Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 78 in total

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  1. Fulltext New sites of localisation of Pasteurella multocida B:2 in buffalo surviving experimental haemorrhagic septicaemia
    Annas S, Zamri-Saad M, Jesse FF, Zunita Z
    BMC Vet Res, 2014;10:88.
    PMID: 24721163 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-88
    Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is an acute septicaemic disease of buffalo and cattle caused by Pasteurella multocida B:2 and E:2. Field outbreaks of HS are known to result in localisation of bacteria in the tonsils of surviving buffalo, confirming that animals can become carriers and the role of respiratory tract in the transmission of the disease. This report describes additional sites of localisation of P. multocida B:2 in surviving buffalo following experimental induction of HS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State/microbiology; Carrier State/veterinary
  2. Fulltext Detection-based prioritisation: Framework of multi-laboratory characteristics for asymptomatic COVID-19 carriers based on integrated Entropy-TOPSIS methods
    Albahri AS, Hamid RA, Albahri OS, Zaidan AA
    Artif Intell Med, 2021 Jan;111:101983.
    PMID: 33461683 DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2020.101983
    CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND: Corona virus (COVID) has rapidly gained a foothold and caused a global pandemic. Particularists try their best to tackle this global crisis. New challenges outlined from various medical perspectives may require a novel design solution. Asymptomatic COVID-19 carriers show different health conditions and no symptoms; hence, a differentiation process is required to avert the risk of chronic virus carriers.

    OBJECTIVES: Laboratory criteria and patient dataset are compulsory in constructing a new framework. Prioritisation is a popular topic and a complex issue for patients with COVID-19, especially for asymptomatic carriers due to multi-laboratory criteria, criterion importance and trade-off amongst these criteria. This study presents new integrated decision-making framework that handles the prioritisation of patients with COVID-19 and can detect the health conditions of asymptomatic carriers.

    METHODS: The methodology includes four phases. Firstly, eight important laboratory criteria are chosen using two feature selection approaches. Real and simulation datasets from various medical perspectives are integrated to produce a new dataset involving 56 patients with different health conditions and can be used to check asymptomatic cases that can be detected within the prioritisation configuration. The first phase aims to develop a new decision matrix depending on the intersection between 'multi-laboratory criteria' and 'COVID-19 patient list'. In the second phase, entropy is utilised to set the objective weight, and TOPSIS is adapted to prioritise patients in the third phase. Finally, objective validation is performed.

    RESULTS: The patients are prioritised based on the selected criteria in descending order of health situation starting from the worst to the best. The proposed framework can discriminate among mild, serious and critical conditions and put patients in a queue while considering asymptomatic carriers. Validation findings revealed that the patients are classified into four equal groups and showed significant differences in their scores, indicating the validity of ranking.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study implies and discusses the numerous benefits of the suggested framework in detecting/recognising the health condition of patients prior to discharge, supporting the hospitalisation characteristics, managing patient care and optimising clinical prediction rule.

    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State/physiopathology*
  3. Preimmunisation hepatitis B screening in Singapore--a viewpoint from private sector clinics
    Mah GK, Yeo A
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 1990 May;19(3):339-43.
    PMID: 2144101
    Blood samples from 1,600 persons who sought immunisation against hepatitis B in private clinics in Singapore in 1988-1989 were screened for two viral markers. Of that total, 4.81% were positive for HBsAg and 17.31% had anti-HBs levels greater than 10 mIU/ml, indicating that about 22.12% of the general population would not benefit from immunisation. Preimmunisation screening will identify persons not requiring the hepatitis B vaccine and thus, avoid wastage. When immunisation has already been performed without screening, recall for post-immunisation screening should be considered in order to detect the infectious hepatitis B carriers. Data in this study indicates that at this point in time, it is important to immunise adolescents and adults, in addition to neonates and children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State
  4. Chronic hepatitis B infection in Malaysians
    Yap SF
    Malays J Pathol, 1994 Jun;16(1):3-6.
    PMID: 16329567
    Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection constitutes a major public health problem particularly in developing countries in East Asia, South-East Asia, the Pacific Basin and Africa. In Malaysia, a developing nation in the South East Asian region, the chronic HBV carrier rate varies between < 1% to about 10% depending on the ethnic group studied. The highest frequency is seen among the Chinese, followed by the Malays and lastly the Indians, with a male preponderance of between 2 : 1 and 3 : 1. Exposure to the virus among the adult population is estimated to be about 15%, 26% and 36% among the Indians, Malays and Chinese respectively. Serological study of adult chronic HBV carriers showed a frequency of HBe antigenemia of about 35%, with a significant decreasing trend with age. HBV DNA status generally correlated with the HBe status. An atypical profile of anti-HBe associated with serum HBV DNA is found in some carriers; in most instances, this is related to seroconversion from HBe antigenemia to anti-HBe. Chronic complications of HBV infection include the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the occurrence of which closely parallel that of HBsAg carrier rate. In Malaysia, HCC is the third most common malignant neoplasm and among the 10 leading causes of death. About 80% of our HCC cases are HBV associated. All 3 ethnic groups are afflicted, the highest frequency being among the Chinese. Males show a disproportionate risk with an odds ratio of 3.93 (p < 0.0001).
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State/ethnology*
  5. Fulltext The 1978 cholera outbreak in Krian district
    Yadav H
    Med J Malaysia, 1981 Sep;36(3):129-35.
    PMID: 7329369
    The findings of a cholera epidemic in Krian district is reported. There were 77 cases and 92 carriers in the epidemic. Although the three main ethnic groups of Malays, Chinese and Indians were involved in the epidemic, the Malays constituted majority of the cases and carriers. The overall infection rate and case attack rate was higher among the younger population. The case: carrier ratio was also higher among the younger population especially among Indians. Various reasons and probable causes of the epidemic have been described briefly.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State/epidemiology
  6. Practical difficulties in the management of hepatitis B in the Asia-Pacific region
    Mohamed R, Desmond P, Suh DJ, Amarapurkar D, Gane E, Guangbi Y, et al.
    J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2004 Sep;19(9):958-69.
    PMID: 15304110
    The Asia-Pacific Expert Committee on Hepatitis B Management recently reviewed the impact of hepatitis B in the region and assessed the differences and similarities observed in the practical management of the disease in individual Asia-Pacific countries. Hepatitis B is a major health concern in the Asia-Pacific region, and of all chronically infected carriers worldwide, approximately 75% are found in Asia. The disease poses a considerable burden on healthcare systems, and is likely to remain a cause of substantial morbidity and mortality for several decades. Disease prevention activities, including screening and vaccination programs, have been implemented successfully in some Asia-Pacific countries and similar measures are being established in other parts of the region. The management of hepatitis B in the Asia-Pacific varies throughout the region, with each country confronting different issues related to treatment options, disease monitoring and duration of therapy. The influence of cost, availability of diagnostic equipment, and patient awareness and compliance are of additional concern. Although guidelines such as those developed by the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver have been created to address problems encountered in the management of hepatitis B, many physicians in the region still find it difficult to make satisfactory management decisions because of the treatment choices available. This article examines the different approaches to hepatitis B management in a number of Asia-Pacific countries, and highlights the difficulties that can arise when adhering to treatment guidelines and disease prevention solutions that have proved to be successful in the region.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State
  7. Hepatitis B infection among Chinese STD patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Gan CY, Yap SF, Ngeow YF, Wong HC
    Sex Transm Dis, 1991 4 1;18(2):84-8.
    PMID: 1862464 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-199118020-00006
    This study documents the prevalence of Hepatitis B serological markers among STD patients who have had multiple sexual partners in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and compares the rates with those of a sample of the population with single or no sexual partners. A total of 336 Chinese STD patients (multiple partners group) and 234 Chinese control subjects (non-multiple partner group) were screened. Those with a history of blood transfusion or parenteral drug abuse had been excluded from the study, and all study subjects were heterosexuals. The overall carrier rate was 9.2% for the multiple partner group (MP group) and 6.8% for the non-multiple partner group (NMP group). Infection rates were 64.3% for the MP-group and 38.9% for the NMP group. After adjustments for age and sex, there was no significant difference in carrier rates between the two groups, but infection rates were significantly different with the MP group, being 3.2 times more likely to acquire infection than the NMP group. The study concludes that in heterosexuals, those with multiple sexual partners have increased chances of acquiring HBV infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State/epidemiology*
  8. Fulltext Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Children: A Study of Contacts of Index Paediatric Cases in India
    Gupta N, Saravu K, Varma M, Pm A, Shetty S, Umakanth S
    J Trop Pediatr, 2021 01 29;67(1).
    PMID: 33280033 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmaa081
    The susceptibility of children to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and transmission of COVID-19 from children to others is a relatively unexplored area. The aim of this study was to understand the transmission dynamics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in children. This was a retrospective observational study where a total of 19 paediatric index cases (including a set of twins) with COVID-19 and 42 primary contacts (adults-36, paediatric-6) from the immediate family members were included. All the index cases and four of the five positive contacts were asymptomatic. Despite adults staying with positive children in the same vehicle, same room in the quarantine centre and the same ward, only four of the parents became positive.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State
  9. Cholera carriers in the S. S. Hawaii Maru
    Tull JC
    Malayan Medical Journal, 1928;3:106-7.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State
  10. Fulltext Comparative genomics of closely related Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains reveals genome dynamics and the acquisition of novel pathogenic elements
    Yap KP, Gan HM, Teh CS, Chai LC, Thong KL
    BMC Genomics, 2014;15:1007.
    PMID: 25412680 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1007
    Typhoid fever is an infectious disease of global importance that is caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). This disease causes an estimated 200,000 deaths per year and remains a serious global health threat. S. Typhi is strictly a human pathogen, and some recovered individuals become long-term carriers who continue to shed the bacteria in their faeces, thus becoming main reservoirs of infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State
  11. Fulltext Variable Responses to Carbon Utilization between Planktonic and Biofilm Cells of a Human Carrier Strain of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi
    Kalai Chelvam K, Yap KP, Chai LC, Thong KL
    PLoS One, 2015;10(5):e0126207.
    PMID: 25946205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126207
    Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a foodborne pathogen that causes typhoid fever and infects only humans. The ability of S. Typhi to survive outside the human host remains unclear, particularly in human carrier strains. In this study, we have investigated the catabolic activity of a human carrier S. Typhi strain in both planktonic and biofilm cells using the high-throughput Biolog Phenotype MicroArray, Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC) biofilm inoculator (96-well peg lid) and whole genome sequence data. Additional strains of S. Typhi were tested to further validate the variation of catabolism in selected carbon substrates in the different bacterial growth phases. The analyzes of the carbon utilization data indicated that planktonic cells of the carrier strain, S. Typhi CR0044 could utilize a broader range of carbon substrates compared to biofilm cells. Pyruvic acid and succinic acid which are related to energy metabolism were actively catabolised in the planktonic stage compared to biofilm stage. On the other hand, glycerol, L-fucose, L-rhamnose (carbohydrates) and D-threonine (amino acid) were more actively catabolised by biofilm cells compared to planktonic cells. Notably, dextrin and pectin could induce strong biofilm formation in the human carrier strain of S. Typhi. However, pectin could not induce formation of biofilm in the other S. Typhi strains. Phenome data showed the utilization of certain carbon substrates which was supported by the presence of the catabolism-associated genes in S. Typhi CR0044. In conclusion, the findings showed the differential carbon utilization between planktonic and biofilm cells of a S. Typhi human carrier strain. The differences found in the carbon utilization profiles suggested that S. Typhi uses substrates mainly found in the human biliary mucus glycoprotein, gallbladder, liver and cortex of the kidney of the human host. The observed diversity in the carbon catabolism profiles among different S. Typhi strains has suggested the possible involvement of various metabolic pathways that might be related to the virulence and pathogenesis of this host-restricted human pathogen. The data serve as a caveat for future in-vivo studies to investigate the carbon metabolic activity to the pathogenesis of S. Typhi.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State/microbiology
  12. Fulltext Genome sequence and comparative pathogenomics analysis of a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi strain associated with a typhoid carrier in Malaysia
    Yap KP, Gan HM, Teh CS, Baddam R, Chai LC, Kumar N, et al.
    J Bacteriol, 2012 Nov;194(21):5970-1.
    PMID: 23045488 DOI: 10.1128/JB.01416-12
    Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is a human pathogen that causes typhoid fever predominantly in developing countries. In this article, we describe the whole genome sequence of the S. Typhi strain CR0044 isolated from a typhoid fever carrier in Kelantan, Malaysia. These data will further enhance the understanding of its host persistence and adaptive mechanism.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State/microbiology
  13. Nucleotide sequence of precore region of hepatitis B virus DNA in HBsAg-positive carriers in Malaysia
    Ton SH, Iskandar K, Noriah R, Thanaletchimy N
    Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 1996;28(6):543-8.
    PMID: 9060053
    As most published studies on precore mutants have been carried out on isolates from patients with liver diseases, and it is unclear whether HBsAg carriers with viraemia in the absence of HBeAg are also generally infected by such mutants, it was decided to sequence the precore region in some HBV-DNA isolated from HBsAg-positive carriers. Precore sequences of HBV-DNA from 43 HBsAg carriers in Malaysia were studied. Three HBV subtypes were identified according to the nucleotide sequence of the precore region. Most of the carriers were found to be infected by the subtype adr. Mutations were detected in the precore regions. The most common conserved mutation was a silent mutation involving conversion from T to C (CCT to CCC) at position 1858 at codon 15 (proline). It was found that 4/43 (9.3%) had a mutation at the penultimate codon where TGG was changed to TAG. All 4 isolates with the TAG mutation had nt T at position 1858. Of the 4 carriers who were infected by these mutant viruses, 2 were coinfected with the wild type, 1 was infected only by a variant with the mutation at position 1896, while another was infected by a variant with mutations at positions 1896 and 1899. Three of the 4 were anti-HBe positive while 1 was HBeAg positive. Alanine aminotransaminase activities in all 4 carriers were normal. This study therefore demonstrated that variants with stop codons at the penultimate codon could be found in asymptomatic carriers in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State/virology*
  14. Infectiousness of HBsAg carriers in Malaysia
    Ton SH, Yeoh KS, Lim WC, Noriah R, Cheong SK, Thanaletchimy N
    J Trop Med Hyg, 1995 Aug;98(4):277-80.
    PMID: 7636926
    HBV-DNA were analysed in 330 HBsAg-positive carriers in Malaysia by dot-blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. Seventy-three (22.12%) were positive for the virus. Of these, 65 (89%) were males and 8 (11%) were females. Statistically, there was no significant difference (P = 0.13). No significant decline in HBV-DNA with age in the Malay and Chinese males was observed (P = 0.2). Prevalence of HBV-DNA was higher in the Chinese carriers than in the Malay carriers for most age groups in both sexes. Sixty-one HBV-DNA-positive carriers were also positive for HBeAg. However, three individuals were positive only for anti-HBe, one was positive for both HBeAg and anti-HBe, and eight were negative for both HBeAg and anti-HBe. Fifty-seven were positive for HBeAg but negative for HBV-DNA. No relation was observed between raised alanine aminotransaminase and aspartate aminotransaminase levels and the presence of HBV-DNA (P = 0.4).
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State/ethnology; Carrier State/epidemiology*
  15. Fulltext Clonal relatedness in the acquisition of intestinal carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli and its risk factors among preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
    Lee YQ, Ahmad Kamar A, Velayuthan RD, Chong CW, Teh CSJ
    Pediatr Neonatol, 2021 03;62(2):129-137.
    PMID: 33218933 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2020.10.002
    BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal carriage of multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacilli, especially Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, was highly associated with severe nosocomial infections. The main objectives of this study were to determine the clonal relatedness of intestinal carriage and transmission risk factors of MDR E. coli and K. pneumoniae amongst preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

    METHODS: A prospective cohort study of preterm infants with gestational age 

    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State/microbiology*
  16. Intestinal carriage of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria in preterm-infants during hospitalization in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
    Yap PS, Ahmad Kamar A, Chong CW, Yap IK, Thong KL, Choo YM, et al.
    Pathog Glob Health, 2016 Sep;110(6):238-246.
    PMID: 27650884
    The prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of intestinal carriage of Gram-negative bacteria among preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a tertiary teaching hospital in Malaysia were determined. A total of 34 stool specimens were obtained from preterm infants upon admission and once weekly up to two weeks during hospitalization. The presumptive colonies of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were selected for identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and subtyping by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Out of 76 Gram-negative isolates, highest resistance was detected for amoxicillin/clavulanate (30.8%, n = 16), ceftriaxone (42.3%, n = 22), ceftazidime (28.8%, n = 15), cefoxitin (28.8%, n = 15), aztreonam (36.5%, n = 19), and polymyxin B (23.1%, n = 12). Three colistin resistant K. pneumoniae have also been detected based on E-test analysis. Thirty-nine isolates of K. pneumoniae and 20 isolates of E. coli were resistant to more than three antimicrobial classes and were categorized as multidrug resistant (MDR). PFGE analysis revealed a higher diversity in pulsotypes for K. pneumoniae (18 pulsotypes) in comparison to E. coli (four pulsotypes). In addition, a total of fifteen pulsotypes was observed from 39 MDR K. pneumoniae. The risk factors for antibiotic resistance were assessed using random forest analysis. Gender was found to be the most important predictor for colistin resistant while length, OFC, and delivery mode were showing greater predictive power in the polymyxin B resistance. This study revealed worrying prevalence rates of intestinal carriage of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae and E. coli of hospitalized preterm infants in Malaysia, particularly high resistance to polymyxins.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State/microbiology*
  17. Fulltext First reported case of Gilbertella persicaria in human stool: outcome of a community study from Segamat, Johor, Malaysia
    Huët MAL, Wong LW, Goh CBS, Ong KS, Dwiyanto J, Reidpath D, et al.
    Braz J Microbiol, 2020 Dec;51(4):2067-2075.
    PMID: 32572838 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00323-z
    Species of fungi belonging to the order Mucorales can be found everywhere in the environment. Gilbertella persicaria, which belongs to this order, have often been isolated from fruits and in water systems. However, there has been no report of isolation of this fungus from human samples. During a gut mycobiome study, from the Segamat community, Gilbertella persicaria was isolated from a human fecal sample and was characterized through a series of morphological assessment, biochemical tests, and molecular techniques. The isolate produced a white velvety surface that turned grayish after 24 h. Although no biofilm production was observed, the results indicated that the isolate could form calcium oxalate crystals, produced urease, and was resistant to low pH. The isolate was sensitive to amphotericin but resistant to voriconazole and itraconazole. The features of this fungus that could help in its survival in the human gut are also discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State/microbiology
  18. An appraisal of El Tor carrier state in Kelantan
    Dutt AK, Tan Hock Joo
    Med J Malaya, 1971 Mar;25(3):205-7.
    PMID: 4253247
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State*
  19. Fulltext Malaria in Malaysian soldiers, 1980
    Supramaniam V
    Med J Malaysia, 1981 Sep;36(3):136-41.
    PMID: 7035854
    The 1980 malaria notifications in Malaysian soldiers are analysed. The number of new cases notified was 964, giving an annual incidence of11.81/1000 soldiers. Sixty-three percent were falciparum and 36 percent were vivax infections. There were 48 relapses and recrudescences. Twenty-three carriers were detected on mass screening. The yield from mass screening was very low - 5.09/1000 screened. The current practice of chemotherapy, though generally acceptable, was unsuitable for a number of patients. Recommended regimens are not being adhered to. There were two cases ofcerebral malaria, one of whom died.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State/epidemiology
  20. Filariasis in a rubber plantation in Negeri Sembilan, West Malaysia
    Ramachandran CP, Dondero TJ, Mullin SW, Sivanandam S, Stevens S
    Med J Malaya, 1971 Jun;25(4):273-7.
    PMID: 4261299
    Matched MeSH terms: Carrier State
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