Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 77 in total

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  1. Binti Mohd Yusuf Yeo NA, Muthuraju S, Wong JH, Mohammed FR, Senik MH, Zhang J, et al.
    Brain Behav, 2018 09;8(9):e01093.
    PMID: 30105867 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1093
    INTRODUCTION: Centella asiatica is an herbal plant that contains phytochemicals that are widely believed to have positive effects on cognitive function. The adolescent stage is a critical development period for the maturation of brain processes that encompass changes in physical and psychological systems. However, the effect of C. asiatica has not been extensively studied in adolescents. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effects of a C. asiatica extract on the enhancement of learning and memory in adolescent rats.

    METHODS: The locomotor activity, learning, and memory were assessed by using open field test and water T-maze test. This study also examined changes in neuronal cell morphology using cresyl violet and apoptosis staining. We also performed immunohistochemical study to analyse the expression of the glutamate AMPA receptor (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) GluA1 subunit and the GABA receptor (γ-Aminobutyric Acid) subtype GABAA α1 subunit in the hippocampus of the same animals.

    RESULTS: We found no significant changes in locomotor activity (p > 0.05). The water T-maze data showed that 30 mg/kg dose significantly (p  0.05). Histological data revealed no neuronal morphological changes. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased expression of the AMPA GluA1 receptor subunit but there was no effect on GABAA receptor α1 subunit expression in the CA1 and CA2 subregions of the hippocampus.

    CONCLUSIONS: The C. asiatica extract therefore improved hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory in a dose-dependent manner in rats through the GluA1-containing AMPA receptor in the CA1 and CA2 sub regions of the hippocampus.

    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects
  2. Khalid A, Shakeel R, Justin S, Iqbal G, Shah SAA, Zahid S, et al.
    Curr Drug Targets, 2017;18(13):1545-1557.
    PMID: 28302036 DOI: 10.2174/1389450118666170315120627
    BACKGROUND: Stress is involved in memory impairment through multiple mechanisms, including activation of hypothalamic-pituitary axis, which in turn activates release of corticosterone in blood. Cholinergic system blockade by the muscarinic antagonist, scopolamine, also impairs memory.

    OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of turmeric (20mg/kg) on learning and memory and cholinergic system in a mouse model of stress along with cholinergic blockade.

    METHODS: Restrained stress was induced and cholinergic receptors were blocked using scopolamine in mice. Animals were treated with turmeric (turmeric rhizome powder which was also subjected to NMR analyses) and learning and social behavior was examined. Effect of turmeric on cholinergic muscarinic receptors (mAChR; M1, M3 and M5) gene expression was assessed by RT-PCR in both pre-frontal cortex and hippocampus.

    RESULTS: Ar-turmerone, curcuminoids and α-linolenic acid were the lead compounds present in turmeric extract. Increased serum corticosterone levels were observed in stressed mice when compared to the control group, while turmeric treatment significantly reduced serum corticosterone level. Turmeric treatment caused an improved learning and memory in Morris water maze test in stressed animals. Social novelty preference was also restored in turmeric treated animals. Following turmeric treatment, M5 expression was improved in the cortex and M3 expression was improved in the hippocampus of stress + scopolamine + turmeric treated group.

    CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the therapeutic role of turmeric by increasing the expression of M3, M5 and improving learning and memory. Turmeric can be an effective candidate for the treatment of amnesia caused by the stress.

    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects
  3. Harun AM, Awang H, Noor NFM, Makhatar NM, Yusoff ME, Affandi NDN, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2021;2021:6173143.
    PMID: 34859102 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6173143
    BACKGROUND: Potential antibacterial substances, such as titanium dioxide (TiO2), are being extensively studied throughout the research world. A modified hydrothermal nanotitania extraction was shown to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus growth in the laboratory. However, the toxicity effect of the extract on rats is unknown. In this study, we observed the effects of a modified hydrothermal nanotitania extraction on the skin and behavior of Sprague-Dawley rats.

    METHODS: Sprague-Dawley (Rattus norvegicus) rats were used as the experimental animals. The skin around the dorsum of the tested animals was shaved and pasted with 0.1 mg and 0.5 mg of the nanotitania extraction. The color and condition of the pasted area and the behavior of the animals were observed.

    RESULTS: 0.1 mg nanotitania extraction application on the dorsum of the rat produced no skin color changes at day 1, day 3, day 5, or day 7 postapplication. There were no changes in their behavior up to day 7 with no skin rashes or skin scratches seen or fur changes. However, 0.5 mg of nanotitania extraction resulted in redness and less fur regrowth at day 7.

    CONCLUSIONS: A 0.1 mg modified nanotitania extraction was observed to have no effect on the skin of Sprague-Dawley rats.

    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects
  4. Yusof HM, Ali NM, Yeap SK, Ho WY, Beh BK, Koh SP, et al.
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2019 Dec 19;19(1):373.
    PMID: 31856816 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2791-2
    BACKGROUND: Tempeh is a widely known fermented soybean that contains elevated level of bioactive contents. Our previous study has shown that anaerobic fermented Nutrient Enriched Soybean Tempeh (NESTE) with increase amino acid and antioxidant levels possessed better hepatoprotective effect than raw soybean.

    METHODS: In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of the NESTE aqueous extract and raw soybean aqueous extract (SBE) were evaluated by quantifying the inhibition of IL-1β, TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) secretion in LPS treated RAW 264.7 cell in vitro. On the other hand, in vivo oral acute toxicity effect of the extract was tested on mice at the dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight. In vivo oral analgesic effect of both aqueous extracts at 200 and 1000 mg/kg body weight was evaluated by the hot plate test.

    RESULTS: In the in vitro anti-inflammatory study, 5 mg/mL NESTE was able to inhibit 25.50 ± 2.20%, 35.88 ± 3.20% and 28.50 ± 3.50% of NO, IL-1β and TNF-α production in LPS treated RAW 264.7 cells without inducing cytotoxic effect on the cells. However, this effect was lower than 4 μg/mL of curcumin, which inhibited NO, IL-1β and TNF-α production by 89.50 ± 5.00%, 78.80 ± 6.20% and 87.30 ± 4.00%, respectively. In addition, 1.5 to 2.5-fold increase of latency period up to 120 min for mice in the hot plate test was achieved by 1000 mg/kg NESTE. The analgesic effect of NESTE was better than 400 mg/kg of acetyl salicylic acid, which only increased ~ 1.7-fold of latency period up to 90 min. Moreover, NESTE did not show acute toxicity (no LD50) up to 5000 mg/kg body weight.

    CONCLUSION: NESTE is a nutritious food ingredient with potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects
  5. Saleem AM, Taufik Hidayat M, Mat Jais AM, Fakurazi S, Moklas M, Sulaiman MR, et al.
    Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2011 Jul;15(7):795-802.
    PMID: 21780549
    Channa (C.) striatus (Malay-Haruan), is a fresh water snakehead fish, consumed as a rejuvenating diet in post-parturition period in local Malay population. The aqueous extract of C. striatus fillet (AECSF) was reported to act through serotonergic receptor system in a previous study. There is no scientific report on neuropharmacological effects of C. striatus. Based on these data, the antidepressant-like effect of C. striatus was evaluated in mice models of depression.
    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects*
  6. Silva MS, Lúcio-Oliveira F, Mecawi AS, Almeida LF, Ruginsk SG, Greenwood MP, et al.
    Physiol Rep, 2017 Mar;5(6).
    PMID: 28336818 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13210
    Excessive sodium (Na+) intake in modern society has been associated with several chronic disorders such as hypertension. Several studies suggest that early life events can program physiological systems and lead to functional changes in adulthood. Therefore, we investigated behavioral and neuroendocrine responses under basal conditions and after 48 h of water deprivation in adult (60-day-old Wistar rats) male, Wistar rats originating from dams were offered only water or 0.15 mol/L NaCl during pregnancy and lactation. Early life salt exposure induced kidney damage, as shown by a higher number of ED-1 positive cells (macrophages/monocytes), increased daily urinary volume and Na+ excretion, blunted basal water intake and plasma oxytocin levels, and increased plasma corticosterone secretion. When challenged with water deprivation, animals exposed to 0.15 mol/L NaCl during early life showed impaired water intake, reduced salt preference ratio, and vasopressin (AVP) secretion. In summary, our data demonstrate that the perinatal exposure to excessive Na+ intake can induce kidney injury in adult offspring and significantly affect the key mechanisms regulating water balance, fluid intake, and AVP release in response to water deprivation. Collectively, these novel results highlight the impact of perinatal programming on the homeostatic mechanisms regulating fluid and electrolyte balance during exposure to an environmental stress (i.e. dehydration) in later life.
    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects*
  7. Vilhena-Franco T, Mecawi AS, Elias LL, Antunes-Rodrigues J
    J Endocrinol, 2016 Nov;231(2):167-180.
    PMID: 27613338
    Water deprivation (WD) induces changes in plasma volume and osmolality, which in turn activate several responses, including thirst, the activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) secretion. These systems seem to be influenced by oestradiol, as evidenced by the expression of its receptor in brain areas that control fluid balance. Thus, we investigated the effects of oestradiol treatment on behavioural and neuroendocrine changes of ovariectomized rats in response to WD. We observed that in response to WD, oestradiol treatment attenuated water intake, plasma osmolality and haematocrit but did not change urinary volume or osmolality. Moreover, oestradiol potentiated WD-induced AVP secretion, but did not alter the plasma OT or angiotensin II (Ang II) concentrations. Immunohistochemical data showed that oestradiol potentiated vasopressinergic neuronal activation in the lateral magnocellular PVN (PaLM) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei but did not induce further changes in Fos expression in the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) or subfornical organ (SFO) or in oxytocinergic neuronal activation in the SON and PVN of WD rats. Regarding mRNA expression, oestradiol increased OT mRNA expression in the SON and PVN under basal conditions and after WD, but did not induce additional changes in the mRNA expression for AVP in the SON or PVN. It also did not affect the mRNA expression of RAS components in the PVN. In conclusion, our results show that oestradiol acts mainly on the vasopressinergic system in response to WD, potentiating vasopressinergic neuronal activation and AVP secretion without altering AVP mRNA expression.
    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects
  8. Idayu NF, Hidayat MT, Moklas MA, Sharida F, Raudzah AR, Shamima AR, et al.
    Phytomedicine, 2011 Mar 15;18(5):402-7.
    PMID: 20869223 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.08.011
    Mitragyna speciosa Korth. leaves have been used for decades as a traditional medicine to treat diarrhea, diabetes and to improve blood circulation by natives of Malaysia, Thailand and other regions of Southeast Asia. Mitragynine is the major active alkaloid in the plant. To date, the role of mitragynine in psychological disorders such as depression is not scientifically evaluated. Hence, the present investigation evaluates the antidepressant effect of mitragynine in the mouse forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), two models predictive of antidepressant activity and the effect of mitragynine towards neuroendocrine system of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by measuring the corticosterone concentration of mice exposed to FST and TST. An open-field test (OFT) was used to detect any association of immobility in the FST and TST with changes in motor activity of mice treated with mitragynine. In the present study, mitragynine at dose of 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg i.p. injected significantly reduced the immobility time of mice in both FST and TST without any significant effect on locomotor activity in OFT. Moreover, mitragynine significantly reduced the released of corticosterone in mice exposed to FST and TST at dose of 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg. Overall, the present study clearly demonstrated that mitragynine exerts an antidepressant effect in animal behavioral model of depression (FST and TST) and the effect appears to be mediated by an interaction with neuroendocrine HPA axis systems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects
  9. Nikoui V, Ostadhadi S, Azhand P, Zolfaghari S, Amiri S, Foroohandeh M, et al.
    Eur J Pharmacol, 2016 Nov 15;791:369-376.
    PMID: 27615446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.017
    Evidence show that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are involved in depression, so the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nitrazepam as agonist of GABAA receptors on depression and curiosity in male mice and the role of potassium channel in antidepressant-like response. For this purpose, we studied the antidepressant-like properties of fluoxetine, nitrazepam, glibenclamide, and cromakalim by both forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Animals were injected by various doses of nitrazepam (0.05, 0.1, and 0.5mg/kg). Nitrazepam at dose of 0.5mg/kg significantly decreased the immobility time compared to control group in both FST and TST. Fluoxetine also showed such a response. Co-administration of nitrazepam (0.05mg/kg) with glibenclamide in TST (1mg/kg) and in FST (0.3, 1mg/kg) also showed antidepressant-like response. Beside, cromakalim (0.1mg/kg) could reverse the antidepressant-like effect of nitrazepam (0.5mg/kg) in both FST and TST, while cromakalim and glibenclamide alone could not change the immobility time compared to control group (P>0.05). The hole-board test revealed that nitrazepam at doses of 0.5 and 0.1mg/kg could increase the activity of the animal's head-dipping and boost the curiosity and exploration behavior of mice. The results of this study revealed that nitrazepam may possess antidepressant-like properties and this effect is dependent to potassium channels in both FST and TST.
    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects*
  10. Abdul-Wahab IR, Guilhon CC, Fernandes PD, Boylan F
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2012 Dec 18;144(3):741-6.
    PMID: 23099251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.029
    Local communities in Malaysia consume Pereskia bleo Kunth. (Cactaceae) leaves as raw vegetables or as a concoction and drink as a tea to treat diabetes, hypertension, rheumatism, cancer-related diseases, inflammation, gastric pain, ulcers, and for revitalizing the body.
    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects
  11. Ang HH, Cheang HS
    Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 1999 Apr;79(4):497-500.
    PMID: 10361892 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.79.497
    The anxiolytic effect of Eurycoma longifolia Jack in mice was examined. Fractions of E. longifolia Jack extract produced a significant increase in the number of squares crossed (controls= 118.2 +/- 10.2 squares), but significantly decreased both the immobility (controls = 39.4+/- 4.0 sec) and fecal pellets (controls= 12.3 +/-2.1 fecal pellets) when compared with control mice in the open-field test; they significantly increased the number of entries (controls=6.7+/-0.5 entries) and time spent (controls=42.9+/-0.1 sec) in the open arms, but decreased both the number of entries (controls= 13.2+/-0.7 entries) and time spent (controls= 193.4+/-0.7 sec) when compared with the control mice in the closed arms of the elevated plus-maze test. Furthermore, fractions of E. longifolia Jack extract decreased the fighting episodes significantly (controls= 18.0+/-0.4 fighting episodes) when compared with control mice. In addition, these results were found to be consistent with anxiolytic effect produced by diazepam. Hence, this study supports the medicinal use of this plant for anxiety therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects
  12. Seddiki LS, Belboukhari N, Ould El Hadj-Khelil A, Sulaiman MR, Sekkoum K, Cheriti A
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2021 Jul 15;275:114137.
    PMID: 33915133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114137
    ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Launaea arborescens, its vernacular name is Mol-albina belonging to asteracaea family origin of the southwest of Algeria. This plant is used in folk medicines to treat gastroenteritis, diabetes, child aliment and other diseases; it is taken macerated or boiled.

    AIM: This study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammation an analgesic activity of the aqueous extract of Launaea arborescens (AqELA) and its pathway of action.

    METHODS: the investigation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects were done using formalin test, acetic acid test. For mechanism investigation, it was used hot plate test to induce opioid receptors, a histamine and serotonin test to induce edema paw, finally, for the TRPV1 receptor, it was used the capsaicin test.

    RESULTS: The aqueous extract of Launaea arborescens showed a significant inhibition of abdominal writhing test 95% and 100% inhibition of licking paw using acid acetic test and formalin test respectively (EC: 47 mg/kg and 104 mg/kg). The analgesic effect of the aqueous extract of Launaea arborescens showed inhibition of sensation of pain after 120 min compared to morphine effect. The aqueous extract of Launaea arborescens reduced paw volume after 180 min and 120 min for histamine and serotonin respectively with dose-dependent. Concerning of TRPV1 receptors, the inhibition was showed at doses 100 mg and 300 mg.

    CONCLUSION: Our results contribute towards validation of the traditional use of Launaea arborescens for inflammation ailment.

    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects
  13. Moyson S, Liew HJ, Fazio A, Van Dooren N, Delcroix A, Faggio C, et al.
    PMID: 27521798 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.08.003
    In the present study, the effect of copper was examined in the common goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus). Fish were fasted and exposed to either a high (0.84μM), a low (0.34μM) or a control copper concentration (0.05μM) for 1 and 7days. Swimming performance was not affected by either fasting or copper exposure. Food deprivation alone had no effect on ionoregulation, but low plasma osmolality levels and plasma Na(+) were noticed in fasted fish exposed to Cu for 7days. Both gill Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and H(+)-ATPase activities were undisturbed, while both kidney ATPase activities were up-regulated when challenged with the high Cu levels. Up-regulated kidney ATPase activities likely acted as compensatory strategy to enhance Na(+) reabsorption. However, this up-regulation was not sufficient to restore Na(+) to control levels in the highest exposure group.
    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects
  14. Mohti A, Shuhaimi-Othman M, Gerhardt A
    J Environ Monit, 2012 Sep;14(9):2505-11.
    PMID: 22868673 DOI: 10.1039/c2em10902f
    The behavioral responses of guppy Poecilia reticulata (Poeciliidae) and prawn Macrobrachium lanchesteri (Palaemonidae) individuals exposed to acid mine drainage (AMD) were monitored online in the laboratory with a Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor™ (MFB). These responses were compared to those to reference water acidified to the respective pH values (ACID). Test animals in the juvenile stage were used for both species and were exposed to AMD and ACID for 24 hours. The stress behaviors of both test animals consisted mainly of decreased activity in AMD and increased activity in ACID, indicating that the metals in the AMD played a role as a stress factor in addition to pH. The locomotor activity levels of guppies and prawns for the ACID treatment were higher than the locomotor activity levels for the AMD treatment with increasing pH value. For guppies, significant differences were observed when specimens were exposed to AMD and ACID at pH 5.0 and 6.0; the percentage activities were only 16% and 12%, respectively, for AMD treatment, whereas for ACID treatment, the percentage activities were 35% and 40%, respectively, similar to the value of 36% for the controls. Similar trends were also observed for prawns, for which the percentage activities were only 6% and 4%, respectively, for AMD treatment, whereas for ACID treatment, the percentage activities were 31% and 38%, respectively, compared to 44% in the controls. This study showed that both species are suitable for use as indicators for ecotoxicity testing with the MFB.
    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects*
  15. Japarin RA, Yusoff NH, Hassan Z, Müller CP, Harun N
    Behav Brain Res, 2021 02 05;399:113021.
    PMID: 33227244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113021
    Kratom is a medicinal plant that exhibits promising results as an opiate substitute. However, there is little information regarding the abuse profile of its main psychoactive constituent, mitragynine (MG), particularly in relapse to drug abuse. Using the place conditioning procedure as a model of relapse, this study aims to evaluate the ability of MG to induce conditioned place preference (CPP) reinstatement in rats. To evaluate the cross-reinstatement effects, MG and morphine were injected to rats that previously extinguished a morphine- or MG-induced CPP. Following a CPP acquisition induced by either MG (10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.) or morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), rats were subjected to repeated CPP extinction sessions. A low dose priming injection of MG or morphine produced a reinstatement of the previously extinguished CPP. In the second experiment of this study, a priming injection of morphine (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently reinstated an MG-induced CPP. Likewise, a priming injection of MG (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg, i.p.) was able to dose-dependently reinstate a morphine-induced CPP. The present study demonstrates a cross-reinstatement effect between MG and morphine, thereby suggesting a similar interaction in their rewarding motivational properties. The findings from this study also suggesting that a priming exposure to kratom and an opioid may cause relapse for a previously abused drug.
    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects
  16. Tiang N, Ahad MA, Murugaiyah V, Hassan Z
    J Pharm Pharmacol, 2020 Nov;72(11):1629-1644.
    PMID: 32743849 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13345
    OBJECTIVES: Xanthones isolated from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana has been reported to exhibit neuroprotective effect.

    METHODS: In this study, the effect of xanthone-enriched fraction of Garcinia mangostana (XEFGM) and α-mangostin (α-MG) were investigated on cognitive functions of the chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) rats.

    KEY FINDINGS: HPLC analysis revealed that XEFGM contained 55.84% of α-MG. Acute oral administration of XEFGM (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) and α-MG (25 and 50 mg/kg) before locomotor activity and Morris water maze (MWM) tests showed no significant difference between the groups for locomotor activity.

    CONCLUSIONS: However, α-MG (50 mg/kg) and XEFGM (100 mg/kg) reversed the cognitive impairment induced by CCH in MWM test. α-MG (50 mg/kg) was further tested upon sub-acute 14-day treatment in CCH rats. Cognitive improvement was shown in MWM test but not in long-term potentiation (LTP). BDNF but not CaMKII was found to be down-regulated in CCH rats; however, both parameters were not affected by α-MG. In conclusion, α-MG ameliorated learning and memory deficits in both acute and sub-acute treatments in CCH rats by improving the spatial learning but not hippocampal LTP. Hence, α-MG may be a promising lead compound for CCH-associated neurodegenerative diseases, including vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects*
  17. Hassan R, Othman N, Mansor SM, Müller CP, Hassan Z
    Brain Res Bull, 2021 07;172:139-150.
    PMID: 33901587 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.04.018
    Mitragyna speciosa, also known as kratom, has been used for mitigating the severity of opioid withdrawal in humans. Its main indole alkaloid, mitragynine, has been considered as a pharmacotherapy for pain conditions and opioid replacement therapy. However, at high doses, chronic mitragynine may also have an addiction potential. The effects of chronic action of mitragynine in the brain are still unknown. The present study developed a mitragynine withdrawal model in rats and used it for a proteomic analysis of mitragynine withdrawal effects. Mitragynine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered daily over a period of 14 days and then withdrawn. A proteomic analysis revealed that from a total of 1524 proteins identified, 31 proteins were upregulated, and 3 proteins were downregulated in the mitragynine withdrawal model. The Rab35 protein expression increased most profoundly in the mitragynine withdrawal group as compared to vehicle group. Therefore, it is proposed that Rab35 in the brain might be considered as a potential biomarker during mitragynine withdrawal and might be valuable target protein in developing new pharmacotherapies in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects
  18. Wee SL, Abdul Munir MZ, Hee AKW
    Bull. Entomol. Res., 2018 Feb;108(1):116-124.
    PMID: 28625191 DOI: 10.1017/S0007485317000554
    The Artocarpus fruit fly, Bactrocera umbrosa (Fabricius) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an oligophagous fruit pest infesting Moraceae fruits, including jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamarck), a fruit commodity of high value in Malaysia. The scarcity of fundamental biological, physiological and ecological information on this pest, particularly in relation to behavioural response to phytochemical lures, which are instrumental to the success of many area-wide fruit fly control and management programmes, underpins the need for studies on this much-underrated pest. The positive response of B. umbrosa males to methyl eugenol (ME), a highly potent phytochemical lure, which attracts mainly males of many Bactrocera species, was shown to increase with increasing age. As early as 7 days after emergence (DAE), ca. 22% of males had responded to ME and over 50% by 10 DAE, despite no occurrence of matings (i.e. the males were still sexually immature). Male attraction to ME peaked from 10 to 27 DAE, which corresponded with the flies' attainment of sexual maturity. In wind-tunnel assays during the dusk courtship period, ME-fed males exhibited earlier calling activity and attracted a significantly higher percentage of virgin females compared with ME-deprived males. ME-fed males enjoyed a higher mating success than ME-deprived males at 1-day post ME feeding in semi-field assays. ME consumption also promotes aggregation behaviour in B. umbrosa males, as demonstrated in wind-tunnel and semi-field assays. We suggest that ME plays a prominent role in promoting sexual communication and enhancing mating performance of the Artocarpus fruit fly, a finding that is congruent with previous reports on the consequences of ME acquisition by other economically important Bactrocera species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sexual Behavior, Animal/drug effects*
  19. Mohamat-Yusuff F, Sarah-Nabila AG, Zulkifli SZ, Azmai MNA, Ibrahim WNW, Yusof S, et al.
    Mar Pollut Bull, 2018 Feb;127:150-153.
    PMID: 29475647 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.046
    This study was conducted to investigate the median lethal concentration (LC50) of copper pyrithione (CuPT) at 96-hr exposure on adult Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus) in revealing toxicological effects of CuPT contamination in the tropical area. Wild stock fishes were acclimatized for 14-days prior analysis. Triplicate of test tanks for seven test concentrations were placed with ten fishes each, this includes two control tanks. The behaviour of the tested fishes was manually observed through a camera. The LC50 of CuPT at 96-h was found to be 16.58mg/L. Tested fishes swam slowly in vertical movement and swam fast towards food during feeding time as the sign of stress behaviour. Meanwhile, fishes in the two control groups swam actively in a horizontal manner and no excitement during feeding time. No mortality in control groups. Results indicate CuPT to be toxic to Javanese medaka at low concentration and caused behavioural stress.
    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects*
  20. Ho K, Yazan LS, Ismail N, Ismail M
    Food Chem Toxicol, 2011 Jan;49(1):25-30.
    PMID: 20807560 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.023
    Vanillin is useful as anti-sickle cell anemia, anti-mutagen and anti-bacteria agent. However, vanillin must be administered at high concentration and cannot be oxidized by the upper gastrointestinal track of patients to be medically effective. In this study, we assessed the toxic effect of vanillin when administered in an un-oxidized form at high concentrations (150 and 300 mg/kg) via oral and intra-peritoneal injection. It was found that 300 mg/kg vanillin injection caused the rats to be unconscious without exerting any toxic effect on blood cells, kidney and liver. Besides, it showed blood protective property. Further analysis with GenomeLab GeXP genetic system on brain tissues showed that the expression of most xenobiotic metabolism, cell progression, tumor suppressor, DNA damage and inflammation genes were maintained at normal level. However, the expression of a few xenobiotic metabolism, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis genes were up-regulated by 5% ethanol injection. Nevertheless, when 5% ethanol was injected with the presence of vanillin, the expression was back to normal level. It is postulated that vanillin might have neuro-protective property. In conclusion, vanillin is not toxic at high concentration in both oral and intra-peritoneal injection and could provide blood and brain protective properties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Behavior, Animal/drug effects
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