Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 44 in total

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  1. Sagara I, Dicko A, Ellis RD, Fay MP, Diawara SI, Assadou MH, et al.
    Vaccine, 2009 May 18;27(23):3090-8.
    PMID: 19428923 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.014
    A double blind, randomized, controlled Phase 2 clinical trial was conducted to assess the safety, immunogenicity, and biologic impact of the vaccine candidate Apical Membrane Antigen 1-Combination 1 (AMA1-C1), adjuvanted with Alhydrogel. Participants were healthy children 2-3 years old living in or near the village of Bancoumana, Mali. A total of 300 children received either the study vaccine or the comparator. No impact of vaccination was seen on the primary endpoint, the frequency of parasitemia measured as episodes >3000/microL/day at risk. There was a negative impact of vaccination on the hemoglobin level during clinical malaria, and mean incidence of hemoglobin <8.5 g/dL, in the direction of lower hemoglobin in the children who received AMA1-C1, although these differences were not significant after correction for multiple tests. These differences were not seen in the second year of transmission.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation/drug effects
  2. Chapple PJ
    Bull World Health Organ, 1966;34(2):243-8.
    PMID: 5296130
    Studies have recently been published of surveys of antibodies to common respiratory viruses in human sera from several parts of the world. The present article reports the findings of a survey of antibodies to two more viruses (adenovirus type 8 and coxsackievirus type A21) in human sera mainly collected from six widely separated geographical regions (Alaska, England, Marshall Islands, Sarawak, South-West Africa and Tunisia).A world-wide geographical distribution of infection with these two viruses was found. However, antibodies to individual viruses were not found with the same frequency in all countries; and, in marked contrast to the findings in the earlier surveys of antibodies to the common respiratory viruses, the frequency of antibodies was not the same for each virus in sera from the same country. It was not possible to draw any final conclusions as to the reasons for the observed differences.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation*
  3. Teh A, Leong KW, Bosco JJ, Koong PL, Jayaranee S
    Med J Malaysia, 1995 Jun;50(2):166-70.
    PMID: 7565188
    Acquired haemophilia is a rare clinical condition arising from the spontaneous development of inhibitors to factor VIII. We describe two cases encountered in the University Hospital over the past five years. We also review the literature and discuss the therapeutic difficulties faced in dealing with patients with high levels of inhibitors. In one of these patients we also describe, for the first time in this region, a novel method in managing the acute bleeding episode in acquired haemophilia using recombinant factor VIIa.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation
  4. Shu MH, MatRahim N, NorAmdan N, Pang SP, Hashim SH, Phoon WH, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2016;6:22332.
    PMID: 26923424 DOI: 10.1038/srep22332
    Vaccination may be an alternative treatment for infection with multidrug-resistance (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii. The study reported here evaluated the bactericidal antibody responses following immunization of mice using an inactivated whole-cell vaccine derived from antibiotic-exposed MDR A. baumannii (I-M28-47-114). Mice inoculated with I-M28-47 (non-antibiotic-exposed control) and I-M28-47-114 showed a high IgG antibody response by day 5 post-inoculation. Sera from mice inoculated with I-M28-47-114 collected on day 30 resulted in 80.7 ± 12.0% complement-mediated bacteriolysis in vitro of the test MDR A. baumannii treated with imipenem, which was a higher level of bacteriolysis over sera from mice inoculated with I-M28-47. Macrophage-like U937 cells eliminated 49.3 ± 11.6% of the test MDR A. baumannii treated with imipenem when opsonized with sera from mice inoculated with I-M28-47-114, which was a higher level of elimination than observed for test MDR A. baumannii opsonized with sera from mice inoculated with I-M28-47. These results suggest that vaccination with I-M28-47-114 stimulated antibody responses capable of mounting high bactericidal killing of MDR A. baumannii. Therefore, the inactivated antibiotic-exposed whole-cell vaccine (I-M28-47-114) has potential for development as a candidate vaccine for broad clearance and protection against MDR A. baumannii infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation
  5. Tan NH, Ponnudurai G
    Toxicon, 1994 Oct;32(10):1265-9.
    PMID: 7846697
    Indirect ELISA shows that the antibodies to Calloselasma rhodostoma venom hemorrhagin (CR-HMG), thrombin-like enzyme (CR-TLE) and L-amino acid oxidase (CR-LAAO) exhibited strong to moderate cross-reactions with most crotalid and viperid venoms, but only anti-CR-LAAO cross-reacted with the elapid venoms. However, the indirect ELISA failed to detect some antigenic similarities demonstrable by cross-neutralization study. The double-sandwich ELISA for the three anti-C. rhodostoma venom components exhibited a much lower level of cross-reactions than the indirect ELISA.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation
  6. Butt J, Jenab M, Pawlita M, Tjønneland A, Kyrø C, Boutron-Ruault MC, et al.
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2020 Jul;29(7):1475-1481.
    PMID: 32332031 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-1545
    BACKGROUND: While Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the major cause of gastric cancer, it has also been suggested to be involved in colorectal cancer development. However, prospective studies addressing H. pylori and colorectal cancer are sparse and inconclusive. We assessed the association of antibody responses to H. pylori proteins with colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort.

    METHODS: We applied H. pylori multiplex serology to measure antibody responses to 13 H. pylori proteins in prediagnostic serum samples from 485 colorectal cancer cases and 485 matched controls nested within the EPIC study. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multivariable conditional logistic regression to estimate the association of H. pylori overall and protein-specific seropositivity with odds of developing colorectal cancer.

    RESULTS: Fifty-one percent of colorectal cancer cases were H. pylori seropositive compared with 44% of controls, resulting in an OR of 1.36 (95% CI, 1.00-1.85). Among the 13 individual H. pylori proteins, the association was driven mostly by seropositivity to Helicobacter cysteine-rich protein C (HcpC; OR: 1.66; 95% CI, 1.19-2.30) and Vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) (OR: 1.34; 95% CI, 0.99-1.82), the latter being nonstatistically significant only in the fully adjusted model.

    CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective multicenter European study, antibody responses to H. pylori proteins, specifically HcpC and VacA, were associated with an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer.

    IMPACT: Biological mechanisms for a potential causal role of H. pylori in colorectal carcinogenesis need to be elucidated, and subsequently whether H. pylori eradication may decrease colorectal cancer incidence.

    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation/genetics*
  7. Sasidharan S, Uyub AM
    J Immunoassay Immunochem, 2009;30(1):70-81.
    PMID: 19117203 DOI: 10.1080/15321810802569477
    Helicobacter pylori is recognized as a major case of gastritis and peptic ulcer and a key factor in the development of gastric cancer, gastric lymphoma, and non-ulcerative dyspepsia in man. The detection of antibodies specific for strains of H. pylori has demonstrated the value of serology for providing evidence of infection. The present study was conducted to detect the antigenic proteins of excretory antigen of H. pylori with Western blotting and examine whether anti-H. pylori IgG and IgA antibodies from H. pylori positive patients cross-react with antigens from other common bacterial pathogens. By using SDS-PAGE, 20 different proteins were found in the excretory antigen. By Western blotting and absorption studies, there were indications that anti-H. pylori IgA antibodies directed against 54 kDa, 50 kDa and 27 kDa cross-reacted with antigens from other bacteria, and that H. pylori proteins of 99 kDa, 88 kDa and 81 kDa possibly shared similar epitope with antigens of other pathogens not tested in the absorption studies. The cross-reactivity occurred in this study was not significantly affect the performance of the in-house ELISA.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation
  8. Lai PS, Usama SM, Kiew LV, Lee HB, Chung LY, Burgess K, et al.
    Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2022 Sep;71(9):2099-2108.
    PMID: 35032175 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03147-y
    Conventional cancer therapies such as chemotherapy are non-selective and induce immune system anergy, which lead to serious side effects and tumor relapse. It is a challenge to prime the body's immune system in the cancer-bearing subject to produce cancer antigen-targeting antibodies, as most tumor-associated antigens are expressed abundantly in cancer cells and some of normal cells. This study illustrates how hapten-based pre-immunization (for anti-hapten antibodies production) combined with cancer receptor labeling with hapten antigen constructs can elicit antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Thus, the hapten antigen 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) was covalently combined with a cancer receptor-binding dipeptide (IYIY) to form a dipeptide-hapten construct (IYIY-DNP, MW = 1322.33) that targets the tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC)-expressed on the surface of metastatic cancer cells. IYIY-DNP facilitated selective association of RAW264.7 macrophages to the TrkC expressing 4T1 cancer cells in vitro, forming cell aggregates in the presence of anti-DNP antibodies, suggesting initiation of anti-DNP antibody-dependent cancer cell recognition of macrophages by the IYIY-DNP. In in vivo, IYIY-DNP at 10 mg/kg suppressed growth of 4T1 tumors in DNP-immunized BALB/c mice by 45% (p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation
  9. Rasool M, Sabina EP
    J Nat Med, 2009 Apr;63(2):169-75.
    PMID: 19093070 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-008-0308-2
    In recent years, Spirulina has gained more and more attention from medical scientists as a nutraceutical and a source of potential pharmaceuticals. The present study was conducted to elucidate the immunomodulatory effect of Spirulina fusiformis (a cyanobacterium of the family Oscillatoriaceae) in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo effect of S. fusiformis (400 or 800 mg/kg body wt.) on humoral immune response, cell-mediated immune response and tumour necrosis factor alpha was investigated in mice. We also evaluated the effect of S. fusiformis (50 or 100 microg/ml) in vitro on mitogen (phytohaemagglutinin)-induced T lymphocyte proliferation in heparinized human peripheral blood. For comparison, dexamethasone was used as a standard. In mice, S. fusiformis (400 or 800 mg/kg body wt.) administration significantly inhibited the humoral immune response, cell-mediated immune response (delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH)) and tumour necrosis factor alpha in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro, S. fusiformis (50 or 100 microg/ml) decreased the mitogen (phytohaemagglutinin)-induced T lymphocyte proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner when compared with control cells. These observations clearly suggest that S. fusiformis has a remarkable immunosuppressive effect, which provides a scientific validation for the popular use of this drug, and helped us in further work on investigating its complete mechanism of action.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation/drug effects
  10. Chowdhury MR, Moshikur RM, Wakabayashi R, Moniruzzaman M, Goto M
    Int J Pharm, 2021 May 15;601:120582.
    PMID: 33872711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120582
    Human skin contains numerous antigen-presenting cells that are a potential target for several immune-based therapies, including vaccination and cancer immunotherapy. However, the outermost layer of the skin-the stratum corneum-acts as a major physical barrier against the permeation of antigens that have a molecular weight > 500 Da. In this study, an ionic liquid-assisted delivery system (ILDS) was developed, which enabled the successful transdermal delivery of an antigenic protein, ovalbumin (OVA), with a toll-like receptor agonist, imiquimod, as an adjuvant, to stimulate a specific immune response. Both the ionic liquids and ILDS were completely biocompatible for topical or transdermal application for therapeutic purposes. The skin permeation of the antigenic protein and adjuvant was found to be significantly enhanced because of the incorporation of a surface-active ionic liquid in the ILDS. An in vivo immunization study showed that there was a high level of OVA-specific IgG antibody production because of the enhanced permeation of the antigen and adjuvant across and into the skin. In a preclusive anticancer study, vaccination through ILDS showed stronger tumor-growth inhibition compared to control group. These results indicated that the ILDS could be a promising strategy for transdermal immunization as future therapeutics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation
  11. Yadav, M., Harnam, S.
    MyJurnal
    The total and allergen-specific IgE response of patients with rhinitis, rhinoconjunctivities, rhinitis with asthma and rhinitis with dermatitis was analyzed to a panel of twelve high risk airborne and food allergens. It has been found that this panel will detect 96 percent of the allergen-causing diseases in children. It was found that 26 (76%) of the 34 young patients had a family history for atopy suggesting a high frequency of inheritance of allergic disorders. Elevated total IgE was found in most patients with allergic disease. Positive IgE antibody response to two species of Dermatophagoides mite-allergens was found in 7/12 (58%) patients with rhinitis, 11/11 (100%) patients with rhinoconjunctivitis, 7/9 (78%) cases ofrhinitis with asthma and 3/3 (100%) cases of rhinitis with dermatitis. Some of the patients also responded to food allergens. Food allergy was noted in 4/12 (33%) cases of rhinitis, 11/11 (100%) cases of rhinoconjunctivitis, 4/9 (44%) cases of rhinitis with asthma and 1/3 (33%) cases of rhinitis with dermatitis. Patients with rhinoconjunctivitis who tested positive at high titres for mites invariably had enhanced response for cockroaches, shrimps and crabs suggesting invertebrate antigen cross-reactivity. A few patients however, did not show this type of cross-reactivity although they had high titres of anti-mite IgE antibodies indicating that they responded to non cross-reacting allergen epitopes. Response to multiple allergens appears to be a common feature of most patients with respiratory or skin allergic diseases. The prevalence of multiple target-organ allergy to wide variety offood and environmental allergens complicates the long term management ofpatients with such allergic disorders.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation
  12. Jazayeri SD, Ideris A, Zakaria Z, Shameli K, Moeini H, Omar AR
    J Control Release, 2012 Jul 10;161(1):116-23.
    PMID: 22549012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.015
    DNA formulations provide the basis for safe and cost effective vaccine. Low efficiency is often observed in the delivery of DNA vaccines. In order to assess a new strategy for oral DNA vaccine formulation and delivery, plasmid encoding hemagglutinin (HA) gene of avian influenza virus, A/Ck/Malaysia/5858/04 (H5N1) (pcDNA3.1/H5) was formulated using green synthesis of sliver nanoparticles (AgNP) with polyethylene glycol (PEG). AgNP were successfully synthesized uniformly dispersed with size in the range of 4 to 18 nm with an average size of 11 nm. Cytotoxicity of the prepared AgNP was investigated in vitro and in vivo using MCF-7 cells and cytokine expression, respectively. At the concentration of -5 log₁₀AgNP, no cytotoxic effects were detected in MCF-7 cells with 9.5% cell death compared to the control. One-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks immunized once by oral gavage with 10 μl of pcDNA3.1/H5 (200 ng/ml) nanoencapsulated with 40 μl AgNP (3.7×10⁻² μg of Ag) showed no clinical manifestations. PCR successfully detect the AgNP/H5 plasmid from the duodenum of the inoculated chicken as early as 1h post-immunization. Immunization of chickens with AgNP/H5 enhanced both pro inflammatory and Th1-like expressions, although no significant differences were recorded in the chickens inoculated with AgNP, AgNP/pcDNA3.1 and the control. In addition, serum samples collected from immunized chickens with AgNP/H5 showed rapidly increasing antibody against H5 on day 14 after immunization. The highest average antibody titres were detected on day 35 post-immunization at 51.2±7.5. AgNP/H5 also elicited both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the immunized chickens as early as day 14 after immunization, at 7.5±2.0 and 20±1.9 percentage, respectively. Hence, single oral administrations of AgNP/H5 led to induce both the antibody and cell-mediated immune responses as well as enhanced cytokine production.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation
  13. Fischer K, Pickering B, Diederich S
    Methods Mol Biol, 2023;2610:17-29.
    PMID: 36534278 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2895-9_2
    Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging, zoonotic paramyxovirus that is among the most pathogenic of viruses in humans. During the first reported outbreak of NiV in Malaysia and Singapore in the late 1990s, pigs served as an intermediate host, which enabled the transmission to humans. Although subsequent outbreaks in Asia only reported direct bat-to-human and human-to-human transmission, pigs are still considered a potential source for viral dissemination in the epidemiology of the disease. Thus, serological assays such as Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or virus neutralization test (VNT) represent powerful tools to characterize the serum antibody responses in NiV-infected pigs as well as to perform seroepidemiological surveillance studies on the potential circulation of NiV or NiV-related viruses among pig populations worldwide. This chapter describes both methods in detail. Furthermore, we discuss some of the major pitfalls and indicate how to avoid them.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation
  14. Joon Tam Y, Mohd Lila MA, Bahaman AR
    Trop Biomed, 2004 Dec;21(2):121-34.
    PMID: 16493404
    Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) is an economically significant disease of swine known to cause central nervous disorders, respiratory disease, reproductive failure and mortality in infected pigs. In attempts to eradicate the disease from becoming endemic, early detection is important to prevent further economic losses and to allow for detection and removal of infected pigs in domestic herds. Thus, a rapid and sensitive technique is necessary for the detection of the virus. For rapid and simple examination, an immuno - chromatographic lateral - flow assay system based on immunologic recognition of specific pseudorabies virus antigen was developed by utilising, as signal generator, colloidal gold conjugated to secondary antibody to detect primary or sample antibody in the sera of pseudorabies infected animals. The pseudorabies virus used as a capture antigen in the test strip was first cultivated in VERO cell culture and then purified by sucrose gradient separation to produce the viral protein concentration of 3.8 mg/ml. The standard pseudorabies antigens reacted well with the hyperimmune serum (HIS). The antibody detection system is basically composed of colloidal gold - labelled antibodies fixed on a conjugate pad, and the complementary pseudorabies antigen immobilised onto a nitrocellulose membrane forming capture zone. If the target antibody is present in a specimen, the colloidal gold-labelled antibody will form a complex with the antibody sample. Subsequently, the formed complex will migrate to the capture zone and is then bound to the solid phase via antigen - antibody interaction. As a result, a signal marker is generated by the accumulation of colloidal gold for detection confirmation. The results obtained demonstrated that the optimum combination of pseudorabies antigen needed as the capture reagent and gold conjugate as secondary antibody recognition marker was at a concentration of 0.38mg/ml and at 1:10 dilution factor respectively. The sensitivity of the solid - based test strip towards pseudorabies antibodies was high with a detection limit of 1 to 10,000 - dilution factor. The specificity of the assay was 100% with no cross - reaction being observed with other sera or antibodies. Accurate reading time needed for confirmation of the assay can be completed in 5 min with a whole blood sample of 25 microl. The colloidal gold - labelled antibody is stable at room temperature for 6 months or more (data not shown). Findings from this study indicated that the solid - based test strip assay system provided high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of pseudorabies at low levels of antibody concentration. The assay was rapid, simple, cheap, and does not require any sophisticated equipment. Thus, the solid based test strip will be a useful serological screening technique or for rapid diagnosis of an infectious disease in target populations of animals characterised by heterogeneous antibody responses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation
  15. Abu Nor N, Zamri-Saad M, Md Yasin IS, Salleh A, Mustaffa-Kamal F, Matori MF, et al.
    Vaccines (Basel), 2020 Dec 04;8(4).
    PMID: 33291587 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040734
    Vibrio harveyi causes vibriosis in various commercial marine fish species. The infection leads to significant economic losses for aquaculture farms, and vaccination is an alternative approach for the prevention and control of fish diseases for aquaculture sustainability. This study describes the use of formalin-killed Vibrio harveyi (FKVh) strain Vh1 as a vaccine candidate to stimulate innate and adaptive immunities against vibriosis in a marine red hybrid tilapia model. Tilapia are fast growing; cheap; resistant to diseases; and tolerant to adverse environmental conditions of fresh water, brackish water, and marine water and because of these advantages, marine red hybrid tilapia is a suitable candidate as a model to study fish diseases and vaccinations against vibriosis. A total of 180 healthy red hybrid tilapias were gradually adapted to the marine environment before being divided into two groups, with 90 fish in each group and were kept in triplicate with 30 fish per tank. Group 1 was vaccinated intraperitoneally with 100 µL of FKVh on week 0, and a booster dose was similarly administered on week 2. Group 2 was similarly injected with PBS. Skin mucus, serum, and gut lavage were collected weekly for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a lysozyme activity assay from a total of 30 fish of each group. On week 4, the remaining 60 fish of Groups 1 and 2 were challenged with 108 cfu/fish of live Vibrio harveyi. The clinical signs were monitored while the survival rate was recorded for 48 h post-challenge. Vaccination with FKVh resulted in a significantly (p < 0.05) higher rate of survival (87%) compared to the control (20%). The IgM antibody titer and lysozyme activities of Group 1 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the unvaccinated Groups 2 in most weeks throughout the experiment. Therefore, the intraperitoneal exposure of marine red hybrid tilapia to killed V. harveyi enhanced the resistance and antibody response of the fish against vibriosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation
  16. Effendy AW, Zamri-Saad M, Puspa R, Rosiah S
    Vet Rec, 1998 Apr 18;142(16):428-31.
    PMID: 9595632
    A trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of intranasal vaccination in protecting goats against pneumonic pasteurellosis with intramuscular vaccination using an oil adjuvant vaccine, and a combination of the two methods. Forty goats were divided into four equal groups. Group 1 was vaccinated twice intranasally with formalin-killed Pasteurella haemolytica A2, group 2 was vaccinated twice intramuscularly with an oil adjuvant vaccine containing P haemolytica A7, and group 3 was initially vaccinated intranasally with the formalin-killed P haemolytica A2 followed by intramuscular vaccination with the oil adjuvant vaccine. In each group the two vaccinations were carried out four weeks apart. Group 4 was the unvaccinated control group. All goats were challenged intratracheally with 4 ml of an inoculum containing live P haemolytica A2 at a concentration of 1.3 x 10(7) colony forming units/ml two weeks after the last vaccination and were killed 14 days after the challenge. Although group 2 showed the highest clinical score following the challenge, deaths were observed only in group 3. Three goats in group 1 had pneumonic lung lesions, compared with six goats in group 2 and all the goats in groups 3 and 4. The lung lesions in group 1 were significantly (P < 0.05) less severe than in groups 3 and 4. Similarly, the lesions in group 2 were markedly less severe than in groups 3 and 4, although the differences were not significant. The difference between the extent of the lung lesions in the goats in groups 1 and 2 was not significant. Antibody against P haemolytica A2 in group 1 reached peak levels and was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than in the control group one week after the second vaccination, before declining.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation
  17. Lew MH, Norazmi MN, Tye GJ
    Mol Immunol, 2020 Jan;117:54-64.
    PMID: 31739193 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.10.023
    Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest human diseases worldwide caused by mycobacterial infection in the lung. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine protects against disseminated TB in children, but its effectiveness is still questionable due to highly variable protections in adolescence and elderly individuals. Targeting the latency M.tb antigen is a recent therapeutic approach to eradicate dormant pathogen that could possibly lead to disease activation. In this study, we aimed to potentiate immune responses elicited against 16 kDa α-crystalline (HspX) tuberculosis latency antigen by incorporation of Combined Adjuvant for Synergistic Activation of Cellular immunity (CASAC). Histidine-tagged recombinant HspX protein was initially produced in Escherichia coli and purified using Ni-NTA chromatography. To evaluate its adjuvanticity, C57BL/6 mice (n = 5) were initially primed and intradermally immunised in 2-weeks interval for 4 rounds with recombinant HspX, formulated with and without CASAC. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses elicited against HspX antigen were evaluated using ELISA and Flow Cytometry. Our findings showed that CASAC improved humoral immunity with increased antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibody response. Stronger CD8+ and Th1-driven immunity was induced by CASAC formulation as supported by elevated level of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-17A; and with low IL-10 secretion. Interestingly, adjuvanted HspX vaccine triggered a higher percentage of effector memory T-cell population than those immunised with unadjuvanted vaccine. In conclusion, CASAC adjuvant has great potential to enhance immunogenicity elicited against HspX antigen, which could be an alternative regimen to improve the efficacy of future therapeutic vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation
  18. Ismail MI, Tan SW, Hair-Bejo M, Omar AR
    J Vet Sci, 2020 Nov;21(6):e76.
    PMID: 33263227 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e76
    BACKGROUND: The predominant infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains detected in chickens in Malaysia are the Malaysian variant (MV) and QX-like, which are associated with respiratory distress, nephropathy, and high mortality. On the other hand, the antigenic relatedness and efficacy of IBV vaccines against these 2 field IBV strains are not well characterized.

    OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the antigen relatedness and efficacy of different IB vaccine strains against a challenge with MV and QX-like strains.

    METHODS: The antigen relatedness and the ability of different IB vaccine strains in conferring protection against MV and QX-like were assessed based on the clinical signs, macroscopic lesions, and ciliary activity.

    RESULTS: The MV strain IBS037A/2014 showed minor antigenic subtype differences with the vaccine virus Mass H120 and 4/91 strains but showed major antigenic subtype differences with the K2 strain. The Malaysian QX-like strain IBS130/2015 showed major antigenic subtype differences with the MV strain IBS037A/2014 and the vaccine strains except for K2. Chickens vaccinated once with Mass (H120) or with non-Mass (4/91 and K2) developed antibody responses with the highest antibody titer detected in the groups vaccinated with H120 and 4/91. The mean ciliary activities of the vaccinated chickens were between 56 to 59% and 48 to 52% in chickens challenged with IBS037A/2014 and IBS130/2015, respectively. The vaccinated and challenged birds showed mild to severe lesions in the lungs and kidneys.

    CONCLUSIONS: Despite the minor antigenic subtype differences, a single inoculation with Mass or non-Mass vaccines could not protect against the MV IBS037A/2014 and QX-like IBS130/2015.

    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation
  19. Baxter R, Patriarca PA, Ensor K, Izikson R, Goldenthal KL, Cox MM
    Vaccine, 2011 Mar 9;29(12):2272-8.
    PMID: 21277410 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.039
    Alternative methods for influenza vaccine production are needed to ensure adequate supplies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation
  20. Leong YK, Awang A
    Microbiol. Immunol., 1990;34(2):153-62.
    PMID: 2161071
    Rotaviral infections in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fasicularis) were studied to ascertain its suitability as a model of infection and diarrhea caused by group A human rotaviruses. Formula-fed monkeys were used as they could be observed closely. Experimental rotaviral infection of cynomolgus monkeys was age-dependent; only young monkeys were readily infected. Formula-fed newborns were readily infected with cell-culture-adapted human (WA) and simian (SA11) viruses and with a rotavirus from a human fecal specimen. However, diarrhea was detected only in very young animals. A number of rotaviral shedding patterns as a function of time were observed. Although there was no typical viral shedding pattern which represented exclusive association of viral infection with diarrhea, the initial level of viral excretion and the maximum level of viral shedding attained were much higher in animals with diarrhea. Seroconversion occurred in less than half of the inoculated animals. The presence of maternal rotaviral antibodies did not prevent infection or diarrhea.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antibody Formation
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