Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 408 in total

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  1. Ab Rahman N, Teng CL, Sivasampu S
    BMC Infect Dis, 2016 05 17;16:208.
    PMID: 27188538 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1530-2
    BACKGROUND: Antibiotic overuse is driving the emergence of antibiotic resistance worldwide. Good data on prescribing behaviours of healthcare providers are needed to support antimicrobial stewardship initiatives. This study examined the differences in antibiotic prescribing rates of public and private primary care clinics in Malaysia.

    METHODS: We used data from the National Medical Care Survey (NMCS), a nationwide cluster sample of Malaysian public and private primary care clinics in 2014. NMCS contained demographic, diagnoses and prescribing from 129 public clinics and 416 private clinics. We identified all encounters who were prescribed antibiotic and analyse the prescribing rate, types of antibiotics, and diagnoses that resulted in antibiotic.

    RESULTS: Five thousand eight hundred ten encounters were prescribed antibiotics; antibiotic prescribing rate was 21.1 % (public clinics 6.8 %, private clinics 30.8 %). Antibiotic prescribing was higher in private clinics where they contributed almost 87 % of antibiotics prescribed in primary care. Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) was the most frequent diagnosis in patients receiving antibiotic therapy and accounted for 49.2 % of prescriptions. Of the patients diagnosed with URTI, 46.2 % received antibiotic treatment (public 16.8 %, private 57.7 %). Penicillins, cephalosporins and macrolides were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics and accounted for 30.7, 23.6 and 16.0 % of all antibiotics, respectively. More recently available broad-spectrum antibiotics such as azithromycin and quinolones were more frequently prescribed in private clinics.

    CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic prescribing rates are high in both public and private primary care settings in Malaysia, especially in the latter. This study provides evidence of excessive and inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for self-limiting conditions. These data highlights the needs for more concerted interventions targeting both prescribers and public. Improvement strategies should focus on reducing inappropriate prescribing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use*
  2. Abd Aziz A, Abdullah AF, Mahmud A
    Br J Hosp Med (Lond), 2007 Nov;68(11):616-7.
    PMID: 18087856 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2007.68.11.27686
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use*
  3. Abdul-Rahman T, Omran MO, Ekerin O, Ghosh S, Awuah WA
    Int J Surg, 2023 Aug 01;109(8):2542-2543.
    PMID: 37158146 DOI: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000445
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
  4. Abdull Razis AF, Ibrahim MD, Kntayya SB
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014;15(20):8571-6.
    PMID: 25374169
    Phytomedicines are believed to have benefits over conventional drugs and are regaining interest in current research. Moringa oleifera is a multi-purpose herbal plant used as human food and an alternative for medicinal purposes worldwide. It has been identified by researchers as a plant with numerous health benefits including nutritional and medicinal advantages. Moringa oleifera contains essential amino acids, carotenoids in leaves, and components with nutraceutical properties, supporting the idea of using this plant as a nutritional supplement or constituent in food preparation. Some nutritional evaluation has been carried out in leaves and stem. An important factor that accounts for the medicinal uses of Moringa oleifera is its very wide range of vital antioxidants, antibiotics and nutrients including vitamins and minerals. Almost all parts from Moringa can be used as a source for nutrition with other useful values. This mini-review elaborate on details its health benefits.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
  5. Abdulshaheed AA, Hanafiah MM, Nawaz R, Muslim SN
    Microb Pathog, 2024 Feb;187:106534.
    PMID: 38184176 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106534
    One of the most prevalent infectious diseases and a key driver of antibiotic prescriptions in pediatrics is urinary tract infection (UTI). Due to the emergence of more resistant uropathogenic bacterial and fungal strains, current treatments are no longer effective, necessitating the urgent development of novel antibacterial and antifungal drugs. In this study, the antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-biofilm capabilities of compounds, such as tannase (TN) and gallic acid (GA), which were produced from a novel natural source, Acinetobacter baumannii (AB11) bacteria, were assessed for the inactivation of uropathogenic microorganisms (UMs). Ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange, high-performance liquid chromatography, and gel filtration were used to purify TN and GA that were isolated from A. baumannii. A 43.08 % pure TN with 1221.2 U/mg specific activity and 10.51 mg/mL GA was obtained. The antibacterial, antifungal and anti-biofilm activities of TN and GA were evaluated against UMs and compared to those of commercially available antibiotics including sulfamethoxazole (SXT), levofloxacin (LEV), ciprofloxacin (CIP), amikacin (Ak), and nitrofurantoin (F). The results showed that TN and GA were superior to commercial antibiotics in their ability to inactivate UMs and considerably reduced biofilms formation. Additionally, the GA emerges as the top substitute for currently available medications, demonstrating superior antibacterial and antibiofilm properties against all UMs evaluated in this study. The results of this investigation showed that A. baumannii-derived TN and GA could be utilized as an alternative medication to treat UTIs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
  6. Abubakar U, Muhammad HT, Sulaiman SAS, Ramatillah DL, Amir O
    Curr Pharm Teach Learn, 2020 03;12(3):265-273.
    PMID: 32273061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.12.002
    BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Training pharmacy students in infectious diseases (ID) is important to enable them to participate in antibiotic stewardship programs. This study evaluated knowledge and self-confidence regarding antibiotic resistance, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and antibiotic stewardship among final year pharmacy undergraduate students.

    METHODS: A cross-sectional electronic survey was conducted at universities in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Pakistan. A 59-item survey was administered between October 2017 and December 2017.

    FINDINGS: The survey was completed by 211 students (response rate 77.8%). The mean knowledge score for antibiotic resistance, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and antibiotic stewardship was 5.6 ± 1.5, 4.7 ± 1.8 (maximum scores 10.0) and 3.1 ± 1.4 (maximum score 5.0), respectively. Significant variations were noted among the schools. There was poor awareness about the consequences of antibiotic resistance and cases with no need for an antibiotic. The knowledge of antibiotic resistance was higher among male respondents (6.1 vs. 5.4) and those who had attended antibiotic resistance (5.7 vs. 5.2) and antibiotic therapy (5.8 vs. 4.9) courses (p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
  7. Abubakar U, Tangiisuran B
    Int J Clin Pharm, 2020 Apr;42(2):756-764.
    PMID: 32270378 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-020-01019-y
    Background Non-prescription dispensing of antibiotics is common in Nigeria and this could contribute to the emergence of microbial resistance. Objectives To evaluate knowledge, perception and practices of community pharmacists towards dispensing antibiotics without prescription. Setting Community pharmacies in two cities in Northern Nigeria. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among community pharmacists in two cities in Northern Nigeria, using a validated and pilot-tested questionnaire. The questionnaire was self-administered and data was collected between 06th April and 31st May 2019. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential analyses. Main outcome measure Knowledge, perception and practices towards dispensing antibiotics without prescription. Results A total of 98 out of 130 community pharmacists completed and returned the questionnaire (response rate: 75.3%). About two-third (64.3%) of the community pharmacists were aware that dispensing antibiotics without prescription is illegal. However, this malpractice was common as 39.7% of the respondents indicated that they dispensed antibiotics without prescription five times or more in a day. Antibiotics dispensed without prescription were used for the treatment of urinary tract infections (83.7%), typhoid fever (83.7%) and sexually transmitted infections (66.3%). Pharmacist's confidence in knowledge of antibiotic therapy was the most common reason for non-prescription dispensing of antibiotics. Respondents with less than 5 years of working experience (66.7%) were significantly more likely to dispense antibiotics without prescription 5 times or more in a day compared to those with more than 5 years community pharmacy experience (33.3%), P = 0.031. Conclusion Non-prescription dispensing of antibiotics was common among community pharmacists despite awareness about its prohibition and implications. The malpractice was associated with number of years of community pharmacy experience. Confidence in knowledge of antibiotic therapy was the main reason community pharmacists dispensed antibiotics without prescription. Continuous pharmacy education and training on handling of antibiotics may help to reduce inappropriate practices among community pharmacists.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use*
  8. Abubakar U, Syed Sulaiman SA, Adesiyun AG
    PLoS One, 2019;14(3):e0213395.
    PMID: 30845240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213395
    BACKGROUND: Inappropriate and excessive use of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis are associated with the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic prophylaxis malpractices are common in obstetrics and gynecology settings and antibiotic stewardship is used to correct such malpractice.

    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of antibiotic stewardship interventions on compliance with surgical antibiotic prophylaxis practice in obstetrics and gynecology surgeries.

    METHOD: A prospective pre- and post-intervention study was conducted in two tertiary hospitals between May and December 2016. The duration of the each period was 3 months. Antibiotic stewardship interventions including development of a protocol, educational meeting and audit and feedback were implemented. Data were collected using the patient records and analyzed with SPSS version 23.

    RESULTS: A total of 226 and 238 surgical procedures were included in the pre- and post-intervention periods respectively. Age, length of stay and estimated blood loss were similar between the two groups. However, specialty and surgical procedures varied significantly. There was a significant increase in compliance with timing (from 14.2% to 43.3%) and duration (from 0% to 21.8%) of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis after the interventions. The interventions significantly reduced the prescription of third generation cephalosporin (-8.6%), redundant antibiotic (-19.1%), antibiotic utilization (-3.8 DDD/procedure) and cost of antibiotic prophylaxis (-$4.2/procedure). There was no significant difference in the rate of surgical site infection between the two periods. Post-intervention group (OR: 5.60; 95% CI: 3.31-9.47), elective surgery (OR: 4.62; 95% CI: 2.51-8.47) and hospital attended (OR: 9.89; 95% CI: 5.66-17.26) were significant predictors of compliance with timing while elective surgery (OR: 12.49; 95% CI: 2.85-54.71) and compliance with timing (OR: 58.55; 95% CI: 12.66-270.75) were significantly associated with compliance to duration of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis.

    CONCLUSION: The interventions improve compliance with surgical antibiotic prophylaxis and reduce antibiotic utilization and cost. However, there is opportunity for further improvement, particularly in non-elective surgical procedures.

    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use*
  9. Abubakar U, Al-Anazi M, Alanazi Z, Rodríguez-Baño J
    J Infect Public Health, 2023 Mar;16(3):320-331.
    PMID: 36657243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.12.022
    BACKGROUND: There is paucity of data describing the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on antimicrobial resistance. This review evaluated the changes in the rate of multidrug resistant gram negative and gram positive bacteria during the COVID-19 pandemic.

    METHODS: A search was conducted in PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases to identify eligible studies. Studies that reported the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase inhibitor (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CPE) were selected. Studies published in English language from the start of COVID-19 pandemic to July 2022 were considered for inclusion.

    RESULTS: Thirty eligible studies were selected and most of them were from Italy (n = 8), Turkey (n = 3) and Brazil (n = 3). The results indicated changes in the rate of multidrug resistant bacteria, and the changes varied between the studies. Most studies (54.5%) reported increase in MRSA infection/colonization during the pandemic, and the increase ranged from 4.6 to 170.6%. Five studies (55.6%) reported a 6.8-65.1% increase in VRE infection/colonization during the pandemic. A 2.4-58.2% decrease in ESBL E. coli and a 1.8-13.3% reduction in ESBL Klebsiella pneumoniae was observed during the pandemic. For CRAB, most studies (58.3%) reported 1.5-621.6% increase in infection/colonization during the pandemic. Overall, studies showed increase in the rate of CRE infection/colonization during the pandemic. There was a reduction in carbapenem-resistant E. coli during COVID-19 pandemic, and an increase in carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae. Most studies (55.6%) showed 10.4 - 40.9% reduction in the rate of CRPA infection during the pandemic.

    CONCLUSION: There is an increase in the rate of multidrug resistant gram positive and gram negative bacteria during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the rate of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and CRPA has decrease during the pandemic. Both infection prevention and control strategies and antimicrobial stewardship should be strengthen to address the increasing rate of multidrug resistant gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
  10. Adzitey F, Huda N, Ali GR
    Foodborne Pathog Dis, 2012 Jun;9(6):498-505.
    PMID: 22571641 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1109
    Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes are important bacterial pathogens associated with gastroenteritis. The consumption of poultry meat and their products is considered as a major and leading source of human infection. While surveys of chicken meat and products, and its association with foodborne pathogens are widely available, such information on ducks is scarce. This survey examines the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter, Salmonella and L. monocytogenes isolated from ducks. Data obtained from key surveys are summarized. The observed prevalence of these pathogens and their resistance to various antibiotics varies from one study to the other. The mean prevalence (and range means from individual surveys) are duck 53.0% (0.0-83.3%), duck meat and parts 31.6% (12.5-45.8%), and duck rearing and processing environment 94.4% (92.0-96.7%) for Campylobacter spp. For Salmonella spp., the mean prevalence data are duck 19.9% (3.3-56.9%), duck meat and parts 28.4% (4.4-75.6%), duck egg, shell, and content 17.5% (0-4.17%), and duck rearing and processing environment 32.5% (10.5-82.6%). Studies on the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of L. monocytogenes in ducks are by far very rare compared to Campylobacter and Salmonella, although ducks have been noted to be a potential source for these foodborne pathogens. From our survey, ducks were more frequently contaminated with Campylobacter than Salmonella. Campylobacter and Salmonella spp. also exhibited varying resistance to multiple antibiotics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
  11. Ahmad Hatib NA, Chong CY, Thoon KC, Tee NW, Krishnamoorthy SS, Tan NW
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 2016 Jul;45(7):297-302.
    PMID: 27523510
    INTRODUCTION: Enteric fever is a multisystemic infection which largely affects children. This study aimed to analyse the epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment and outcome of paediatric enteric fever in Singapore.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of children diagnosed with enteric fever in a tertiary paediatric hospital in Singapore was conducted from January 2006 to January 2012. Patients with positive blood cultures for Salmonella typhi or paratyphi were identified from the microbiology laboratory information system. Data was extracted from their case records.

    RESULTS: Of 50 enteric fever cases, 86% were due to Salmonella typhi, with 16.3% being multidrug resistant (MDR) strains. Sixty-two percent of S. typhi isolates were of decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility (DCS). Five cases were both MDR and DCS. The remaining 14% were Salmonella paratyphi A. There were only 3 indigenous cases. Ninety-four percent had travelled to typhoid-endemic countries, 70.2% to the Indian subcontinent and the rest to Indonesia and Malaysia. All patients infected with MDR strains had travelled to the Indian subcontinent. Anaemia was a significant finding in children with typhoid, as compared to paratyphoid fever (P = 0.04). Although all children were previously well, 14% suffered severe complications including shock, pericardial effusion and enterocolitis. None had typhoid vaccination prior to their travel to developing countries.

    CONCLUSION: Enteric fever is largely an imported disease in Singapore and has contributed to significant morbidity in children. The use of typhoid vaccine, as well as education on food and water hygiene to children travelling to developing countries, needs to be emphasised.

    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
  12. Ahmad N, Hashim R, Shukor S, Mohd Khalid KN, Shamsudin F, Hussin H
    J Med Microbiol, 2013 May;62(Pt 5):804-806.
    PMID: 23449878 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.050781-0
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
  13. Ahmad S, Sukari MA, Ismail N, Ismail IS, Abdul AB, Abu Bakar MF, et al.
    PMID: 25887035 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0594-7
    Mangifera pajang Kosterm is a plant species from the mango family (Anacardiaceae). The fruits are edible and have been reported to have high antioxidant content. However, the detailed phytochemical studies of the plant have not been reported previously. This study investigates the phytochemicals and biological activities of different parts of Mangifera pajang.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
  14. Ahmed P, Bukhari IA, Albaijan R, Sheikh SA, Vohra F
    Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther, 2020 Dec;32:102077.
    PMID: 33157330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102077
    AIM: The current clinical trial aimed to assess the effectiveness of adjunctive photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and adjunctive antibiotic gel therapy (aAGT) to treat peri-implantitis among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

    METHODS: Selected T2DM participants with peri-implantitis were distributed into 3 groups: Group-1: received a single session of adjunctive (aPDT); Group-2: received a single session of adjunctive (aAGT) (metronidazole 400 mg and amoxicillin 500 mg); and Group-3: received MD alone. Clinical (probing depth [PD], bleeding on probing [BOP], and plaque scores [PS]) and radiographic (crestal bone loss [CBL]) peri-implant variables were recorded. Levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were assessed after the collection of peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF). All the evaluations were carried out at baseline, 3- and 6-months. The significance level was set to p < 0.05.

    RESULTS: At 3-and 6-months of follow-up, all the three groups showed significant alleviation in PS (p < 0.05), BOP (p < 0.05), and PD (p < 0.05) when compared with the baseline. At baseline, no significant variation was observed in all clinical and radiographic peri-implant parameters among all three research groups. At 3-months follow-up, a considerable alleviation of in PS, BOP, PD, and CBL was noticeable in group-1 patients when compared with the baseline. At 6-months follow-up, a comparable difference was observed in BOP, PD, and CBL between group-1 and group-2. At baseline, no significant variation was observed in the PISF levels of IL-6 and TNF-α among all three research groups. At 3- and 6-months follow-up, a considerable alleviation of TNF-α and IL-6 levels was observed in group-1 and group-2 patients, respectively, when compared with the baseline.

    CONCLUSION: The application of aPDT demonstrated improved clinical, radiographic, and immunological peri-implant parameters for the treatment of peri-implantitis among T2DM patients.

    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
  15. Ahmed S, Ahmed MZ, Rafique S, Almasoudi SE, Shah M, Jalil NAC, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2023;2023:5250040.
    PMID: 36726844 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5250040
    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a ubiquitous public health menace. AMR emergence causes complications in treating infections contributing to an upsurge in the mortality rate. The epidemic of AMR in sync with a high utilization rate of antimicrobial drugs signifies an alarming situation for the fleet recovery of both animals and humans. The emergence of resistant species calls for new treatments and therapeutics. Current records propose that health drug dependency, veterinary medicine, agricultural application, and vaccination reluctance are the primary etymology of AMR gene emergence and spread. Recently, several encouraging avenues have been presented to contest resistance, such as antivirulent therapy, passive immunization, antimicrobial peptides, vaccines, phage therapy, and botanical and liposomal nanoparticles. Most of these therapies are used as cutting-edge methodologies to downplay antibacterial drugs to subdue the resistance pressure, which is a featured motive of discussion in this review article. AMR can fade away through the potential use of current cutting-edge therapeutics, advancement in antimicrobial susceptibility testing, new diagnostic testing, prompt clinical response, and probing of new pharmacodynamic properties of antimicrobials. It also needs to promote future research on contemporary methods to maintain host homeostasis after infections caused by AMR. Referable to the microbial ability to break resistance, there is a great ultimatum for using not only appropriate and advanced antimicrobial drugs but also other neoteric diverse cutting-edge therapeutics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
  16. Ain Ibrahim N, Makmor Bakry M, Mohd Tahir NA, Mohd Zaini NR, Mohamed Shah N
    Paediatr Drugs, 2020 Jun;22(3):321-330.
    PMID: 32185682 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-020-00388-1
    BACKGROUND: Prolonged empiric antibiotic use, resulting from diagnostic uncertainties, in suspected early onset sepsis (EOS) cases constitutes a significant problem. Unnecessary antibiotic use increases the risk of antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, prolonged antibiotic use increases the risk of mortality and morbidity in neonates. Proactive measures including empiric antibiotic de-escalation are crucial to overcome these problems.

    METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study conducted in the neonatal intensive care units of two public hospitals in Malaysia. Neonates with a gestational age greater than 34 weeks who were started on empiric antibiotics within 72 h of life were screened. The data were then stratified according to de-escalation and non-de-escalation practices, where de-escalation practice was defined as narrowing down or discontinuation of empiric antibiotic within 72 h of treatment.

    RESULTS: A total of 1045 neonates were screened, and 429 were included. The neonates were then divided based on de-escalation (n = 207) and non-de-escalation (n = 222) practices. Neonates under non-de-escalation practices showed significantly longer durations of antibiotic use compared to those under de-escalation practices (p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use*
  17. Aisyhah MA, Amal MN, Zamri-Saad M, Siti-Zahrah A, Shaqinah NN
    J Fish Dis, 2015 Dec;38(12):1093-8.
    PMID: 25704397 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12351
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use*
  18. Akhtar A, Khan AH, Zainal H, Ahmad Hassali MA, Ali I, Ming LC
    Front Public Health, 2020;8:601961.
    PMID: 33324603 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.601961
    Background: Unnecessary antimicrobial use is an emerging problem throughout the world. To design future interventions to ensure rational antimicrobial use and decrease the risk of antimicrobial resistance, physician's knowledge and prescribing practices of antimicrobials should be assessed. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the physician's knowledge along with their prescribing patterns of antimicrobials in their health care system. Methods: The present qualitative study was conducted in a tertiary care public hospital located at Penang island, situated in Northwest of Malaysia. A total of 12 semi-structured, face to face interviews were conducted with purposive sampling technique. Physicians recruited had different specialties. All interviews were audio recorded, then transcribed into English language and analyze by thematic content analysis. Results: Four major themes were identified: (1) prescribing patterns of physicians regarding antimicrobials; (2) physician's knowledge about antimicrobials; (3) antimicrobial resistance; (4) satisfaction with management of infections. Physicians believed in regular educational activities and updates about the latest antimicrobial guidelines may change the prescribing behavior of physicians to optimize the use of antimicrobials. This may lead to decrease in burden of antimicrobial resistance in their health care system. Physicians emphasized that stricter rules and regular monitoring of antimicrobial use should be implemented to overcome the main challenges of antimicrobial resistance. Conclusion: Different factors were identified to assist optimized use of antimicrobials and decrease the risk of antimicrobial resistance. The present study helps to design targeted future interventions to ensure rational antimicrobial use and decrease the impact of antimicrobial resistance in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
  19. Akram Z, Al-Shareef SA, Daood U, Asiri FY, Shah AH, AlQahtani MA, et al.
    Photomed Laser Surg, 2016 Apr;34(4):137-49.
    PMID: 26982216 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.4076
    The aim of this study was to assess the bactericidal efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic dynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) against periodontal pathogens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
  20. Akter SF, Heller RD, Smith AJ, Milly AF
    J Infect Dev Ctries, 2009 Jul 01;3(6):447-51.
    PMID: 19762958
    BACKGROUND: Antimicrobials are often used inappropriately in paediatric wards of medical college hospitals in Bangladesh. Most of the antimicrobials are prescribed based on clinical grounds-signs and symptoms. This intervention study assessed the effectiveness of a training intervention on antimicrobials prescribing by physicians in paediatric wards of tertiary care level hospitals.

    METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted at medical college hospitals in Bangladesh during the period from 1998 through 2000. The pre-intervention survey of antimicrobial use was conducted during 1998 in five hospitals. The post-intervention survey was conducted after the interactive training during the succeeding year in three of the original five hospitals, of which one was the intervention hospital and two control hospitals. A total of 3,466 admitted paediatric patients' treatment charts (2,171 in the pre-intervention and 1,295 in the post-intervention surveys) were reviewed.

    RESULTS: The most commonly used antimicrobials were ampicillin, gentamicin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin and ceftriaxone. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy for the most common infectious diseases, pneumonia and diarrhoea, increased by 16.4% and 56.8% respectively in the intervention hospital compared with the two control hospitals and these improvements were significant (p = < 0.001 and p = 0.002, for pneumonia and diarrhoea respectively).

    CONCLUSIONS: An interactive, focussed educational intervention, targeted at physicians, appears to have been effective in improving appropriate antimicrobial prescribing for the most common paediatric infectious diseases in a medical college hospital in Bangladesh.

    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use*
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