METHODS: PubMed and Science Direct were searched for papers published between the years 1974 and 2018. The search was restricted to articles written in English related to modification of glass ionomer cements. Only articles published in peer-reviewed journals were included. The search included literature reviews, in vitro, and in vivo studies. Articles written in other languages, without available abstracts and those related to other field were excluded. About 198 peer-review articles in the English language were reviewed.
CONCLUSION: Based on the finding, most of the modification has improved physical-mechanical properties of glass ionomer cements. Recently, researchers have attempted to improve their antimicrobial properties. However, the attempts were reported to compromise the physical-mechanical properties of modified glass ionomer cements.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: As the modification of glass ionomer cement with different material improved the physical-mechanical and antimicrobial properties, it could be used as restorative material for wider application in dentistry.
RESULTS: Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass spectrophotometry analysis of the TELSE tablet confirmed the presence of trimethoprim as the active compound. The TELSE tablet-treated females produced significant numbers of embryos with exencephaly (n = 8, 36.4%, *P
DESIGN: The LAB strains isolated from Malaysian fermented foods, Lactobacillus brevis FT 6 and Lactobacillus plantarum FT 12, were assessed for their antimicrobial properties against Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 via disc diffusion assay. Anti-biofilm properties were determined by treating the overnight P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 biofilm with different concentrations of LAB cell-free supernatant (LAB CFS). Quantification of biofilm was carried out by measuring the optical density of stained biofilm. The ability of L. brevis FT 6 and L. plantarum FT 12 to tolerate salivary amylase was also investigated. Acid production with different sugars was carried out by pH measurement and screening for potential antimicrobial organic acid by disc diffusion assay of neutralised probiotics CFS samples. In this study, L. rhamnosus ATCC 7469, a commercial strain was used to compare the efficacy of the isolated strain with the commercial strain.
RESULTS: Lactobacillus brevis FT 6 and L. plantarum FT 12 possess antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis with inhibition diameters of more than 10 mm, and the results were comparable with L. rhamnosus ATCC 7469. The MIC and MBC assay results for all tested strains were recorded to be 25 µl/µl concentration. All LAB CFS reduced biofilm formation proportionally to the CFS concentration and tolerated salivary amylase with more than 50% viability. Overnight cultures of all lactic acid bacteria strains showed a pH reduction and neutralised CFS of all lactic acid bacteria strains did not show any inhibition towards P. gingivalis.
CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the isolated probiotics have the potential as probiotics to be used as a supportive oral health treatment, especially against a periodontal pathogen, P. gingivalis.
Methods: In the current study, a transcriptome investigation was performed to explore the mechanism underlying the biofilm dispersal of P. aeruginosa after the exposure to Trigona honey.
Results: Microarray analysis of the Pseudomonas biofilm treated by 20% Trigona honey has revealed a down-regulation of 3478 genes among the 6085 screened genes. Specifically, around 13.5% of the down-regulated genes were biofilm-associated genes. The mapping of the biofilm-associated pathways has shown an ultimate decrease in the expression levels of the D-GMP signaling pathway and diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) genes responsible for c-di-GMP formation.
Conclusion: We predominantly report the lowering of c-di-GMP through the down-regulation of DGC genes as the main mechanism of biofilm inhibition by Trigona honey.