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Typhonium flagelliforme inhibits cancer cell growth in vitro and induces apoptosis: an evaluation by the bioactivity guided approach

Lai CS, Mas RH, Nair NK, Majid MI, Mansor SM, Navaratnam V

J Ethnopharmacol, 2008 Jun 19;118(1):14-20.
PMID: 18436400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.02.034

Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd.) Blume (Araceae) is a Malaysian plant used locally to combat cancer. In order to evaluate its antiproliferative activity in vitro and to possibly identify the active chemical constituents, a bioactivity guided study was conducted on the extracts of this plant.

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae/chemistry*
Typhonium flagelliforme induces apoptosis in CEMss cells via activation of caspase-9, PARP cleavage and cytochrome c release: its activation coupled with G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest

Mohan S, Abdul AB, Abdelwahab SI, Al-Zubairi AS, Sukari MA, Abdullah R, et al.

J Ethnopharmacol, 2010 Oct 5;131(3):592-600.
PMID: 20673794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.043

The plant Typhonium flagelliforme (TF), commonly known as 'rodent tuber' in Malaysia, is often used as traditional remedy for cancer, including leukemia.

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae/chemistry*
Fulltext Studies on homalomeneae (araceae) of borneo v: a new species and new supergroup record, of homalomena from sabah, malaysian borneo

Sulaiman B, Boyce PC

Trop Life Sci Res, 2010 Dec;21(2):85-90.
PMID: 24575201 MyJurnal

Homalomena galbana Baharuddin S. & P.C. Boyce is described from the Maliau Basin Conservation Area, Sabah, representing the first species of the Homalomena Supergroup to be recorded from Sabah, and the first mesophytic species of the Supergroup to be described from Borneo. The species is illustrated and a brief discussion on the pollination role of interpistillar staminodes is presented.

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae
Studies on Monstereae (Araceae) of Peninsular Malaysia I: Rhaphidophora megasperma, a New Record for West Malaysia

Sulaiman B, Boyce PC

Trop Life Sci Res, 2010 Dec;21(2):1-6.
PMID: 24575195

Rhaphidophora megasperma Engl., a species hitherto regarded as endemic to Sarawak, East Malaysia, is published as a new record for Peninsular Malaysia. It is the first species in the Rhaphidophora Spathacea group recorded for western Sunda. The species is illustrated and a key to the perforate-laminated Rhaphidophora in Peninsular Malaysia is presented.

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae
Fulltext Studies on Monstereae (Araceae) of Peninsular Malaysia I: Rhaphidophora megasperma, a new record for West Malaysia

Baharuddin Sulaiman, Boyce, Peter C.

Trop Life Sci Res, 2010;21(2):-.
MyJurnal

Rhaphidophora megasperma Engl., a species hitherto regarded as endemic to Sarawak, East Malaysia, is published as a new record for Peninsular Malaysia. It is the first species in the Rhaphidophora Spathacea group recorded for western Sunda. The species is illustrated and a key to the perforate-laminated Rhaphidophora in Peninsular Malaysia is presented.

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae
Salvinia molesta dan pistia stratiotes sebagai agen fitoremediasi dalam rawatan air sisa kumbahan

Marlia M. Hanafiah, Nan Hamiza Syazira Megat Mohamad, Nur Izzah Hamna Abd. Aziz

Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1625-1634.

Akumulasi logam berat dan bahan pencemar ke dalam ekosistem akuatik memberi impak negatif kepada alam sekitar dan organisma akuatik. Salvinia molesta dan Pistia stratiotes merupakan spesies yang mempunyai kadar pertumbuhan yang cepat dan berkemampuan dalam mengakumulasi logam berat dan menyerap nutrien menjadikan ia sesuai digunakan untuk merawat air sisa melalui kaedah bioteknologi iaitu fitoremediasi. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menentukan kualiti air sisa kumbahan sebelum dan selepas rawatan menggunakan kaedah fitoremediasi. Selain itu, objektif kajian ini juga adalah untuk menilai keberkesanan Salvinia molesta dan Pistia stratiotes sebagai agen fitoremediasi bagi rawatan air sisa. Sampel tumbuhan akuatik berbeza berat iaitu 10, 20 dan 30 g diuji untuk rawatan tersebut. Ujian ANOVA satu hala menunjukkan perbezaan kadar pengurangan jumlah pepejal terampai dan ammoniakal nitrogen yang bererti (p<0.05) bagi 10, 20 dan 30 g Pistia stratiotes dan Salvinia molesta sepanjang kajian dijalankan iaitu daripada hari 0 sehingga hari ke-7. Keputusan kajian juga menunjukkan 30 dan 20 g Pistia stratiotes dan Salvinia molesta dapat menyingkirkan jumlah pepejal terampai dan ammoniakal nitrogen dengan lebih cepat berbanding berat tumbuhan 10 g. Ujian ANOVA satu hala juga tidak menunjukkan perbezaan yang bererti bagi kadar pengurangan jumlah pepejal terampai dan ammoniakal nitrogen antara Pistia stratiotes dan Salvinia molesta.

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae
Fulltext Rhaphidophora korthalsii modulates peripheral blood natural killer cell proliferation, cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity

Yeap SK, Omar AR, Ho WY, Beh BK, Ali AM, Alitheen NB

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2013;13:145.
PMID: 23800124 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-145

Rhaphidophora korthalsii (Araceae) is a root-climber plant which has been widely used in Chinese traditional medicine for cancer and skin disease treatment. Previous reports have recorded its immunomodulatory effects on mice splenocyte and human peripheral blood. This study investigated the potential immunostimulatory effect of Rhaphidophora korthalsii on human PBMC enriched NK cell.

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae/chemistry*
Phytoremediation capabilities of Spirodela polyrhiza, Salvinia molesta and Lemna sp. in synthetic wastewater: A comparative study

Ng YS, Chan DJC

Int J Phytoremediation, 2018;20(12):1179-1186.
PMID: 29053371 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1375895

Macrophytes have been used to mitigate eutrophication and upgrade effluent quality via their nutrient removal capability. However, the available data are influenced by factors such as microbial activities, weather, and wastewater quality, making comparison between nutrient removal performance of different macrophytes almost impossible. In this study, phytoremediation by Spirodela polyrhiza, Salvinia molesta and Lemna sp. were carried out axenically in synthetic wastewater under controlled condition to precisely evaluate nutrient removal efficiency of NO3--N, PO43-, NH3-N, COD and pH in the water sample. The results showed that ammonia removal was rapid, significant for S. polyrhiza and Lemna sp., with efficiency of 60% and 41% respectively within 2 days. S. polyrhiza was capable of reducing 30% of the nitrate. Lemna sp. achieved the highest phosphate reduction of 86% at day 12 to mere 1.07 mg/L PO43--P. Correlation was found between COD and TC, suggesting the release of organic substances by macrophytes into the medium. All the macrophytes showed biomass increment. S. polyrhiza outperformed other macrophytes in nutrient removal despite lower biomass production. The acquired nutrient removal profiles can serve as a guideline for the selection of suitable macrophytes in wastewater treatment and to evaluate microbial activity in non-aseptic phytoremediation system.

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae*
Photocytotoxic pheophorbide-related compounds from Aglaonema simplex

Chee CF, Lee HB, Ong HC, Ho AS

Chem Biodivers, 2005 Dec;2(12):1648-55.
PMID: 17191961

In our screening program for new photosensitizers from the Malaysian biodiversity, we found five pheophorbide-related compounds from the leaves and stems of Aglaonema simplex. Detailed spectroscopic analyses showed that compounds 1-3 and 5 are pheophorbide and hydroxy pheophorbide derivatives of chlorophyll a and b. Compound 4, identified as 15(1)-hydroxypurpurin-7-lactone ethyl methyl diester, was isolated for the first time from the Araceae family. An MTT-based short-term survival assay showed that all five compounds exhibit moderate-to-strong photocytotoxic activities towards human leukemia (HL60) and two oral squamous carcinoma cell lines (HSC-2 and HSC-3). Compounds 4 and 5 showed the strongest photocytotoxicities, with IC(50) values of 0.30-0.41 muM (Table 2). Compounds 1-3 with Et chains at C(17(3)) were less photocytotoxic than the parent pheophorbide a (5).

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae*
Pharmacological insights on the antidepressant, anxiolytic and aphrodisiac potentials of Aglaonema hookerianum Schott

Goni O, Khan MF, Rahman MM, Hasan MZ, Kader FB, Sazzad N, et al.

J Ethnopharmacol, 2021 Mar 25;268:113664.
PMID: 33278545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113664

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Aglaonema hookerianum Schott is an ethnomedicinally important plant used to treat a variety of diseases, including sexual and depression-like disorders. However, the scientific basis underlying the aforesaid properties have not been well justified.
AIM OF THE STUDY: The present investigation aimed to investigate the anxiolytic, antidepressant and aphrodisiac potentials of methanol leaves extract of A. hookerianum (MEAH) in Swiss albino mice.
MATERIALS & METHODS: Swiss albino mice (20-30 g) were orally administrated with MEAH at the doses ranging from 100 to 400 mg/kg, b.w. The elevated plus maze (EPM) and hole board test (HBT) were performed to determine the anxiolytic activity and the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were performed to determine the antidepressant activity of MEAH. Besides, the aphrodisiac activity of MEAH was conducted through the mounting behaviour and orientation behaviour analysis. Diazepam (1 mg/kg, b.w., i.p.) for EPM and HBT; fluoxetine HCl (20 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.) for FST and TST, and sildenafil (5 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.) for the mounting behaviour analysis and orientation behaviour analysis were used as reference drugs.
RESULTS: The administration of the MEAH produced a strong (p

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae*
Fulltext Ornamental potted plant as air bio-filters for indoor environments

Mohd Mahathir Suhaimi Shamsuri, Leman, A.M., Azian Hariri, Azizi Afandi

Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2016;13(2):1-8.
MyJurnal

The cultivation of indoor plants in indoor environment has become a topic of interest among researchers worldwide for its
potential to improve indoor air quality (IAQ). However, the adaptations of environmental factor of each plant need to be investigated
to correspond with the native environment. The study investigate the capability of plants selected to live indoor. Before experiment was
conducted, all plants selected were assimilated with indoor environment for two months. Photosynthesis proses in this experiment will
be a guidance to determine the comparative for every plant. The portable photosynthesis system equipment (LI-COR 6400) was used to
determine the level of photosynthesis rate for each of plants. Accordingly, among of all plants tested, Spider Plant showed less effective
to be grown with indoor environment by the rate of photosynthesis value up to -0.15. Moreover, light compensation point (LCP) of
Spider Plant also indicated the light intensity consumption was 2960 lux which is extremely higher than 300 lux. As a conclusion, only
six plants in this study which are Anthurium, Dumb Cane, Golden Pothos, Kadaka Fern, Prayer Plant, and Syngonium are able to
survive with indoor environment. In the next stage of study, this six plants may give good results to enhance the IAQ.

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae
On-site phytoremediation applicability assessment in Alur Ilmu, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia based on spatial and pollution removal analyses

Mahmud MH, Lee KE, Goh TL

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2017 Oct;24(29):22873-22884.
PMID: 28905277 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0079-y

The present paper aims to assess the phytoremediation performance based on pollution removal efficiency of the highly polluted region of Alur Ilmu urban river for its applicability of on-site treatment. Thirteen stations along Alur Ilmu were selected to produce thematic maps through spatial distribution analysis based on six water quality parameters of Malaysia's Water Quality Index (WQI) for dry and raining seasons. The maps generated were used to identify the highly polluted region for phytoremediation applicability assessment. Four free-floating plants were tested in treating water samples from the highly polluted region under three different conditions, namely controlled, aerated and normal treatments. The selected free-floating plants were water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), rose water lettuce (Pistia sp.) and pennywort (Centella asiatica). The results showed that Alur Ilmu was more polluted during dry season compared to raining season based on the water quality analysis. During dry season, four parameters were marked as polluted along Alur Ilmu, namely dissolve oxygen (DO), 4.72 mg/L (class III); ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), 0.85 mg/L (class IV); total suspended solid (TSS), 402 mg/L (class V) and biological oxygen demand (BOD), 3.89 mg/L (class III), whereas, two parameters were classed as polluted during raining season, namely total suspended solid (TSS), 571 mg/L (class V) and biological oxygen demand (BOD), 4.01 mg/L (class III). The thematic maps generated from spatial distribution analysis using Kriging gridding method showed that the highly polluted region was recorded at station AL 5. Hence, water samples were taken from this station for pollution removal analysis. All the free-floating plants were able to reduce TSS and COD in less than 14 days. However, water hyacinth showed the least detrimental effect from the phytoremediation process compared to other free-floating plants, thus made it a suitable free-floating plants to be used for on-site treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae/growth & development*
Novel Phytochemical Constituents and Anticancer Activities of the Genus, Typhonium

Khalivulla SI, Mohammed A, Sirajudeen KNS, Shaik MI, Ye W, Korivi M

Curr Drug Metab, 2019;20(12):946-957.
PMID: 31744445 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666191118102616

BACKGROUND: Typhonium is the largest genus in the Araceae family (~70 species), distributed in South Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia. Typhonium is well-known for its ethnopharmacological uses, and Southeast Asians consider it as an alternative medicine to treat cancer. This review elucidated the confirmed chemical structures of the isolated compounds of Typhonium and emphasized on their anticancer activities against various human cancer cells.
METHODS: Among several species, Typhonium blumei, T. flagelliforme, T. divaricatum and T. giganteum were extensively studied due to the presence of a class of secondary metabolites. All the available reports on Typhonium were included and discussed in this article.
RESULTS: Until now several groups of compounds, namely amino acids (1, 2), cinnamic acid (3), fatty acids (4-14), glycerol derivatives (15-18) and cerebrosides (19-34), flavonoids (35), hydantoins (36-38), lignin monomers (39-44), nucleobases (45-48), pheophorbides (49-52), phthalate (53), terpene and steroids (54-59) and vitamins (60, 61) were isolated and characterized from Typhonium. These phytochemicals were investigated for their anticancer properties, and results confirmed the promising growth inhibitory effect and anticancer activities against human lung, breast, prostate and colon cancer cells. The anticancer activity of these compounds appears to be mediated through the induction of apoptotic cell death. These phytochemicals further reported to exhibit other pharmacological efficacies, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-allergic, neuroprotective and hepato-protective properties.
CONCLUSION: This is the first review to summarize the anticancer properties of all isolated compounds of Typhonium genus with confirmed chemical structures. Further advanced studies are necessary to establish the detailed signaling pathways that are involved in the anticancer property of the compounds.

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae/chemistry*
Fulltext Molecular evidence of the hybrid origin of Cryptocoryne ×purpurea Ridl. nothovar. purpurea (Araceae)

Rosazlina R, Jacobsen N, Ørgaard M, Othman AS

PLoS One, 2021;16(1):e0239499.
PMID: 33476321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239499

Natural hybridization has been considered a source of taxonomic complexity in Cryptocoryne. A combined study of DNA sequencing data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the trnK-matK region of chloroplast DNA was used to identify the parents of Cryptocoryne putative hybrids from Peninsular Malaysia. Based on the intermediate morphology and sympatric distribution area, the plants were tentatively identified as the hybrid Cryptocoryne ×purpurea nothovar. purpurea. The plants were pollen sterile and had long been considered as hybrids, supposedly between two related and co-existing species, C. cordata var. cordata and C. griffithii. The status of C. ×purpurea nothovar. purpurea was independently confirmed by the presence of an additive ITS sequence pattern from these two parental species in hybrid individuals. An analysis of the chloroplast trnK-matK sequences showed that the hybridization is bidirectional with the putative hybrids sharing identical sequences from C. cordata var. cordata and C. griffithii, indicating that both putative parental species had been the maternal parent in different accessions.

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae/genetics*
Isolation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from oil palm biomass residue

Mohamad Haafiz MK, Eichhorn SJ, Hassan A, Jawaid M

Carbohydr Polym, 2013 Apr 2;93(2):628-34.
PMID: 23499105 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.035

In this work, we successfully isolated microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber-total chlorine free (TCF) pulp using acid hydrolysis method. TCF pulp bleaching carried out using an oxygen-ozone-hydrogen peroxide bleaching sequence. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy indicates that acid hydrolysis does not affect the chemical structure of the cellulosic fragments. The morphology of the hydrolyzed MCC was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showing a compact structure and a rough surface. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of the surface indicates the presence of spherical features. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the MCC produced is a cellulose-I polymorph, with 87% crystallinity. The MCC obtained from OPEFB-pulp is shown to have a good thermal stability. The potential for a range of applications such as green nano biocomposites reinforced with this form of MCC and pharmaceutical tableting material is discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae/chemistry*
Fulltext Immunomodulatory Effect of Rhaphidophora korthalsii on Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity

Yeap SK, Omar AR, Ali AM, Ho WY, Beh BK, Alitheen NB

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012;2012:786487.
PMID: 21941589 DOI: 10.1155/2012/786487

The in vivo immunomodulatory effect of ethanolic extracts from leaves of Rhaphidophora korthalsii was determined via immune cell proliferation, T/NK cell phenotyping, and splenocyte cytotoxicity of BALB/c mice after 5 consecutive days of i.p. administration at various concentrations. Splenocyte proliferation index, cytotoxicity, peripheral blood T/NK cell population, and plasma cytokine (IL-2 and IFN-γ) in mice were assessed on day 5 and day 15. High concentration of extract (350 μg/mice/day for 5 consecutive days) was able to stimulate immune cell proliferation, peripheral blood NK cell population, IL-2, and IFN- γ cytokines, as well as splenocyte cytotoxicity against Yac-1 cell line. Unlike rIL-2 which degraded rapidly, the stimulatory effect from the extract managed to last until day 15. These results suggested the potential of this extract as an alternative immunostimulator, and they encourage further study on guided fractionation and purification to identify the active ingredients that contribute to this in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activity.

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae
Fulltext Homalomena pineodora essential oil nanoparticle inhibits diabetic wound pathogens

Rozman NAS, Tong WY, Leong CR, Anuar MR, Karim S, Ong SK, et al.

Sci Rep, 2020 02 24;10(1):3307.
PMID: 32094395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60364-0

Essential oil of Homalomena pineodora inhibits diabetic pathogens; however, the activity was not sustainable when applied as wound dressing. This study aims to synthesise the essential oil nanoparticle using chitosan. The nanoparticles were synthesised with ion gelation method, confirmed by spectroscopic analysis. The spherical nanoparticles display a size of 70 nm, with strong surface charge of +24.10 mV. The nanoparticles showed an initial burst release followed by a slow release pattern for 72 h, following the first order of kinetic. The release behaviour was ideal for wound dressing. The antimicrobial activity was broad spectrum. The formation of nanoparticle enhanced the antimicrobial efficacy of the essential oil. The nanoparticle also showed a concentration-dependent killing behaviour on time-kill assay. In the 3D collagen wound models, the nanoparticles reduced the microbial growth by 60-80%. In conclusion, H. pineodora nanoparticles showed pharmaceutical potential in inhibiting microbial growth on diabetic ulcers.

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae/chemistry*
High yield production of sugars from deproteinated palm kernel cake under microwave irradiation via dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis

Fan SP, Jiang LQ, Chia CH, Fang Z, Zakaria S, Chee KL

Bioresour Technol, 2014 Feb;153:69-78.
PMID: 24342947 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.11.055

Recent years, great interest has been devoted to the conversion of biomass-derived carbohydrate into sugars, such as glucose, mannose and fructose. These are important versatile intermediate products that are easily processed into high value-added biofuels. In this work, microwave-assisted dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis of deproteinated palm kernel cake (DPKC) was systematically studied using Response Surface Methodology. The highest mannose yield (92.11%) was achieved at the optimized condition of 148°C, 0.75N H2SO4, 10min 31s and substrate to solvent (SS) ratio (w/v) of 1:49.69. Besides that, total fermentable sugars yield (77.11%), was obtained at 170°C, 0.181N H2SO4, 6min 6s and SS ratio (w/v) of 1:40. Ridge analysis was employed to further verify the optimum conditions. Thus, this work provides fundamental data of the practical use of DPKC as low cost, high yield and environmental-friendly material for the production of mannose and other sugars.

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae/drug effects; Araceae/chemistry*
Growth arrest and non-apoptotic programmed cell death associated with the up-regulation of c-myc mRNA expression in T-47D breast tumor cells following exposure to Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. hexane extract

Tan ML, Muhammad TS, Najimudin N, Sulaiman SF

J Ethnopharmacol, 2005 Jan 15;96(3):375-83.
PMID: 15619555

Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. hexane extract produced a significant growth inhibition against T-47D breast carcinoma cells and analysis of cell death mechanisms indicated that the extract elicited a non-apoptotic programmed cell death. T-47D cells exposed to the extract at EC(50) concentration (72 h) for 24 h failed to demonstrate typical DNA fragmentation associated with apoptosis, as carried out using a modified TUNEL assay. In addition, acute exposure to the extract produced an insignificant regulation of caspase-3 and p53 mRNA expression but increased in the c-myc mRNA expression. Ultrastructural analysis using transmission electron microscope demonstrated distinct vacuolated cells, which strongly indicated a Type II non-apoptotic cell death although the changes in chromatin were also detected. The presence of non-apoptotic programmed cell death was then reconfirmed with annexin-V and propidium iodide staining. These findings suggested that up-regulation of c-myc mRNA expression may have contributed to the growth arrest and Type II non-apoptotic programmed cell death in the Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. hexane extract-treated T-47D cells.

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae*
Fulltext Green synthesis, characterisation and biological evaluation of plant-based silver nanoparticles using Quercus semecarpifolia Smith aqueous leaf extract

Khattak A, Ahmad B, Rauf A, Bawazeer S, Farooq U, Ali J, et al.

IET Nanobiotechnol, 2019 Feb;13(1):36-41.
PMID: 30964035 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5063

The development of reliable and green methods for the fabrication of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) has many advantages in the field of nanotechnology. In this direction, the present work describes an eco-friendly and cost-effective protocol for the production of silver NPs (AgNPs) using an aqueous extract of Quercus semecarpifolia leaves. Different techniques were carried out for the characterisation of the synthesised AgNPs. The ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic analysis showed the highest absorbance peak at 430 nm. The particle size and structure were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. From TEM imaging, it was revealed that the formed particles were spherical with an average size of 20-50 nm. The crystalline nature of the NPs was determined by X-ray powder diffraction patterns. Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis were also evaluated by a temperature increment from 100 to 1000°C. Bio-inspired synthesis of AgNPs was performed for their pharmacological evaluation in relation to the activities of the crude methanolic, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts. Good cytotoxic activity was exhibited by the green-synthesised AgNPs (77%). Furthermore, the AgNPs were found to exhibit significant antioxidant activity at 300 μg/ml (82%). The AgNPs also exhibited good phytotoxic potential (75%).

Matched MeSH terms: Araceae/drug effects

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