Nernst-Plank equation and porous media properties of ion exchange membranes was successfully implemented to predict the ammonium removal performance. When such a system was fed with synthetic wastewater at an ammonium concentration of 3000 mg/L for hydrogen fermentation, a significant increase in specific hydrogen yield was observed in the experiment group at 4 V. Specific hydrogen yield was 225.0 mL/g glucose, this value is 47.9% higher than the control. Moreover, ammonium concentration in experiment group was reduced to 701.6 mg/L at 72 h when voltage was set at 4 V, which is 63.7% lower than that in 0 V experiment group.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ammonium Compounds
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