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  1. Sushma R, Sathe TT, Farias A, Sanyal PK, Kiran S
    Ann Afr Med, 2017;16(1):6-12.
    PMID: 28300045 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_43_16
    BACKGROUND: Candida albicans is one of the microorganisms which harbor the oral cavity, especially in elderly. However, the incidence of existence of this increases in patients using removable dental prosthesis. There is therefore a need to test the anticandidal efficacy of these cost-effective, easily available products to be used as routine denture cleansers.

    AIM AND OBJECTIVES: (1) To evaluate antifungal properties of triphala churna on the heat cure denture base material. (2) To evaluate the antifungal effect of chlorhexidine gluconate on the heat cure denture base material. (3) To compare the antifungal effect of triphala churna and chlorhexidine gluconate with a control. (4) To evaluate which among triphala churna and chlorhexidine gluconate has a better antifungal property on the heat cure denture base material.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study population consisted of sixty dentures wearers from those attending the Outpatient Department of Prosthodontics of the School of Dentistry, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad. Swabs were collected from the dentures before and after the use of triphala and chlorhexidine. The swabs were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar and the total Candida counts were determined.

    CONCLUSION: Triphala as an antifungal is shown to have more efficacy than the conventional chlorhexidine mouthwash. Résumé Arrière-plan: Candida albicans est l'un des micro-organismes qui abritent la cavité buccale surtout chez les personnes âgées. Cependant, l'incidence de l'existence de cette augmentation chez les patients utilisant des prothèses dentaires amovibles. Il est donc nécessaire de tester l'efficacité anticancédique de ces produits rentables et faciles à utiliser pour être utilisés comme nettoyants de routine pour prothèses dentaires. Buts et Objectifs: (1) Évaluer les propriétés antifongiques de Triphala churna sur le matériau de base de la prothèse thermo-durcissable. (2) Évaluer l'effet antifongique du gluconate de chlorhexidine sur le matériau de base de la prothèse thermo-durcissable. (3) Comparer l'effet antifongique de Triphala churna et du gluconate de chlorhexidine avec un témoin. (4) Évaluer lequel parmi Triphala churna et le gluconate de chlorhexidine a une meilleure propriété antifongique sur le matériel de base de la prothèse de durcissement à chaud. Matériaux et Méthode: La population de l'étude était constituée de soixante porteurs de prothèses dentaires de ceux qui fréquentaient le Département de Prosthodontie de l'École des Sciences Dentaires de l'Institut Krishna des Sciences Médicales de l'Université de Karad. Des prélèvements ont été effectués sur les prothèses avant et après l'utilisation de Triphala et de chlorhexidine. On a cultivé les écouvillons sur de l'agar Sabouraud dextrose et on a déterminé le nombre total de candida.

    CONCLUSION: Triphala comme un anti fongique est démontré pour avoir plus d'efficacité que le lavage de la bouche classique chlorhexidine.

    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents, Local/pharmacology; Anti-Infective Agents, Local/therapeutic use*
  2. Tahlan S, Ramasamy K, Lim SM, Shah SAA, Mani V, Narasimhan B
    BMC Chem, 2019 Dec;13(1):12.
    PMID: 31384761 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0533-7
    Background: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an important target for antimetabolite class of antimicrobials because it participates in purine synthesis. 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (2MBI) has similar structural features as purine nucleotides. Given that benzimidazole and similar heteroaromatics have been broadly examined for their anticancer potential, so, we hereby report the design, synthesis and biological studies (i.e. antimicrobial and anticancer studies) of 2MBI derivatives.

    Methodology: The antimicrobial activity of synthesized 2MBI derivatives were evaluated against Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial species as well as fungal species by tube dilution technique whereas their anticancer activity was assessed against human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT116) by Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. They were also structurally characterized by IR, NMR, MS and elemental analyses.

    Results discussion and conclusion: The antimicrobial activity findings revealed that compound N1 (MIC
    bs,st,
    ca
     = 1.27, 2.54, 1.27 µM), N8 (MIC
    ec
    = 1.43 µM), N22 (MIC
    kp,an
    = 2.60 µM), N23 and N25 (MIC
    sa
    = 2.65 µM) exhibited significant antimicrobial effects against tested strains, i.e. Gram-positive, Gram-negative (bacterial) and fungal strains. The anticancer screening results demonstrated that compounds N9, N18 (IC50 = 5.85, 4.53 µM) were the most potent compounds against cancer cell line (HCT116) even more than 5-FU, the standard drug (IC50 = 9.99 µM).

    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents
  3. Sharma D, Kumar S, Narasimhan B, Ramasamy K, Lim SM, Shah SAA, et al.
    BMC Chem, 2019 Dec;13(1):60.
    PMID: 31384808 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0575-x
    In order to overcome the challenges of microbial resistance as well as to improve the effectiveness and selectivity of chemotherapeutic agents against cancer, a novel series of 4-(4-bromophenyl)-thiazol-2-amine derivatives was synthesized and its molecular structures were confirmed by physicochemical and spectral characteristics. The synthesized compounds were further evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity using turbidimetric method and anticancer activity against oestrogen receptor positive human breast adenocarcinoma cancer cell line (MCF7) by Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. The antimicrobial activity results revealed that compound p2, p3, p4 and p6 exhibited promising antimicrobial activity that are comparable to standard norfloxacin (antibacterial) and fluconazole (antifungal). Anticancer screening results demonstrated that compound p2 was found to be the most active one against cancer cell line when compared to the rest of the compounds and comparable to the standard drug (5-fluorouracil). The molecular docking study demonstrated that compounds, p2, p3, p4 and p6 displayed good docking score within binding pocket of the selected PDB ID (1JIJ, 4WMZ and 3ERT) and showed promising ADME properties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents
  4. Ismail N, Zam Z, Hassan SA, Rahman ZA
    Malays J Med Sci, 2017 Mar;24(2):21-27.
    PMID: 28894400 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2017.24.2.3
    BACKGROUND: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen, capable of causing a wide spectrum of infections. Treatment is difficult because it is resistant to many antimicrobial agents, thus reducing the treatment options. The aims of this study were to describe the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and synergistic effect of selected antimicrobial combinations against S. maltophilia isolates.

    METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study undertaken in the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia from April 2011 to March 2012. S. maltophilia isolated from various clinical specimens were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the epsilometer test (E-test) and interpreted according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. In the synergy test, the isolates were tested against six different antimicrobial combinations.

    RESULTS: In total, 84 S. maltophilia isolates were collected and analysed. According to the E-test, the antimicrobial susceptibility of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), tigecycline, and ciprofloxacin was 100%, 91.1%, and 88.9% respectively. The antimicrobial combination of TMP-SMX and ceftazidime showed the highest synergistic effect.

    CONCLUSION: TMP-SMX remains the antimicrobial of choice to treat S. maltophilia infection. TMP-SMX and ceftazidime was the most effective combination in vitro.

    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents
  5. Swamy MK, Sinniah UR
    Molecules, 2015 May 12;20(5):8521-47.
    PMID: 25985355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20058521
    Pogostemon cablin Benth. (patchouli) is an important herb which possesses many therapeutic properties and is widely used in the fragrance industries. In traditional medicinal practices, it is used to treat colds, headaches, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, insect and snake bites. In aromatherapy, patchouli oil is used to relieve depression, stress, calm nerves, control appetite and to improve sexual interest. Till now more than 140 compounds, including terpenoids, phytosterols, flavonoids, organic acids, lignins, alkaloids, glycosides, alcohols, aldehydes have been isolated and identified from patchouli. The main phytochemical compounds are patchouli alcohol, α-patchoulene, β-patchoulene, α-bulnesene, seychellene, norpatchoulenol, pogostone, eugenol and pogostol. Modern studies have revealed several biological activities such as antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, antithrombotic, aphrodisiac, antidepressant, antimutagenic, antiemetic, fibrinolytic and cytotoxic activities. However, some of the traditional uses need to be verified and may require standardizing and authenticating the bioactivity of purified compounds through scientific methods. The aim of the present review is to provide comprehensive knowledge on the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of essential oil and different plant extracts of patchouli based on the available scientific literature. This information will provide a potential guide in exploring the use of main active compounds of patchouli in various medical fields.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use; Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry
  6. Sadek MM, Barlow N, Leung EWW, Williams-Noonan BJ, Yap BK, Shariff FM, et al.
    ACS Chem. Biol., 2018 10 19;13(10):2930-2938.
    PMID: 30226743 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00561
    SPRY domain- and SOCS box-containing proteins SPSB1, SPSB2, and SPSB4 interact with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), causing the iNOS to be polyubiquitinated and targeted for degradation. Inhibition of this interaction increases iNOS levels, and consequently cellular nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, and has been proposed as a potential strategy for killing intracellular pathogens. We previously described two DINNN-containing cyclic peptides (CP1 and CP2) as potent inhibitors of the murine SPSB-iNOS interaction. In this study, we report the crystal structures of human SPSB4 bound to CP1 and CP2 and human SPSB2 bound to CP2. We then used these structures to design a new inhibitor in which an intramolecular hydrogen bond was replaced with a hydrocarbon linkage to form a smaller macrocycle while maintaining the bound geometry of CP2 observed in the crystal structures. This resulting pentapeptide SPSB-iNOS inhibitor (CP3) has a reduced macrocycle ring size, fewer nonbinding residues, and includes additional conformational constraints. CP3 has a greater affinity for SBSB2 ( KD = 7 nM as determined by surface plasmon resonance) and strongly inhibits the SPSB2-iNOS interaction in macrophage cell lysates. We have also determined the crystal structure of CP3 in complex with human SPSB2, which reveals the structural basis for the increased potency of CP3 and validates the original design.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology; Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry*
  7. Shirazi OU, Ab Rahman NS, Zin CS
    J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2020 10 08;12(4):369-380.
    PMID: 33679082 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_311_19
    The overuse of antibiotics has led to various healthcare problems such as the emergence of resistance in infectious microbes and mortality due to antibiotic resistant healthcare associated infections (HAIs). An antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) program is the set of interventions used worldwide to enhance the rational use of antibiotics especially for the hospitalized patients. This review aimed to describe the characteristics of the implemented AMS programs in various hospitals of the world mainly focusing on the interventions and patients outcomes. The literature about AMS program was searched through various databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Cochran Library, Ovid (Medline), Web of Science and Scopus. In this review the literature pertaining to the AMS programs for hospitalized patients is sorted on the basis of various interventions that are categorized as formulary restriction (pre-authorization), guideline development, clinical pathway development, educative interventions and prospective audit. Moreover a clear emphasis is laid on the patient outcomes obtained as a result of these interventions namely the infection control, drop in readmission rate, mortality control, resistance control and the control of an overall cost of antibiotic treatment obtained mainly by curbing the overuse of antibiotics within the hospital wards. AMS program is an efficient strategy of pharmacovigilance to rationalize the antimicrobial practice for hospitalized patients as it prevents the misuse of antibiotics, which ultimately retards the health threatening effects of various antibiotics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents
  8. Pui WC, Chieng TH, Siow SL, Nik Abdullah NA, Sagap I
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2020 Oct 01;21(10):2927-2934.
    PMID: 33112550 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.10.2927
    BACKGROUND: Various methods have been used for treatment of hemorrhagic radiation proctitis (HRP) with variable results. Currently, the preferred treatment is formalin application or endoscopic therapy with argon plasma coagulation. Recently, a novel therapy with colonic water irrigation and oral antibiotics showed promising results and more effective compared to 4% formalin application for HRP. The study objective is to compare the effect of water irrigation and oral antibiotics versus 4% formalin application in improving per rectal bleeding due to HRP and related symptoms such as diarrhoea, tenesmus, stool frequency, stool urgency and endoscopic findings.

    METHODS: We conducted a study on 34 patients with HRP and randomly assigned the patients to two treatment arm groups (n=17). The formalin group underwent 4% formalin dab and another session 4 weeks later. The irrigation group self-administered daily rectal irrigation at home for 8 weeks and consumed oral metronidazole and ciprofloxacin during the first one week. We measured the patients' symptoms and endoscopic findings before and after total of 8 weeks of treatment in both groups.

    RESULTS: Our study showed that HRP patients had reduced per rectal bleeding (p = 0.003) in formalin group, whereas irrigation group showed reduced diarrhoea (p=0.018) and tenesmus (p=0.024) symptoms. The comparison between the two treatment arms showed that irrigation technique was better than formalin technique for tenesmus (p=0.043) symptom only.

    CONCLUSION: This novel treatment showed benefit in treating HRP. It could be a new treatment option which is safe and conveniently self-administered at home or used as a combination with other therapies to improve the treatment outcome for HRP.
    .

    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage
  9. Ralot T, Bafna C, Singh S, Sharma S
    Malays J Med Sci, 2017 Dec;24(6):103-106.
    PMID: 29379393 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2017.24.6.13
    Persistent neutrophilic meningitis is an atypical form of chronic meningitis defined as clinical meningitis with a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis suggestive of neutrophilic pleocytosis that persists for more than one week despite giving empirical antimicrobial therapy. The predominant presentation of tubercular meningitis is with CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis and even if early phase of the disease presents with neutrophilic pleocytosis, no persistence is usually observed for more than one week. We hereby report the case of an immunocompetent man aged 25 years with tubercular meningitis manifesting as persistent neutrophilic meningitis which is very rare as an entity in tubercular meningitis (TBM). Patient was started on anti-tubercular therapy based on the granulomas in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain after which there was a reduction in total cell count in CSF but persisting neutrophilic predominance. Patient improved clinically and was given a full course of anti-tubercular treatment (ATT) thereafter.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents
  10. Abdul Khalil HPS, Adnan AS, Yahya EB, Olaiya NG, Safrida S, Hossain MS, et al.
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Aug 06;12(8).
    PMID: 32781602 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081759
    Cellulose nanomaterials from plant fibre provide various potential applications (i.e., biomedical, automotive, packaging, etc.). The biomedical application of nanocellulose isolated from plant fibre, which is a carbohydrate-based source, is very viable in the 21st century. The essential characteristics of plant fibre-based nanocellulose, which include its molecular, tensile and mechanical properties, as well as its biodegradability potential, have been widely explored for functional materials in the preparation of aerogel. Plant cellulose nano fibre (CNF)-based aerogels are novel functional materials that have attracted remarkable interest. In recent years, CNF aerogel has been extensively used in the biomedical field due to its biocompatibility, renewability and biodegradability. The effective surface area of CNFs influences broad applications in biological and medical studies such as sustainable antibiotic delivery for wound healing, the preparation of scaffolds for tissue cultures, the development of drug delivery systems, biosensing and an antimicrobial film for wound healing. Many researchers have a growing interest in using CNF-based aerogels in the mentioned applications. The application of cellulose-based materials is widely reported in the literature. However, only a few studies discuss the potential of cellulose nanofibre aerogel in detail. The potential applications of CNF aerogel include composites, organic-inorganic hybrids, gels, foams, aerogels/xerogels, coatings and nano-paper, bioactive and wound dressing materials and bioconversion. The potential applications of CNF have rarely been a subject of extensive review. Thus, extensive studies to develop materials with cheaper and better properties, high prospects and effectiveness for many applications are the focus of the present work. The present review focuses on the evolution of aerogels via characterisation studies on the isolation of CNF-based aerogels. The study concludes with a description of the potential and challenges of developing sustainable materials for biomedical applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents
  11. Harminder, Singh V, Chaudhary AK
    Indian J Pharm Sci, 2011 Sep;73(5):483-90.
    PMID: 22923859 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474X.98981
    Oroxylum indicum Vent. (O. indicum) is a tree commonly called Indian trumpet tree found in tropical countries, such as India, Japan, China, Sri Lanka, Malaysia. The chemical constituents obtained from different parts of plant include baicalein-7-O-diglucoside (Oroxylin B), baicalein-7-O-glucoside, chrysin, apegenin, prunetin, sitosterol, oroxindin, biochanin-A, ellagic acid, baicalein and its 6- and 7-glucuronides, scutellarein, tetuin, antraquinone and aloe-emodin. Various parts of the plant are used in Ayurveda and folk medicine for the treatment of different ailments such as cancer, diarrhea, fever, ulcer and jaundice. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have indicated its antiinflammatory, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antioxidant, photocytotoxic, antiproliferative, antiarthritic, antimicrobial, antimutagenic and immunostimulant properties. Exhaustive literature survey reveals that there are some activities which are still not proven scientifically. This article is an attempt to compile an up-to-date and comprehensive review on O. indicum covering its traditional and folk medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents
  12. Tuang GJ, Liman ARUA, Ramasundram S
    Emerg Med J, 2020 Feb;37(2):72-101.
    PMID: 31980549 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2019-209119
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents, Local/therapeutic use
  13. Kumaresan V, Pasupuleti M, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA, Arshad A, Amin SMN, et al.
    Mol Biol Rep, 2018 Dec;45(6):2511-2523.
    PMID: 30306509 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4418-y
    Snakehead murrel, Channa striatus is an economically important aquatic species in Asia and are widely cultured and captured because of its nutritious and medicinal values. Their growth is predominantly affected by epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) which is primarily caused by an oomycete fungus, Aphanomyces invadans. However, the molecular mechanism of immune response in murrel against this infection is still not clear. In this study, transcriptome technique was used to understand the molecular changes involved in C. striatus during A. invadans infection. RNA from the control (CF) and infected fish (IF) groups were sequenced using Illumina Hi-seq sequencing technology. For control group, 28,952,608 clean reads were generated and de novo assembly was performed to produce 60,753 contigs. For fungus infected group, 25,470,920 clean reads were obtained and assembled to produce 58,654 contigs. Differential gene expression analysis revealed that a total of 146 genes were up-regulated and 486 genes were down regulated. Most of the differentially expressed genes were involved in innate immune mechanism such as pathogen recognition, signalling and antimicrobial mechanisms. Interestingly, few adaptive immune genes, especially immunoglobulins were also significantly up regulated during fungal infection. Also, the results were validated by qRT-PCR analysis. These results indicated the involvement of various immune genes involved in both innate and adaptive immune mechanism during fungal infection in C. striatus which provide new insights into murrel immune mechanisms against A. invadans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents
  14. Lestari W, Yusry WNAW, Haris MS, Jaswir I, Idrus E
    Jpn Dent Sci Rev, 2020 Nov;56(1):147-154.
    PMID: 33204370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2020.09.001
    Managing a bleeding patient can be a challenge during dental surgery. Profuse hemorrhage due to platelet defects, coagulation disorders, vascular anomalies, medication-induced patients, as well as inherited bleeding ailments result in soft tissue hematoma, septic shock, compromised airway, and in some severe cases, death could occur. A vast array of surgical hemostatic agents are available to stop bleeding, including chitosan-based hemostatic agents. Chitosan has an advantage over other topical hemostatic materials for its ability to promote shorter bleeding times and assist in healing. Massive behind-the-scene research and development efforts are ongoing to increase the performance of chitosan as a hemostatic agent. Numerous studies on chitosan use in dental hemostasis have registered it as being safe, biodegradable, biocompatible, promoting healing, antimicrobial and bioactive. This article reviews the application of chitosan in managing hemostasis in dental patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents
  15. Wong KW, Ee GCL, Ismail IS, Karunakaran T, Jong VYM
    Nat Prod Res, 2017 Nov;31(21):2513-2519.
    PMID: 28412841 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1315717
    Phytochemical studies on the stem bark of Garcinia nervosa has resulted in the discovery of one new pyranoxanthone derivative, garner xanthone (1) and five other compounds, 1,5-dihydroxyxanthone (2), 6-deoxyisojacareubin (3), 12b-hydroxy-des-D-garcigerrin A (4) stigmasterol (5), and β-sitosterol (6). The structures of these compounds were elucidated with the aid of spectroscopic techniques, such as NMR and MS. The crude extracts of the plant were assessed for their antimicrobial activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology*
  16. Kumaresan V, Bhatt P, Ganesh MR, Harikrishnan R, Arasu M, Al-Dhabi NA, et al.
    Mol Immunol, 2015 Dec;68(2 Pt B):421-33.
    PMID: 26477736 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.10.001
    In aquaculture, accumulation of antibiotics resulted in development of resistance among bacterial pathogens. Consequently, it became mandatory to find alternative to synthetic antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which are described as evolutionary ancient weapons have been considered as promising alternates in recent years. In this study, a novel antimicrobial peptide had been derived from goose type lysozyme (LyzG) which was identified from the cDNA library of freshwater fish Channa striatus (Cs). The identified lysozyme cDNA contains 585 nucleotides which encodes a protein of 194 amino acids. CsLyzG was closely related to Siniperca chuatsi with 92.8% homology. The depicted protein sequence contained a GEWL domain with conserved GLMQ motif, 7 active residues and 2 catalytic residues. Gene expression analysis revealed that CsLyzG was distributed in major immune organs with highest expression in head kidney. Results of temporal expression analysis after bacterial (Aeromonas hydrophila) and fungal (Aphanomyces invadans) challenges indicated a stimulant-dependent expression pattern of CsLyzG. Two antimicrobial peptides IK12 and TS10 were identified from CsLyzG and synthesized. Antibiogram showed that IK12 was active against Salmonella enterica, a major multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogen which produces beta lactamase. The IK12 induced loss of cell viability in the bacterial pathogen. Flow cytometry assay revealed that IK12 disrupt the membrane of S. enterica which is confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis that reveals blebs around the bacterial cell membrane. Conclusively, CsLyzG is a potential innate immune component and the identified antimicrobial peptide has great caliber to be used as an ecofriendly antibacterial substance in aquaculture.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacokinetics; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology*
  17. Arockiaraj J, Kumaresan V, Bhatt P, Palanisamy R, Gnanam AJ, Pasupuleti M, et al.
    Peptides, 2014 Mar;53:79-88.
    PMID: 24269604 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.11.008
    In this study, we reported a complete molecular characterization including bioinformatics features, gene expression, peptide synthesis and its antimicrobial activities of an anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) factor (ALF) cDNA identified from the established cDNA library of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (named as MrALF). The mature protein has an estimated molecular weight of 11.240 kDa with an isoelectric point of 9.46. The bioinformatics analysis showed that the MrALF contains an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) region between T54 and P77 with two conserved cysteine residues (Cys55 and Cys76) which have an anti-parallel β-sheet confirmation. The β-sheet is predicted as cationic with hydrophobic nature containing a net charge of +5. The depicted AMP region is determined to be amphipathic with a predicted hydrophobic face 'FPVFI'. A highest MrALF gene expression was observed in hemocytes and is up-regulated with virus [white spot syndrome baculovirus (WSBV)], bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila) and Escherichia coli LPS at various time points. The LPS binding region of MrALF peptide was synthesized to study the antimicrobial property, bactericidal efficiency and hemolytic capacity. The peptide showed antimicrobial activity against both the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The bactericidal assay showed that the peptide recognized the LPS of bacterial cell walls and binding on its substrate and thereby efficiently distinguishing the pathogens. The hemolytic activity of MrALF peptide is functioning in a concentration dependant manner. In summary, the comprehensive analysis of MrALF showed it to be an effective antimicrobial peptide and thus it plays a crucial role in the defense mechanism of M. rosenbergii.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology*; Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry*
  18. Muhammad Ezzudin, R., Rabeta, M.S.
    Food Research, 2018;2(5):415-420.
    MyJurnal
    Clitoria ternatea (CT) or commonly known as telang tree originates from the Fabaceae
    family. The flower of this tree has vivid, deep-blue and white colouration and it is usually
    used as a natural colourant in food preparation especially in the local culinary scene such
    as for the preparation of nasi kerabu and kuih tekan. Moreover, this plant could act as a
    food source for the livestock due to the taste and nutritious value it has. Besides that, parts
    of the plant such as its leaves, flowers, and roots are believed to possess sought-after
    medicinal values such as analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. The
    plant also possesses a number of advantages such as antioxidant, antidiabetic,
    antimicrobial, antihelminthic, hepaprotective and antiasthmatic properties that are
    beneficial and useful in reducing health disorders. For the purpose of this study, the
    chemical composition such as proximate analysis of flowers, leaves and also active
    compound were also included in the review.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents
  19. Chaurasia MK, Palanisamy R, Bhatt P, Kumaresan V, Gnanam AJ, Pasupuleti M, et al.
    Microbiol Res, 2015 Jan;170:78-86.
    PMID: 25271126 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.08.011
    This study investigates the complete molecular characterization including bioinformatics characterization, gene expression, synthesis of N and C terminal peptides and their antimicrobial activity of the core histone 4 (H4) from freshwater giant prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Mr). A cDNA encoding MrH4 was identified from the constructed cDNA library of M. rosenbergii during screening and the sequence was obtained using internal sequencing primers. The MrH4 coding region possesses a polypeptide of 103 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 11kDa and an isoelectric point of 11.5. The bioinformatics analysis showed that the MrH4 polypeptide contains a H4 signature at (15)GAKRH(19). Multiple sequence alignment of MrH4 showed that the N-terminal (21-42) and C-terminal (87-101) antimicrobial peptide regions and the pentapeptide or H4 signature (15-19) are highly conserved including in humans. The phylogenetic tree formed two separate clades of vertebrate and invertebrate H4, wherein MrH4 was located within the arthropod monophyletic clade of invertebrate H4 groups. Three-dimensional model of MrH4 was established using I-TASSER program and the model was validated using Ramachandran plot analysis. Schiffer-Edmundson helical wheel modeling was used to predict the helix propensity of N (21-42) and C (87-101) terminal derived Mr peptides. The highest gene expression was observed in gills and is induced by viral [white spot syndrome baculovirus (WSBV) and M. rosenbergii nodovirus (MrNV)] and bacterial (Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio harveyi) infections. The N and C terminal peptides were synthesized and their antimicrobial and hemolytic properties were examined. Both peptides showed activity against the tested Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria; however, the highest activity was noticed against Gram negative bacteria. Among the two peptides used in this study, C-terminal peptide yielded better results than the N-terminal peptide. Therefore, C terminal peptide can be recommended for the development of an antimicrobial agent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology; Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry
  20. Daood U, Matinlinna JP, Pichika MR, Mak KK, Nagendrababu V, Fawzy AS
    Sci Rep, 2020 07 03;10(1):10970.
    PMID: 32620785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67616-z
    To study the antimicrobial effects of quaternary ammonium silane (QAS) exposure on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus bacterial biofilms at different concentrations. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus biofilms were cultured on dentine disks, and incubated for bacterial adhesion for 3-days. Disks were treated with disinfectant (experimental QAS or control) and returned to culture for four days. Small-molecule drug discovery-suite was used to analyze QAS/Sortase-A active site. Cleavage of a synthetic fluorescent peptide substrate, was used to analyze inhibition of Sortase-A. Raman spectroscopy was performed and biofilms stained for confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Dentine disks that contained treated dual-species biofilms were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Analysis of DAPI within biofilms was performed using CLSM. Fatty acids in bacterial membranes were assessed with succinic-dehydrogenase assay along with time-kill assay. Sortase-A protein underwent conformational change due to QAS molecule during simulation, showing fluctuating alpha and beta strands. Spectroscopy revealed low carbohydrate intensities in 1% and 2% QAS. SEM images demonstrated absence of bacterial colonies after treatment. DAPI staining decreased with 1% QAS (p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology*
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