Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 240 in total

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  1. Lim TS
    Curr Pharm Des, 2016 10 27;22(43):6477-6479.
    PMID: 27781936 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822999161019110228
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology*
  2. Lee J, Kim YE, Kim HY, Sinniah M, Chong CK, Song HO
    Sci Rep, 2015;5:18077.
    PMID: 26655854 DOI: 10.1038/srep18077
    High levels of anti-dengue IgM or IgG can be detected using numerous rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). However, the sensitivity and specificity of these tests are reduced by changes in envelope glycoprotein antigenicity that inevitably occur in limited expression systems. A novel RDT was designed to enhance diagnostic sensitivity. Dengue viruses cultured in animal cells were used as antigens to retain the native viral coat protein. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were then developed, for the first time, against domain I of envelope glycoprotein (EDI). The anti-dengue EDI mAb was employed as a capturer, and EDII and EDIII, which are mainly involved in the induction of neutralizing antibodies in patients, were fully available to bind to anti-dengue IgM or IgG in patients. A one-way automatic blood separation device prevented reverse migration of plasma and maximize the capture of anti-dengue antibodies at the test lines. A clinical evaluation in the field proved that the novel RDT (sensitivities of 96.5% and 96.7% for anti-dengue IgM and IgG) is more effective in detecting anti-dengue antibodies than two major commercial tests (sensitivities of 54.8% and 82% for SD BIOLINE; 50.4% and 75.3% for PanBio). The innovative format of RDT can be applied to other infectious viral diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal*
  3. Choong YS, Lee YV, Soong JX, Law CT, Lim YY
    Adv Exp Med Biol, 2017;1053:221-243.
    PMID: 29549642 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_11
    The use of monoclonal antibody as the next generation protein therapeutics with remarkable success has surged the development of antibody engineering to design molecules for optimizing affinity, better efficacy, greater safety and therapeutic function. Therefore, computational methods have become increasingly important to generate hypotheses, interpret and guide experimental works. In this chapter, we discussed the overall antibody design by computational approches.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use*; Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
  4. Chan SK, Lim TS
    Adv Exp Med Biol, 2017;1053:61-78.
    PMID: 29549635 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_4
    The incident of two children in Europe who died of diphtheria due to a shortage of anti-toxin drugs has highlighted the need for alternative anti-toxins. Historically, antiserum produced from immunised horses have been used to treat diphtheria. Despite the potential of antiserum, the economical and medial concerns associated with the use of animal antiserum has led to its slow market demise. Over the years, new and emerging infectious diseases have grown to be a major global health threat. The emergence of drug-resistant superbugs has also pushed the boundaries of available therapeutics to deal with new infectious diseases. Antibodies have emerged as a possible alternative to combat the continuous onslaught of various infectious agents. The isolation of antibodies against pathogens of infectious diseases isolated from immune libraries utilising phage display has yielded promising results in terms of affinities and neutralizing activities. This chapter focuses on the concept of immune antibody libraries and highlights the application of immune antibody libraries to generate antibodies for various infectious diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis; Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics*; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
  5. Chua GK
    Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2016 Oct 02;46(7):679-85.
    PMID: 26760282 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2015.1135450
    Statistically designed experiments were used in developing a low-serum medium for the production of a diagnostic monoclonal antibody against congenital adrenal hyperplasia using hybridoma 192. A two-level half-fractional factorial design was used for screening six components (Minimum Essential Medium Eagle amino acids, 2-mercaptoethanol, ethanolamine, ferric citrate, zinc sulfate, and sodium selenite). The experimental design was then augmented to central composite design. The basal Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; containing 4 mM L-glutamine, 1% antibiotic-antimycotic agent) supplemented with 0.4% by volume fetal bovine serum (FBS), 311.8 mM ferric citrate, 17.3 nM sodium selenite, and 4.5 mM zinc sulfate (LSD) was found to support the growth of the hybridoma. Specific cell growth rate in the LSD (0.033 ± 0.001/h) was slightly lower than in the control medium (i.e., basal DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS; 0.0045 ± 0.003/h). Nevertheless, the specific MAb production rate for LSD was higher (0.057 ± 0.015 pg/cell · h versus 0.004 ± 0.002 pg/cell · h in LSD and control, respectively). The antibody produced in the LSD showed high specificity and no cross-reactivity with the other structural resemblance's steroid hormones, revealing no structural changes owing to the new medium formulation developed. The new medium formulation effectively reduced the medium cost by up to 64.6%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis*; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
  6. Palace J, Wingerchuk DM, Fujihara K, Berthele A, Oreja-Guevara C, Kim HJ, et al.
    Mult Scler Relat Disord, 2021 Jan;47:102641.
    PMID: 33310418 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102641
    BACKGROUND: Antibodies to the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) are reported to trigger the complement cascade, which is implicated in astrocyte damage and subsequent neuronal injury. The PREVENT study demonstrated that the terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab reduces adjudicated relapse risk in patients with anti-AQP4 immunoglobulin G-positive (AQP4+) NMOSD. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of eculizumab in reducing relapse risk and its safety in AQP4+ NMOSD across clinically relevant subgroups in PREVENT.

    METHODS: In the randomized, double-blind, time-to-event, phase 3 PREVENT trial, 143 adults received eculizumab (maintenance dose, 1200 mg/2 weeks) or placebo (2:1), with stable-dose concomitant immunosuppressive therapy (IST) permitted (except rituximab and mitoxantrone). Post hoc analyses of relapses and adverse events were performed for prespecified and post hoc subgroups based on concomitant IST and prior rituximab use, demographic and disease characteristics, and autoimmune comorbidity.

    RESULTS: The significant reduction in relapse risk observed for eculizumab versus placebo in the overall PREVENT population was consistently maintained across subgroups based on concomitant IST and previous rituximab use, age, sex, region, race, time since clinical onset of NMOSD, historical annualized relapse rate, baseline Expanded Disability Status Scale score, and history of another autoimmune disorder. The serious infection rate was lower with eculizumab than placebo regardless of rituximab use in the previous year, concomitant IST use, or history of another autoimmune disorder.

    CONCLUSION: Across a wide range of clinically relevant AQP4+ NMOSD patient subgroups in PREVENT, eculizumab therapy was consistently effective versus placebo in reducing relapse risk, with no apparent increase in serious infection rate.

    TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01892345 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
  7. Ghagane SC, Puranik SI, Gan SH, Hiremath MB, Nerli RB, Ravishankar MV
    Hum Antibodies, 2017;26(3):135-142.
    PMID: 29060935 DOI: 10.3233/HAB-170331
    With the flourishing of innovation in drug discovery into a new era of personalized therapy, the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the treatment of various ailments lies at the forefront. Major improvements in genetic sequencing and biomedical techniques as well as research into mAbs emphasize on determining new targets for advanced therapy while maximizing efficacy for clinical application. However, a balance has to be achieved concerning developing a target with low toxicity combined with high specificity and versatility, to allow a specific antibody to facilitate several biotic effects, ranging from neutralization of virus mechanisms to modulation of immune response and maintaining low global economic cost. Presently, there are approximately 30 mAbs' permitted for therapeutic use with many more being tested in clinical trials. Nevertheless, the heavy cost of mAbs' production, stowage and management as well as the subsequent hindrances to their development are outweighed by mAbs' clinical advantages. Compared to conventional drugs, since mAbs use as pharmacologic iotas have specific physical features and modes of action, they should be considered as a discrete therapeutic category. In this review, the history of mAb generation and the innovative technological applications of mAbs that has advanced in clinical practices is reviewed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology*
  8. Nur Husna SM, Wong KK
    Mol Immunol, 2022 Dec;152:45-54.
    PMID: 36272249 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.10.005
    Advances in the development of anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent one of the most significant milestones in the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer patients. However, HER2+ metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients display resistance towards first-generation anti-HER2 mAbs or antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) treatment. In recent years, new generation of anti-HER2 mAb and ADC including margetuximab and trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd), respectively, have been approved for the treatment of previously treated HER2+ MBC patients. The successes of margetuximab and T-DXd have renewed the interest in the research and development of anti-HER2 immunotherapies for both HER2+ and HER2-low breast cancer patients. In this review, we focus on these two immunotherapeutics in terms of their mechanisms of action, preclinical findings and clinical trials leading to their approval, as well as the mechanisms of resistance to conventional anti-HER2 immunotherapies (i.e. trastuzumab, pertuzumab and T-DM1). In the future, combination of either margetuximab or T-DXd with small molecule inhibitors such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors that elicit anticancer immunogenicity may further enhance the efficacy of margetuximab or T-DXd in the treatment of HER2+ MBC patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
  9. Morita A, Tsai TF, Yee EYW, Okubo Y, Imafuku S, Zheng M, et al.
    J Dermatol, 2023 Feb;50(2):183-194.
    PMID: 36282833 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16609
    Generalized pustular psoriasis is a potentially life-threatening neutrophilic skin disease characterized by recurrent flares of widespread erythema and eruption of sterile pustules. In the Effisayil™ 1 study (NCT03782792), 53 patients with a generalized pustular psoriasis flare were treated with placebo or spesolimab, a humanized anti-interleukin-36 receptor monoclonal antibody, the first targeted treatment to be studied in a randomized clinical trial. Spesolimab treatment resulted in rapid pustular and skin clearance, with an acceptable safety profile. Here, we evaluate the efficacy and safety of spesolimab in 29 Asian patients in the Effisayil™ 1 study. The primary endpoint, a Generalized Pustular Psoriasis Physician Global Assessment (GPPGA) pustulation subscore of 0 (no visible pustules) at Week 1, was achieved by 10 patients (62.5%) randomized to spesolimab and one patient (7.7%) randomized to placebo (risk difference 54.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 17.3-79.8). The key secondary endpoint, a GPPGA total score of 0 or 1 (clear or almost clear skin) at Week 1, was achieved by eight (50.0%) and two (15.4%) patients, respectively (risk difference 34.6, 95% CI -3.1-64.7). This was similar to previously published data in the overall population in whom the primary and key secondary endpoints were achieved by 54% versus 6% and 43% versus 11% of patients, respectively. The percentages of Asian patients randomized to spesolimab with a GPPGA pustulation subscore of 0 and GPPGA total score of 0 or 1 were sustained above 60% for up to 12 weeks. In these patients, patient-reported outcomes also improved and markers of systemic inflammation were normalized. Eleven (68.8%) and eight (61.5%) of spesolimab- and placebo-treated patients, respectively, experienced at least one adverse event. In conclusion, spesolimab improved outcomes in Asian patients compared with placebo, supporting its use in the treatment of generalized pustular psoriasis flares.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
  10. Burden AD, Okubo Y, Zheng M, Thaçi D, van de Kerkhof P, Hu N, et al.
    Exp Dermatol, 2023 Aug;32(8):1279-1283.
    PMID: 37140190 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14824
    Effisayil 1 was a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the anti-interleukin (IL)-36 receptor monoclonal antibody, spesolimab, in patients presenting with a generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) flare. Previously published data from this study revealed that within 1 week, rapid pustular and skin clearance were observed in patients receiving spesolimab versus placebo. In this pre-specified subgroup analysis, the efficacy of spesolimab was evaluated according to patient demographic and clinical characteristics at baseline in patients receiving spesolimab (n = 35) or placebo (n = 18) on Day 1. Efficacy was by assessed by achievement of primary endpoint (Generalized Pustular Psoriasis Physician Global Assessment [GPPGA] pustulation subscore of 0 at Week 1) and key secondary endpoint (GPPGA total score of 0 or 1 at Week 1). Safety was assessed at Week 1. Spesolimab was found to be efficacious and had a consistent and favourable safety profile in patients presenting with a GPP flare, regardless of patient demographics and clinical characteristics at baseline.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
  11. Lai JY, Corona A, Ng CL, Tramontano E, Choong YS, Lim TS
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Aug 01;245:125571.
    PMID: 37379953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125571
    Ebola virus is notorious for causing severe and even deadly haemorrhagic fever in infected humans and non-human primates. The high fatality rate of Ebola virus disease (EVD) has highlighted the need for effective diagnosis and treatment. Two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been approved by USFDA for treatment of EVD. Virus surface glycoprotein is the common target for diagnostic and therapy including vaccines. Even so, VP35, a viral RNA polymerase cofactor and interferon inhibitor could be a potential target to curb EVD. The present work describes the isolation of three mAb clones from a phage-displayed human naïve scFv library against recombinant VP35. The clones showed binding against rVP35 in vitro and inhibition of VP35 in luciferase reporter gene assay. Structural modelling analysis was also carried out to identify the binding interactions involved in the antibody-antigen interaction model. This allows some insight into the "fitness" of the binding pocket between the paratope and target epitope which would be useful for the design of new mAbs through in silico means in the future. In conclusion, the information obtained from the 3 isolated mAbs could be potentially useful in the quest to improve VP35 targeting for therapeutic development in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
  12. Lai JY, Lim TS
    Methods Mol Biol, 2023;2702:39-58.
    PMID: 37679614 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3381-6_3
    Phage display has been applied successfully for the rapid isolation of monoclonal antibodies against various targets including infectious diseases, autoantigens, cancer markers, and even small molecules. The main component in any phage display experiment is the availability of an antibody library to carry out the selection process of target-specific antibodies through an iterative process termed as biopanning. To generate human antibody libraries, the antibody repertoire can be obtained from human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) or directly from cell-sorted B-cell populations. The choice of antibody isotype is dictated by the nature of the library. Naïve libraries would utilize IgM repertoires, whereas the IgG repertoire is commonly used for immune libraries. Antibody genes are amplified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and paired in a combinatorial fashion to expand the diversity of the cloned library repertoire. The protocol here describes the use of a two-step cloning method that can be applied for the construction of either a naïve or immune human antibody library in Fab format followed by the subsequent panning.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
  13. Liew MNY, Kua KP, Lee SWH, Wong KK
    Front Immunol, 2023;14:1100263.
    PMID: 37701439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100263
    INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic is a major global public health crisis. More than 2 years into the pandemic, effective therapeutic options remain limited due to rapid viral evolution. Stemming from the emergence of multiple variants, several monoclonal antibodies are no longer suitable for clinical use. This scoping review aimed to summarize the preclinical and clinical evidence for bebtelovimab in treating newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.

    METHODS: We systematically searched five electronic databases (PubMed, CENTRAL, Embase, Global Health, and PsycINFO) from date of inception to September 30, 2022, for studies reporting on the effect of bebtelovimab in SARS-CoV-2 infection, using a combination of search terms around -bebtelovimab‖, -LY-CoV1404‖, -LY3853113‖, and -coronavirus infection‖. All citations were screened independently by two researchers. Data were extracted and thematically analyzed based on study design by adhering to the stipulated scoping review approaches.

    RESULTS: Thirty-nine studies were included, thirty-four non-clinical studies were narratively synthesized, and five clinical studies were meta-analyzed. The non-clinical studies revealed bebtelovimab not only potently neutralized wide-type SARS-CoV-2 and existing variants of concern such as B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta), but also retained appreciable activity against Omicron lineages, including BA.2.75, BA.4, BA.4.6, and BA.5. Unlike other monoclonal antibodies, bebtelovimab was able to bind to epitope of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein by exploiting loop mobility or by minimizing side-chain interactions. Pooled analysis from clinical studies depicted that the rates of hospitalization, ICU admission, and death were similar between bebtelovimab and other COVID-19 therapies. Bebtelovimab was associated with a low incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events.

    CONCLUSION: Preclinical evidence suggests bebtelovimab be a potential treatment for COVID-19 amidst viral evolution. Bebtelovimab has comparable efficacy to other COVID-19 therapies without evident safety concerns.

    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
  14. Ting IPL, Lee TS, Teo HG, Albela H, Tang MM, Leong KF
    Clin Exp Dermatol, 2023 Nov 16;48(12):1366-1369.
    PMID: 37503742 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llad253
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
  15. Kow CS, Hasan SS
    Pulmonology, 2020 10 21;27(1):86-87.
    PMID: 33158786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.10.004
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
  16. Kim HJ, Nakashima I, Viswanathan S, Wang KC, Shang S, Miller L, et al.
    Mult Scler Relat Disord, 2021 May;50:102849.
    PMID: 33676197 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102849
    Background Eculizumab, a terminal complement inhibitor, significantly reduced the risk of relapse compared with placebo in patients with anti-aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G-positive (AQP4+) neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in the PREVENT trial. We report efficacy and safety analyses in Asian patients in PREVENT and its open-label extension (OLE). Methods PREVENT was a double-blind, randomized, phase 3 trial. Patients with AQP4+ NMOSD were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive intravenous eculizumab (maintenance dose, 1200 mg/2 weeks) or placebo. Patients who completed PREVENT could receive eculizumab in an OLE. Analyses were performed in a prespecified subgroup of Asian patients. Results Of 143 patients enrolled, 52 (36.4%) were included in the Asian subgroup (eculizumab, n = 37; placebo, n = 15); 45 Asian patients received eculizumab in the OLE. Most Asian patients (86.5%) received concomitant immunosuppressive therapy. During PREVENT, one adjudicated relapse occurred in patients receiving eculizumab and six occurred in patients receiving placebo in the Asian subgroup (hazard ratio, 0.05; 95% confidence interval: 0.01-0.35; p = 0.0002). An estimated 95.2% of Asian patients remained relapse-free after 144 weeks of eculizumab treatment. Upper respiratory tract infections, headache, and nasopharyngitis were the most common adverse events with eculizumab in the Asian subgroup. Conclusion Eculizumab reduces the risk of relapse in Asian patients with AQP4+ NMOSD, with a benefit-risk profile similar to the overall PREVENT population. The benefits of eculizumab were maintained during long-term therapy. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT01892345 (PREVENT); NCT02003144 (open-label extension).
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
  17. Kow CS, Hasan SS
    Chest, 2021 05;159(5):2108-2109.
    PMID: 33965134 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.11.073
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
  18. Ayipo YO, Ajiboye AT, Osunniran WA, Jimoh AA, Mordi MN
    Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech, 2022 10;1865(7):194873.
    PMID: 36064110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2022.194873
    Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths globally and the most prominent among females, yet with limited effective therapeutic options. Most of the current medications are challenged by various factors including low efficacy, incessant resistance, immune evasion and frequent recurrence of the disease. Further understanding of the prognosis and identification of plausible therapeutic channels thus requires multimodal approaches. In this review, epigenetics studies of several pathways to BC oncogenesis via the inducement of oncogenic changes on relevant markers have been overviewed. Similarly, the counter-epigenetic mechanisms to reverse such changes as effective therapeutic strategies were surveyed. The epigenetic oncogenesis occurs through several pathways, notably, DNMT-mediated hypermethylation of DNA, dysregulated expression for ERα, HER2/ERBB and PR, histone modification, overexpression of transcription factors including the CDK9-cyclin T1 complex and suppression of tumour suppressor genes. Scientifically, the regulatory reversal of the mechanisms constitutes effective epigenetic approaches for mitigating BC initiation, progression and metastasis. These were exhibited at various experimental levels by classical chemotherapeutic agents including some repurposable drugs, endocrine inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies and miRNAs, natural products, metal complexes and nanoparticles. Dozens of the potential candidates are currently in clinical trials while others are still at preclinical experimental stages showing promising anti-BC efficacy. The review presents a model for a wider understanding of epigenetic oncogenic pathways to BC and reveals plausible channels for reversing the unpleasant changes through epigenetic modifications. It advances the science of therapeutic designs for ameliorating the global burden of BC upon further translational studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics; Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
  19. Wong PY, How SH, Ismail I, Hassan R
    J Oncol Pharm Pract, 2022 Mar;28(2):471-474.
    PMID: 34565238 DOI: 10.1177/10781552211038899
    INTRODUCTION: Immunotherapy has been recognized as the standard of care in addition to chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Most immunotherapy trials, however, exclude patients with autoimmune disease owing to concerns of disease exacerbation.

    CASE REPORT: We report a case of a patient with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and underlying active psoriasis who experienced a remarkable response, without developing psoriasis flares, following treatment with a single dose of atezolizumab and first-line chemotherapy.

    MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOME: The patient remained asymptomatic 10 months since treatment discontinuation, without disease progression, despite having received only a single dose of atezolizumab and six cycles of chemotherapy.

    DISCUSSION: Little is known about the optimum duration required to achieve a durable response with immunotherapy. Patients with autoimmune disease are commonly excluded from immunotherapy trials owing to a higher risk of autoimmune disease flares or immune-related adverse events. The remarkable outcome observed in this case offers some insights into the possible durable response with limited doses of immunotherapy and a safer approach for administering immunotherapy in patients with autoimmune disease. Initiating chemotherapy to induce remission in active autoimmune disease prior to administering immunotherapy could potentially be an ideal approach that facilitates the use of immunotherapy in this patient population.

    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
  20. Le TTB, Vasanthakumaran T, Thi Hien HN, Hung IC, Luu MN, Khan ZA, et al.
    Rev Med Virol, 2023 Jan;33(1):e2398.
    PMID: 36150052 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2398
    The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) has created great global distress. This variant of concern shows multiple sublineages, importantly B.1.1.529.1 (BA.1), BA.1 + R346K (BA.1.1), and B.1.1.529.2 (BA.2), each with unique properties. However, little is known about this new variant, specifically its sub-variants. A narrative review was conducted to summarise the latest findings on transmissibility, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and efficacy of current vaccines and treatments. Omicron has shown two times higher transmission rates than Delta and above ten times more infectious than other variants over a similar period. With more than 30 mutations in the spike protein's receptor-binding domain, there is reduced detection by conventional RT-PCR and rapid antigen tests. Moreover, the two-dose vaccine effectiveness against Delta and Omicron variants was found to be approximately 21%, suggesting an urgent need for a booster dose to prevent the possibility of breakthrough infections. However, the current vaccines remain highly efficacious against severe disease, hospitalisation, and mortality. Japanese preliminary lab data elucidated that the Omicron sublineage BA.2 shows a higher illness severity than BA.1. To date, the clinical management of Omicron remains unchanged, except for monoclonal antibodies. Thus far, only Bebtelovimab could sufficiently treat all three sub-variants of Omicron. Further studies are warranted to understand the complexity of Omicron and its sub-variants. Such research is necessary to improve the management and prevention of Omicron infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Monoclonal
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