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  1. Giannakopoulou O, Lin K, Meng X, Su MH, Kuo PH, Peterson RE, et al.
    JAMA Psychiatry, 2021 Nov 01;78(11):1258-1269.
    PMID: 34586374 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.2099
    IMPORTANCE: Most previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of depression have used data from individuals of European descent. This limits the understanding of the underlying biology of depression and raises questions about the transferability of findings between populations.

    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the genetics of depression among individuals of East Asian and European descent living in different geographic locations, and with different outcome definitions for depression.

    DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Genome-wide association analyses followed by meta-analysis, which included data from 9 cohort and case-control data sets comprising individuals with depression and control individuals of East Asian descent. This study was conducted between January 2019 and May 2021.

    EXPOSURES: Associations of genetic variants with depression risk were assessed using generalized linear mixed models and logistic regression. The results were combined across studies using fixed-effects meta-analyses. These were subsequently also meta-analyzed with the largest published GWAS for depression among individuals of European descent. Additional meta-analyses were carried out separately by outcome definition (clinical depression vs symptom-based depression) and region (East Asian countries vs Western countries) for East Asian ancestry cohorts.

    MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Depression status was defined based on health records and self-report questionnaires.

    RESULTS: There were a total of 194 548 study participants (approximate mean age, 51.3 years; 62.8% women). Participants included 15 771 individuals with depression and 178 777 control individuals of East Asian descent. Five novel associations were identified, including 1 in the meta-analysis for broad depression among those of East Asian descent: rs4656484 (β = -0.018, SE = 0.003, P = 4.43x10-8) at 1q24.1. Another locus at 7p21.2 was associated in a meta-analysis restricted to geographically East Asian studies (β = 0.028, SE = 0.005, P = 6.48x10-9 for rs10240457). The lead variants of these 2 novel loci were not associated with depression risk in European ancestry cohorts (β = -0.003, SE = 0.005, P = .53 for rs4656484 and β = -0.005, SE = 0.004, P = .28 for rs10240457). Only 11% of depression loci previously identified in individuals of European descent reached nominal significance levels in the individuals of East Asian descent. The transancestry genetic correlation between cohorts of East Asian and European descent for clinical depression was r = 0.413 (SE = 0.159). Clinical depression risk was negatively genetically correlated with body mass index in individuals of East Asian descent (r = -0.212, SE = 0.084), contrary to findings for individuals of European descent.

    CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These results support caution against generalizing findings about depression risk factors across populations and highlight the need to increase the ancestral and geographic diversity of samples with consistent phenotyping.

    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group/ethnology; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics*
  2. Ishigooka J, Nakamura J, Fujii Y, Iwata N, Kishimoto T, Iyo M, et al.
    Schizophr Res, 2015 Feb;161(2-3):421-8.
    PMID: 25556976 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.013
    This study was designed to evaluate efficacy and safety of aripiprazole once-monthly (AOM) by verifying non-inferiority of AOM to oral aripiprazole in Asian patients with schizophrenia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
  3. Thai AC, Mohan V, Khalid BA, Cockram CS, Pan CY, Zimmet P, et al.
    Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2008 May;80(2):224-30.
    PMID: 18207602 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2007.12.003
    In this paper, the islet autoimmunity status and relation to clinical characteristics, beta cell function and cardio-metabolic risk factors in young-onset Asian diabetic patients are evaluated at baseline. The study population consisted of 912 patients (from China, India, Malaysia and Singapore) with age 12-40 years and diabetes duration <12 months. Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) and tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2A), beta cell function and cardio-metabolic risk parameters were assessed. Among our young patient cohort, 105 (11.5%) patients were GADA and/or IA-2A positives (Ab +ve). Ab +ve patients were younger, leaner, had more severe hyperglycaemia and lower beta cell function. The frequency of metabolic syndrome was significantly lower in Ab +ve patients (27%) compared to Ab -ve patients (54%). However, a substantial proportion of patients in both groups of patients had atherogenic dyslipidaemia, hypertension and albuminuria (micro or macro). In our study cohort, only one in 10 Asian youth with new-onset diabetes had evidence of islet autoimmunity. At least 60% of Ab +ve and 50% of Ab -ve patients demonstrated classical features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes respectively. Regardless of autoimmunity status, the cardio-metabolic risk factors, in particular atherogenic dyslipidaemia, hypertension and albuminuria were common in our patients with young-onset diabetes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group/ethnology
  4. Tromp J, Tay WT, Ouwerkerk W, Teng TK, Yap J, MacDonald MR, et al.
    PLoS Med, 2018 03;15(3):e1002541.
    PMID: 29584721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002541
    BACKGROUND: Comorbidities are common in patients with heart failure (HF) and complicate treatment and outcomes. We identified patterns of multimorbidity in Asian patients with HF and their association with patients' quality of life (QoL) and health outcomes.

    METHODS AND FINDINGS: We used data on 6,480 patients with chronic HF (1,204 with preserved ejection fraction) enrolled between 1 October 2012 and 6 October 2016 in the Asian Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure (ASIAN-HF) registry. The ASIAN-HF registry is a prospective cohort study, with patients prospectively enrolled from in- and outpatient clinics from 11 Asian regions (Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, Japan, Korea, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, and Philippines). Latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of multimorbidity. The primary outcome was defined as a composite of all-cause mortality or HF hospitalization within 1 year. To assess differences in QoL, we used the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire. We identified 5 distinct multimorbidity groups: elderly/atrial fibrillation (AF) (N = 1,048; oldest, more AF), metabolic (N = 1,129; obesity, diabetes, hypertension), young (N = 1,759; youngest, low comorbidity rates, non-ischemic etiology), ischemic (N = 1,261; ischemic etiology), and lean diabetic (N = 1,283; diabetic, hypertensive, low prevalence of obesity, high prevalence of chronic kidney disease). Patients in the lean diabetic group had the worst QoL, more severe signs and symptoms of HF, and the highest rate of the primary combined outcome within 1 year (29% versus 11% in the young group) (p for all <0.001). Adjusting for confounders (demographics, New York Heart Association class, and medication) the lean diabetic (hazard ratio [HR] 1.79, 95% CI 1.46-2.22), elderly/AF (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.26-1.96), ischemic (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.22-1.88), and metabolic (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.02-1.60) groups had higher rates of the primary combined outcome compared to the young group. Potential limitations include site selection and participation bias.

    CONCLUSIONS: Among Asian patients with HF, comorbidities naturally clustered in 5 distinct patterns, each differentially impacting patients' QoL and health outcomes. These data underscore the importance of studying multimorbidity in HF and the need for more comprehensive approaches in phenotyping patients with HF and multimorbidity.

    TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01633398.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
  5. Jan Mohamed HJ, Yap RW, Loy SL, Norris SA, Biesma R, Aagaard-Hansen J
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2015 Mar;27(2):123-35.
    PMID: 25524952 DOI: 10.1177/1010539514562447
    This systematic review aimed to examine trends in overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among Malaysian adults, and to identify its underlying determinants. A review of studies published between 2000 and 2012 on overweight, obesity, and T2DM was conducted. The Cochrane library of systematic reviews, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Biosis, Scopus, and MyJurnal digital database were searched. According to national studies, the prevalence of overweight increased from 26.7% in 2003 to 29.4% in 2011; obesity prevalence increased from 12.2% in 2003 to 15.1% in 2011, and T2DM prevalence was reported as 11.6% in 2006 and 15.2% in 2011. Distal determinants of increased risk of overweight, obesity, and T2DM were as follows: female, Malay/Indian ethnicity, and low educational level. The limited number of studies on proximal determinants of these noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) indicated that an unhealthy diet was associated with increased risk, whereas smoking was associated with decreased risk. However, more studies on the proximal determinants of overweight, obesity, and T2DM within the Malaysian context are needed. Overall, our findings provide insights for designing both future investigative studies and strategies to control and prevent these NCDs in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
  6. AlMarri TS, Oei TP, AbRahman RM
    Addict Behav, 2009 Sep;34(9):776-8.
    PMID: 19481874 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.05.009
    The influence of an individuals' belief in their ability to resist drinking alcohol has recognised importance in understanding the pattern of drinking behaviours among Caucasian samples. Measures used to investigate this construct, such as the drinking refusal self-efficacy questionnaire-revised (DRSEQ-R; [Oei, T. P. S., Hasking, P. A., & Young, R. M. (2005). Drinking refusal self-efficacy questionnaire-revised (DRSEQ-R): A new factor structure with confirmatory factor analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 78, 297-307.]) have been widely used and have established psychometric properties. However, the exploration of the utility of this questionnaire with samples of different ethnicity, religion and living in different countries remains scarce. In the current study, Arab Muslim samples living in the United Arab Emirates and Oman (n=356) and Asian predominately Muslim samples living in Malaysia and Indonesia (n=256) were used. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the DRSEQ-R has a three factor structure. Internal consistency ranged from alpha .96 to alpha .86 and validity was good. This study offers evidence of the utility of this measure with Arab and Asian samples.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group/psychology*
  7. Lim LC, Tan HH, Lee LH, Tien SL, Abdul Ghafar A
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 1999 Mar;28(2):252-5.
    PMID: 10497677
    Resistance to activated protein C (APC-R) is the commonest inherited cause of thrombosis among Caucasians. Few studies have been carried out on its prevalence in Asians. We conducted a prospective study on 60 patients with thromboembolism to determine its prevalence in our local population. The Factor V Leiden (VaQ506) mutation associated with this condition was detected by amplification of the Factor V gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digestion of the fragment with Mnl I. Three patients were found to be heterozygous for this mutation. None of the 3 patients had other concomitant hypercoagulable states. In addition, we studied the prevalence of this condition in Malays which was found to be 0.5%. Our study suggests that the incidence of APC-R is much lower here compared to the West.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics
  8. Zhang S, Bani Y, Izah Selamat A, Abdul Ghani J
    PLoS One, 2023;18(6):e0287910.
    PMID: 37384722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287910
    Income inequality is a good indicator reflecting the quality of people's livelihood. There are many studies on the determinants of income inequality. However, few studies have been conducted on the impacts of industrial agglomeration on income inequality and their spatial correlation. The goal of this paper is to investigate the impact of China's industrial agglomeration on income inequality from a spatial perspective. Using data on China's 31 provinces from 2003 to 2020 and the spatial panel Durbin model, our results show that industrial agglomeration and income inequality present an inverted "U-shape" relationship, proving that they are the non-linear change. As the degree of industrial agglomeration increases, income inequality will rise, after it reaches a certain value, income inequality will drop. Therefore, Chinese government and enterprises had better pay attention to the spatial distribution of industrial agglomeration, thereby reducing China's regional income inequality.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group*
  9. Ting HN, Chia SY, Kim KS, Sim SL, Abdul Hamid B
    J Voice, 2011 Nov;25(6):e311-7.
    PMID: 21376529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2010.05.004
    The acoustic properties of vowel phonation vary across cultures. These specific characteristics, including vowel fundamental frequency (F(0)) and perturbation measures (Absolute Jitter [Jita], Jitter [Jitt], Relative Average Perturbation [RAP], five-point Period Perturbation Quotient [PPQ5], Absolute Shimmer [ShdB], Shimmer [Shim], and 11-point Amplitude Perturbation Quotient [APQ11]) are not well established for Malaysian Chinese adults. This article investigates the F(0) and perturbation measurements of sustained vowels in 60 normal Malaysian Chinese adults using acoustical analysis. Malaysian Chinese females had significantly higher F(0) than Malaysian males in all six vowels. However, there were no significant differences in F(0) across the vowels for each gender. Significant differences between vowels were observed for Jita, Jitt, PPQ5, ShdB, Shim, and APQ11 among Chinese males, whereas significant differences between vowels were observed for all the perturbation parameters among Chinese females. Chinese males had significantly higher Jita and APQ11 in the vowels than Chinese females, whereas no significant differences were observed between males and females for Jitt, RAP, PPQ5, and Shim. Cross-ethnic comparisons indicate that F(0) of vowel phonation varies within the Chinese ethnic group and across other ethnic groups. The perturbation measures cannot be simply compared, where the measures may vary significantly across different speech analysis softwares.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
  10. Chua GHI, Phang SCW, Wong YO, Ho LS, Palanisamy UD, Abdul Kadir K
    Nutrients, 2020 Nov 27;12(12).
    PMID: 33261162 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123659
    Malaysian national morbidity surveys on diabetic prevalence have shown ethnical variation among prediabetic and diabetic populations. In our attempt to understand this variation, we studied the α-tocopherol, insulin resistance, β-cell function and receptor of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) levels, as risk factors of type 2 diabetes, among the different ethnicities. In total, 299 subjects of Malay, Chinese, Indian and aboriginal Orang Asli (OA) heritage were recruited from urban and rural areas of Malaysia by stratified random sampling. Serum α-tocopherol concentrations were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and insulin concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In subjects with pre-diabetes, OAs had the highest α-tocopherol level, followed by Chinese and Malays (0.8938, 0.8564 and 0.6948 respectively; p < 0.05). In diabetic subjects, Malays had significantly higher RAGE levels compared to Chinese and Indians (5579.31, 3473.40 and 3279.52 pg/mL respectively, p = 0.001). Low α-tocopherol level (OR = 3.021, p < 0.05) and high insulin resistance (OR = 2.423, p < 0.05) were linked strongly to the development of pre-diabetes. Low β-cell function (OR = 5.657, p < 0.001) and high RAGE level (OR = 3.244, p < 0.05) were linked strongly to the development of diabetes from pre-diabetes. These factors might be involved in the development of diabetes, along with genetic and environmental factors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
  11. Mohamad MS, Mahadir Naidu B, Virtanen SM, Lehtinen-Jacks S, Abdul Maulud KN
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2023 Jan;35(1):34-41.
    PMID: 36321506 DOI: 10.1177/10105395221135407
    Evidence on the associations between built environment and overweight in children outside developed countries is scarce. We examined associations between access to local food and physical activity environments and overweight in 5- to 17-year-old Malaysians in two states with differing overweight levels. Information on children was measured in the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2015 and combined with Geographic Information System-derived data on local food and physical activity environments. Access to the built environment was measured by presence and distance from child's residence. Complete data were available for 880 children. Access to local food outlets and parks was higher and associated with higher occurrence of overweight in children living in the state with higher overweight prevalence. When adjusted for sociodemographic factors, higher presence of and shorter distance to convenience stores and parks were associated with overweight. Both built environment and children's sociodemographic backgrounds should be considered when planning interventions to curb the overweight epidemic in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
  12. Azuwani, A.R., Noor Khairiah, K., Cheong, Y.Z., Kok, C.C., Aw, N.S.L., Nadiah Mhd, S., et al.
    Malays J Nutr, 2013;19(2):205-214.
    MyJurnal
    Background: Although body fat percentage (BFP) is a widely accepted indicator of total body fat, it has not been extensively used in studies conducted among the Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia. Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the BFP distribution in a group of Orang Asli adults living in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Methods: Kampung Sungai Ruil, one of the Orang Asli settlements in Cameron Highlands, was conveniently selected for this crosssectional study. A total of 138 respondents aged 18 years and above were assessed. Skinfold thickness was measured using the Slim Guide skinfold caliper to calculate BFP. Waist circumference, BMI, blood pressure and random plasma glucose were also measured. Results: The mean BFP of the females (29.7%) was higher than the males (18.9%) and the respondents with abdominal obesity (36.2%) had higher mean BFP compared to those with normal waist circumference (23.7%) Those in the age group of 18-28 years old (22.1%) had lower BFP than
    respondents in the age groups 29-39 years old (27.3%) and 40-50 years old (29.1%) (p=
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
  13. Lim J, Bhoo-Pathy N, Sothilingam S, Malek R, Sundram M, Tan GH, et al.
    PLoS One, 2015;10(6):e0130820.
    PMID: 26098884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130820
    To determine the lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) profile and factors affecting its degree of severity including cardiovascular risk profile, age, ethnicity, education level and prostate volume in a multiethnic Asian setting.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
  14. Jaya F, Win MN, Abdullah MR, Abdullah MR, Abdullah JM
    Neuroepidemiology, 2002 Jan-Feb;21(1):28-35.
    PMID: 11744823
    All patients with a first-ever stroke admitted to the HUSM (Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia) from 1997 to 1998 were included in this study. All risk factors were determined and analysed prospectively. There were 158 cases of stroke admitted during the study period. The majority of the patients were Malays (86.1%), with a male preponderance. The mean age (SD) of the patients with stroke was 59.3 (12.28) years. Hypertension was present in both cerebral infarct and intracerebral haemorrhage patients at almost the same rate (65.2 and 69.2%, respectively). The overall mortality was 37%, and most patients died in the 1st month after stroke (34%). We hope this study will highlight the problems associated with the presentation and management of stroke in Southeast Asia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group*
  15. Yusof MI, Nadarajan E, Abdullah MS
    Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2014 Jun 15;39(14):E811-6.
    PMID: 24825157 DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000000368
    Cross-sectional study on the measurement of relevant magnetic resonance imaging parameters in 100 patients presented for lumbar spine assessment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
  16. Zahidin MA, Omar WBW, Taib WRW, Japning JRR, Abdullah MT
    Data Brief, 2018 Dec;21:2609-2615.
    PMID: 30761343 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.10.158
    Orang Asli is the aboriginal people in Peninsular Malaysia who have been recognized as indigenous to the country and still practicing traditional lifestyle. The molecular interest on the Orang Asli started when the earliest prehistoric migration occurred approximately 200 kya and entering Peninsular Malaysia 50 kya in stages. A total of three groups of Orang Asli present in Peninsular Malaysia, namely, Negrito also known as Semang, Senoi and Proto Malays. Through records, there is no research has been conducted on mtDNA variations in the Semoq Beri population, one of the tribes in Senoi group. In this report, variations of mtDNA were analysed in the population in Hulu Terengganu as an initial effort to establish the genetic characterisation and elucidating the history of Orang Asli expansion in Peninsular Malaysia. An array of mtDNA parameters was estimated and the observed polymorphisms with their respective haplogroups in comparison to rCRS were inferred respectively. The DNA sequences are registered in the NCBI with accession numbers KY853670-KY853753.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
  17. Sidi H, Midin M, Puteh SE, Abdullah N
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2008;20(4):298-306.
    PMID: 19124324 DOI: 10.1177/1010539508322810
    AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of orgasmic dysfunction and the potential risk factors that may be associated with orgasmic dysfunction among women at a primary care setting in Malaysia.
    METHODS: A validated questionnaire for sexual function was used to assess orgasmic function. A total of 230 married women aged 18 to 70 years participated in this study. Their sociodemographic and marital profiles were compared between those who had orgasmic dysfunction and those who did not, and the risk factors were examined.
    RESULTS: The prevalence of orgasmic dysfunction in the primary care population was 51.9%. Women with orgasmic dysfunction were found to be significantly higher in the following groups: age >45 years, being non-Malay, having lower academic status, married longer, having more children, married to an older husband, and being at menopausal state.
    CONCLUSION: Women with infrequent sexual intercourse are less likely to be orgasmic (odds ratio = 0.29, 95% confidence interval = 0.11-0.74).
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group/psychology*
  18. Tumin M, Noh A, Jajri I, Chong CS, Manikam R, Abdullah N
    Exp Clin Transplant, 2013 Jun;11(3):207-10.
    PMID: 23432623 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2012.0194
    This paper examines factors that influence Malaysian persons with a tertiary level of education on their willingness to donate organs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group/psychology*
  19. Abdullah, S.
    MyJurnal
    Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a life-threatening inherited disease that particularly affects the airways and digestive systems, which is caused by mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene. CF is considered as the most common autosomal recessive disorder in the Caucasian population. However, the prevalence of this disease amongst Asians is considered to be low, hence the lack of awareness of this disease amongst geneticists and physicians in Malaysia. This review will describe the features of CF, its molecular genetics, the current classification of CFTR mutation classes, the genotype-phenotype correlations, the effects of modifier genes, and the discourse of the disease pathogenesis, in the hope of raising public awareness of the condition and ultimately to improve the clinical and social care of those affected by CF in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
  20. Noh LM, Latiff AHA, Ismail IH, Noah RM, Wahab AA, Hamid IJA, et al.
    Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol, 2021 May 17;17(1):50.
    PMID: 34001231 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-021-00551-4
    BACKGROUND: A retrospective review of clinical manifestations and demographic pattern of patients diagnosed as chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) from 7 hospitals in Malaysia. An analysis of the available database would establish clinical characteristics, diagnoses and outcome including microbiologic pattern. Studying the demography allows us to document the occurrence of CGD amongst multiethnic groups and its geographical distribution for Malaysia.

    METHODS: Data from the Malaysia Primary Immunodeficiency Network (MyPIN) with cases of CGD diagnosed from 1991 until 2016 were collated and analysed.

    RESULTS: Twenty patients were diagnosed as CGD. Males (N = 13, 65%) outnumber females (N = 7, 35%). CGD is commonest amongst the Malays (65%) followed by the Chinese (15.0%), Indians (10.0%) and natives of Borneo (10.0%), reflecting the ethnic composition of the country. The mean age of diagnosis was 3.7 years. There was a positive family history in 40% of the cases. Abscess was the main presenting feature in 16 patients (80%) with one involving the brain. Pneumonia occurred in 10 (50%) and one with complicated bronchiectasis. Catalase-positive bacteria were the most commonly isolated pathogen with Chromobacterium violaceum predominating (N = 5, 25%) with consequent high mortality (N = 4, 80%). All CGD patients with C. violaceum infection displayed CD4 + (T helper cells) lymphopenia.

    CONCLUSION: This study has shown CGD occurs in the major ethnic groups of Malaysia. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first and the largest series of chronic granulomatous disease in South East Asia which may be reflective of similar clinical pattern in the region. C. violaceum infection is associated with a higher mortality in CGD patients in Malaysia. All the CGD patients with C. violaceum infection in this patient series displayed CD4 + (T helper) lymphopenia. We recorded rare clinical manifestation of CGD viz. brain abscess and bronchiectasis.

    Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
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