Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 171 in total

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  1. Hamidon TS, Idris NN, Adnan R, Haafiz MKM, Zahari A, Hussin MH
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Mar;262(Pt 2):130239.
    PMID: 38367788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130239
    Herein, cellulose nanocrystals were synthesized from oil palm fronds (CNC-OPF) involving two pretreatment approaches, viz. autohydrolysis and soda pulping. The pretreatments were applied individually to OPF fibers to assess their influence on CNCs' physicochemical and thermal properties. CNC-OPF samples were assessed using complementary characterization techniques, which confirmed their purity and characteristics. CP/MAS 13C NMR and TEM studies revealed that autohydrolysis pretreatment yielded CNCs with effective hemicellulose and extractives removal compared to that of soda pulping. XRD analysis demonstrated that autohydrolysis-treated CNC-OPF contained a much higher crystallinity index compared to soda pulping treatment. BET measurement disclosed a relatively higher surface area and wider pore diameter of autohydrolysis-treated CNC-OPF. Autohydrolysis-treated CNCs were applied as a reinforcement filler in alginate-based hydrogel beads for the removal of 4-chlorophenol from water, which attained a qmax of 19.168 mg g-1. BET analysis revealed the less porous nature of CNC-ALG hydrogel beads which could have contributed to hydrogel beads' relatively lower adsorption capacity. The point of zero charge of CNC-ALG hydrogel beads was 4.82, suggesting their applicability only within a short solution pH range. This study directs future studies to unveil the possibilities of functionalizing CNCs in order to enhance the adsorption performance of CNC-immobilized hydrogel beads towards 4-chlorophenol and other organic contaminants.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry
  2. Nyoo Putro J, Soetaredjo FE, Santoso SP, Irawaty W, Yuliana M, Wijaya CJ, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Feb;257(Pt 1):128502.
    PMID: 38040139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128502
    As a natural raw material to replace synthetic chemicals, cellulose and its derivatives are the most popular choices in the pharmaceutical industry. For drug delivery applications, cellulose is usually used as a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). CNC-based hydrogels are widely utilized for drug delivery because drug molecules can be encapsulated in their pore-like structures. This study aims to develop CNC hydrogels for the delivery of doripenem antibiotics. CNC was obtained from jackfruit peel extraction, and alginate was used as a network polymer to produce hydrogels. Ionotropic gelation was used in the synthesis of CNC-alginate hydrogel composites. The maximum adsorption of doripenem by CNC was 65.7 mg/g, while the maximum adsorption by CNC-alginate was 98.4 mg/g. One of the most challenging aspects of drug delivery is predicting drug release from a solid matrix using simple and complex mathematical equations. The sigmoidal equation could represent the doripenem release from CNC, while the Ritger-Peppas equation could describe the doripenem release from CNC-Alginate. The biocompatibility testing of CNC and CNC-alginate against a 7F2 cell line indicates that both materials were non-toxic.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry
  3. Poulose A, Mathew A, Uthaman A, Lal HM, Parameswaranpillai J, Mathiazhagan A, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Jan;255:128004.
    PMID: 37979737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128004
    Cellulose nanofibers have been extracted from arecanut palm sheath fibers via mild oxalic acid hydrolysis coupled with steam explosion technique. Cellulose nanofibers with diameter of 20.23 nm were obtained from arecanut palm sheath fibers. A series of robust hydrophobic cellulose nanopapers were fabricated by combining the synergistic effect of surface roughness induced by the successful deposition of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoflakes and stearic acid modification via a simple and cost-effective method. In this work, agro-waste arecanut palm sheath was employed as a novel source for the extraction of cellulose nanofibers. 2 wt% of ZnO nanoflakes and 1 M concentration of stearic acid were used to fabricate mechanically robust hydrophobic cellulose nanopapers with a water contact angle (WCA) of 134°. During the deposition of zinc oxide nanoflakes on the CNP for inducing surface roughness, a hydrogen bonding interaction is formed between the hydroxyl groups of cellulose nanofibers and the zinc oxide nanoflakes. When this surface roughened CNP was dipped in stearic acid solution. The hydroxyl groups in zinc oxide nanoflakes undergoes esterification reaction with carboxyl groups in stearic acid solution forming an insoluble stearate layer and thus inducing hydrophobicity on CNP. The fabricated hydrophobic cellulose nanopaper displayed a tensile strength of 22.4 MPa and better UV blocking ability which is highly desirable for the sustainable packaging material in the current scenario. Furthermore, the service life of the pristine and modified cellulose nanopapers was predicted using the Arrhenius equation based on the tensile properties obtained during the accelerated ageing studies. The outcome of this study would be broadening the potential applications of hydrophobic and mechanically robust cellulose nanopapers in sustainable packaging applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry
  4. Ahmad AA, Kasim KF, Gopinath SCB, Anbu P, Sofian-Seng NS
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Dec 31;253(Pt 2):126795.
    PMID: 37689304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126795
    Dicranopteris linearis (DL) is a fern in the Gleicheniaceae family, locally known as resam by the Malay community. It has numerous pharmacological benefits, with antiulcer and gastroprotective properties. Peptic ulcer is a chronic and recurring disease that significantly impacts morbidity and mortality, affecting nearly 20 % of the world's population. Despite the effectiveness of peptic ulcer drugs, there is no perfect treatment for the ailment. Encapsulation is an advanced technique that can treat peptic ulcers by incorporating natural sources. This work aims to encapsulate DL extract using different types of cellulose particles by the solvent displacement technique for peptic ulcer medication. The extract was encapsulated using methyl cellulose (MC), ethyl cellulose (EC), and a blend of ethyl methyl cellulose through a dialysis cellulose membrane tube and freeze-dried to yield a suspension of the encapsulated DL extracts. The microencapsulated methyl cellulose chloroform extract (MCCH) has a considerably greater level of total phenolic (84.53 ± 6.44 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid (84.53 ± 0.54 mg GAE/g), and antioxidant activity (86.40 ± 0.63 %). MCCH has the highest percentage of antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (2.42 ± 107 × 0.70 CFU/mL), Bacillus subtilis (5.21 ± 107 × 0.90 CFU/mL), and Shigella flexneri (1.25 ± 107 × 0.66 CFU/mL), as well as the highest urease inhibitory activity (50.0 ± 0.21 %). The MCCH particle size was estimated to be 3.347 ± 0.078 μm in diameter. It has been proven that DL elements were successfully encapsulated in the methyl cellulose polymer in the presence of calcium (Ca). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis indicated significant results, where the peak belonging to the CO stretch of the carbonyl groups of methyl cellulose (MC) shifted from 1638.46 cm-1 in the spectrum of pure MC to 1639.10 cm-1 in the spectrum of the MCCH extract. The shift in the wavenumbers was due to the interactions between the phytochemicals in the chloroform extract and the MC matrix in the microcapsules. Dissolution studies in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and model fitting of encapsulated chloroform extracts showed that MCCH has the highest EC50 of 6.73 ± 0.27 mg/mL with R2 = 0.971 fitted by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, indicating diffusion as the mechanism of release.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry
  5. Leong MY, Kong YL, Harun MY, Looi CY, Wong WF
    Carbohydr Res, 2023 Oct;532:108899.
    PMID: 37478689 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108899
    Nanocellulose (NC) is a natural fiber that can be extracted in fibrils or crystals form from different natural sources, including plants, bacteria, and algae. In recent years, nanocellulose has emerged as a sustainable biomaterial for various medicinal applications including drug delivery systems, wound healing, tissue engineering, and antimicrobial treatment due to its biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and exceptional water holding capacity for cell immobilization. Many antimicrobial products can be produced due to the chemical functionality of nanocellulose, such disposable antibacterial smart masks for healthcare use. This article discusses comprehensively three types of nanocellulose: cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) in view of their structural and functional properties, extraction methods, and the distinctive biomedical applications based on the recently published work. On top of that, the biosafety profile and the future perspectives of nanocellulose-based biomaterials have been further discussed in this review.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry
  6. Madadi M, Liu D, Qin Y, Zhang Y, Karimi K, Tabatabaei M, et al.
    Bioresour Technol, 2023 Sep;384:129370.
    PMID: 37343805 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129370
    This work aimed to study an integrated pretreatment technology employing p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH)-catalyzed liquid hot water (LHW) and short-time ball milling for the complete conversion of poplar biomass to xylooligosaccharides (XOS), glucose, and native-like lignin. The optimized TsOH-catalyzed LHW pretreatment solubilized 98.5% of hemicellulose at 160 °C for 40 min, releasing 49.8% XOS. Moreover, subsequent ball milling (20 min) maximized the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from 65.8% to 96.5%, owing to the reduced particle sizes and cellulose crystallinity index. The combined pretreatment reduced the crystallinity by 70.9% while enlarging the average pore size and pore volume of the substrate by 29.5% and 52.4%, respectively. The residual lignin after enzymatic hydrolysis was rich in β-O-4 linkages (55.7/100 Ar) with less condensed structures. This lignin exhibited excellent antioxidant activity (RSI of 66.22) and ultraviolet absorbance. Thus, this research suggested a sustainable waste-free biorefinery for the holistic valorization of biomass through two-step biomass fractionation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry
  7. Yusefi M, Shameli K, Lee-Kiun MS, Teow SY, Moeini H, Ali RR, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Apr 01;233:123388.
    PMID: 36706873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123388
    Polysaccharide-based magnetic nanocomposites can eminently illuminate several attractive features as anticancer drug carriers. In this study, rice straw-based cellulose nanowhisker (CNW) was used as solid support for Fe3O4 nanofillers to synthesize magnetic CNW. Then, cross-linked chitosan-coated magnetic CNW for 5-fluorouracil carrier abbreviated as CH/MCNW/5FU. Fourier-transform infrared, X-Ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated successful fabrication and multifunctional properties of the CH/MCNW/5FU nanocomposites. In addition, CH/MCNW/5FU nanocomposites showed hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential value of 181.31 ± 3.46 nm and +23 ± 1.8 mV, respectively. Based on images of transmission electron microscopy, magnetic CNW as reinforcement was coated with chitosan to obtain almost spherical CH/MCNW/5FU nanocomposites with an average diameter of 37.16 ± 3.08. The nanocomposites indicated desired saturation magnetization and thermal stability, high drug encapsulation efficiency, and pH-dependent swelling and drug release performance. CH/MCNW/5FU nanocomposites showed potent killing effects against colorectal cancer cells in both 2D monolayer and 3D spheroid models. These findings suggest CH/MCNW as a potential carrier for anticancer drugs with high tumour-penetrating capacity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry
  8. Chang XX, Mubarak NM, Karri RR, Tan YH, Khalid M, Dehghani MH, et al.
    Environ Res, 2023 Feb 15;219:115089.
    PMID: 36529332 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115089
    In the present work, the synthesis of cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW)/chitosan nanocomposite films via deep eutectic solvents (DES) changing the chemical structures were carried out. It was observed that a pure chitosan film has broadband at 3180-3400 cm-1, indicating amide and hydroxyl groups. Upon CNW incorporation, the peak gets sharper and stronger and shifts to a greater wavelength. Further, the addition of DES infuses more elements of amide into the nanocomposite films. Moreover, the mechanical properties incorporating CNW filler into a chitosan matrix show an enhancement in tensile strength (TS), Young's modulus (YM), and elongation at break. The TS and YM increase while the elongation decrease as the CNW concentration increases. The YM of biocomposite films is increased to 723 MPa at 25% CNW into chitosan films. Besides, the TS has enhanced to 11.48 MPa at 15% CNW concentration in the biocomposite films. The elongation at break has decreased to 11.7% at 25% CNW concentration. Hence, incorporating CNW into the chitosan matrix via DES can still improve the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite films. Therefore, the application of DES results in a lower YM and TS as the films are hygroscopic. In conclusion, DES can be considered the new green solvent media for synthesizing materials. It has the potential to replace ionic liquids due to its biodegradability and non-toxic properties while preserving the character of low-vapour pressure. Besides that, chitosan can be used as potential material for applications in process industries, such as the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. Thus, DES can be used as a green solvent and aim to reduce the toxic effect of chemicals on the environment during chemical production.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry
  9. Shi Y, Jiang J, Ye H, Sheng Y, Zhou Y, Foong SY, et al.
    Environ Res, 2023 Feb 01;218:114967.
    PMID: 36455630 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114967
    We analyzed the problematic textile fiber waste as potential precursor material to produce multilayer cotton fiber biocomposite. The properties of the products were better than the current dry bearing type particleboards and ordinary dry medium-density fiberboard in terms of the static bending strength (67.86 MPa), internal bonding strength (1.52 MPa) and water expansion rate (9.57%). The three-layer, four-layer and five-layer waste cotton fiber composite (WCFC) were tried in the experiment, the mechanical properties of the three-layer WCFC are insufficient, the five-layer WCFC is too thick and the four-layer WCFC had the best comprehensive performance. The cross-section morphology of the four-layer WCFC shows a dense structure with a high number of adhesives attached to the fiber. The hardness and stiffness of the four-layer cotton fiber composite enhanced by the high crystallinity of cellulose content, and several chemical bondings were presence in the composites. Minimum mass loss (30%) and thermal weight loss rate (0.70%/°C) was found for the four-layer WCFC. Overall, our findings suggested that the use of waste cotton fiber (WCF) to prepare biocomposite with desirable physical and chemical properties is feasible, and which can potentially be used as building material, furniture and automotive applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry
  10. Wong LC, Poh JH, Tan WT, Khor BK, Murugaiyah V, Leh CP, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Jan 01;224:483-495.
    PMID: 36273545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.138
    Hydrogels are an attractive platform for drug delivery to the skin. Current cellulose hydrogel developments commonly focus on readily available bleached woody cellulose. Considering the detrimental environmental impacts of bleaching reagents, unbleached non-woody biomass was proposed as an alternative. Herein, this study aims to develop hydrogel from native cellulose extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunches for dermal drug delivery with an emphasis on evaluating the effect of alkali solvent compositions on hydrogel formation. Unbleached dissolving pulps were solubilized in alkali solvents containing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (6-8%w/v) and urea (4-6%w/v) before crosslinking. Hydrogels were loaded with ibuprofen for skin permeation studies. Light brownish hydrogels formed are aesthetically acceptable and biodegradable with low cytotoxicity. NaOH content has a dominant role over urea where thinner and deformable crosslinked network walls in a porous hydrogel structure are associated with high NaOH content. Synergistic effects (cellulose solubility: 94 %; swelling ratio: ~2800 %) were observed at 7%w/v NaOH and 4%w/v urea with low toxicity. Most hydrogels showed >80 % of ibuprofen permeated into the skin and this increased with the swelling ratio of hydrogels. Unbleached cellulose pulps have excellent potential for hydrogel fabrication with outstanding physicomechanical properties for dermal drug delivery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry
  11. As V, Kumar G, Dey N, Karunakaran R, K A, Patel AK, et al.
    Environ Res, 2023 Jan 01;216(Pt 2):114400.
    PMID: 36265604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114400
    Biowaste, produced from nature, is preferred to be a good source of carbon and ligninolytic machinery for many microorganisms. They are complex biopolymers composed of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose traces. This biomass can be depolymerized to its nano-dimensions to gain exceptional properties useful in the field of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, high-strength materials, etc. Nano-sized biomass derivatives overcome the inherent drawbacks of the parent material and offer promises as a potential material for a wide range of applications with their unique traits such as low-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability and environmentally friendly nature with versatility. This review focuses on the production of value-added products feasible from nanocellulose, nano lignin, and xylan nanoparticles which is quite a novel study of its kind. Dawn of nanotechnology has converted bio waste by-products (hemicellulose and lignin) into useful precursors for many commercial products. Nano-cellulose has been employed in the fields of electronics, cosmetics, drug delivery, scaffolds, fillers, packaging, and engineering structures. Xylan nanoparticles and nano lignin have numerous applications as stabilizers, additives, textiles, adhesives, emulsifiers, and prodrugs for many polyphenols with an encapsulation efficiency of 50%. This study will support the potential development of composites for emerging applications in all aspects of interest and open up novel paths for multifunctional biomaterials in nano-dimensions for cosmetic, drug carrier, and clinical applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry
  12. Teo SH, Chee CY, Fahmi MZ, Wibawa Sakti SC, Lee HV
    Molecules, 2022 Oct 23;27(21).
    PMID: 36363998 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217170
    In the past few years, the research on particle-stabilized emulsion (Pickering emulsion) has mainly focused on the usage of inorganic particles with well-defined shapes, narrow size distributions, and chemical tunability of the surfaces such as silica, alumina, and clay. However, the presence of incompatibility of some inorganic particles that are non-safe to humans and the ecosystem and their poor sustainability has led to a shift towards the development of materials of biological origin. For this reason, nano-dimensional cellulose (nanocellulose) derived from natural plants is suitable for use as a Pickering material for liquid interface stabilization for various non-toxic product formulations (e.g., the food and beverage, cosmetic, personal care, hygiene, pharmaceutical, and biomedical fields). However, the current understanding of nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsion still lacks consistency in terms of the structural, self-assembly, and physio-chemical properties of nanocellulose towards the stabilization between liquid and oil interfaces. Thus, this review aims to provide a comprehensive study of the behavior of nanocellulose-based particles and their ability as a Pickering functionality to stabilize emulsion droplets. Extensive discussion on the characteristics of nanocelluloses, morphology, and preparation methods that can potentially be applied as Pickering emulsifiers in a different range of emulsions is provided. Nanocellulose's surface modification for the purpose of altering its characteristics and provoking multifunctional roles for high-grade non-toxic applications is discussed. Subsequently, the water-oil stabilization mechanism and the criteria for effective emulsion stabilization are summarized in this review. Lastly, we discuss the toxicity profile and risk assessment guidelines for the whole life cycle of nanocellulose from the fresh feedstock to the end-life of the product.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry
  13. Gunathilake TMSU, Ching YC, Uyama H, Nguyen DH, Chuah CH
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Dec 15;193(Pt B):1522-1531.
    PMID: 34740692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.215
    The investigation of protein-nanoparticle interactions contributes to the understanding of nanoparticle bio-reactivity and creates a database of nanoparticles for use in nanomedicine, nanodiagnosis, and nanotherapy. In this study, hen's egg white was used as the protein source to study the interaction of proteins with sulphuric acid hydrolysed nanocellulose (CNC). Several techniques such as FTIR, zeta potential measurement, UV-vis spectroscopy, compressive strength, TGA, contact angle and FESEM provide valuable information in the protein-CNC interaction study. The presence of a broader peak in the 1600-1050 cm-1 range of CNC/egg white protein FTIR spectrum compared to the 1600-1050 cm-1 range of CNC sample indicated the binding of egg white protein to CNC surface. The contact angle with the glass surface decreased with the addition of CNC to egg white protein. The FESEM EDX spectra showed a higher amount of N and Na on the surface of CNC. It indicates the density of protein molecules higher around CNC. The zeta potential of CNC changed from -26.7 ± 0.46 to -21.7 ± 0.2 with the introduction of egg white protein due to the hydrogen bonding, polar bonds and electrostatic interaction between surface CNC and protein. The compressive strength of the egg white protein films increased from 0.064 ± 0.01 to 0.36 ± 0.02 MPa with increasing the CNC concentration from 0 to 4.73% (w/v). The thermal decomposition temperature of CNC/egg white protein decreased compared to egg white protein thermal decomposition temperature. According to UV-Vis spectroscopy, the far-UV light (207-222nm) absorption peak slightly changed in the CNC/egg white protein spectrum compared to the egg white protein spectrum. Based on the results, the observations of protein nanoparticle interactions provide an additional understanding, besides the theoretical simulations from previous studies. Also, the results indicate to aim CNC for the application of nanomedicine and nanotherapy. A new insight given by us in this research assumes a reasonable solution to these crucial applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry*
  14. Kian LK, Jawaid M, Nasef MM, Fouad H, Karim Z
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Dec 01;192:654-664.
    PMID: 34655581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.042
    In this study, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) dual-layer membranes filled with 0-3 wt% cellulose nanowhisker (CNWs) were fabricated with aim to remove metal ions from wastewater. An integrated method was employed in the membrane fabrication process by combining water vapor-induced and crystallization-induced phase inversions. The membrane thickness was measured in between 11 and 13 μm, which did not pose significant flux deviation during filtration process. The 3% CNW filled membrane showed prominent and well-laminated two layers structure. Meanwhile, the increase in CNWs from 0 to 3% loadings could improve the membrane porosity (43-74%) but reducing pore size (2.45-0.54 μm). The heat resistance of neat membrane enhanced by 1% CNW but decreased with loadings of 2-3% CNWs due to flaming behavior of sulphated nanocellulose. Membrane with 3% CNW displayed the tensile strength (23.5 MPa), elongation at break (7.1%), and Young's modulus (0.75 GPa) as compared to other samples. For wastewater filtration performance, the continuous operation test showed that 3% CNW filled membrane exhibited the highest removal efficiency for both cobalt and nickel metal ions reaching to 83% and 84%, respectively. We concluded that CNWs filled dual-layer membranes have potential for future development in the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater streams.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry*
  15. Ashraf MA, Islam A, Butt MA, Hussain T, Khan RU, Bashir S, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Nov 30;191:872-880.
    PMID: 34571131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.131
    Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) of cellulose acetate/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (CA/PVP) infused with acid functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) were fabricated by an immersion phase separation technique for hemodialysis application. Membranes were characterized using FTIR, water uptake, contact angle, TGA, DMA and SEM analysis. The FTIR was used to confirm the bonding interaction between CA/PVP membrane matrix and f-MWCNTs. Upon addition of f-MWCNTs, TGA thermograms and glass transition temperature indicated improved thermal stability of MMMs. The surface morphological analysis demonstrated revealed uniform distribution of f-MWCNTs and asymmetric membrane structure. The water uptake and contact angle confirmed that hydrophilicity was increased after incorporation of f-MWCNTs. The membranes demonstrated enhancement in water permeate flux, bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection with the infusion of f-MWCNTs; whereas BSA based anti-fouling analysis using flux recovery ratio test shown up to 8.4% improvement. The urea and creatinine clearance performance of MMMs were evaluated by dialysis experiment. It has been found that f-MWCNTs integrated membranes demonstrated the higher urea and creatinine clearance with increase of 12.6% and 10.5% in comparison to the neat CA/PVP membrane. Thus, the prepared CA/PVP membranes embedded with f-MWCNTs can be employed for wide range of dialysis applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry
  16. Ikram M, Hayat S, Imran M, Haider A, Naz S, Ul-Hamid A, et al.
    Carbohydr Polym, 2021 Oct 01;269:118346.
    PMID: 34294353 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118346
    In the present study, the novel Ag/cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-doped CeO2 quantum dots (QDs) with highly efficient catalytic performance were synthesized using one pot co-precipitation technique, which were then applied in the degradation of methylene blue and ciprofloxacin (MBCF) in wastewater. Catalytic activity against MBCF dye was significantly reduced (99.3%) for (4%) Ag dopant concentration in acidic medium. For Ag/CNC-doped CeO2 vast inhibition domain of G-ve was significantly confirmed as (5.25-11.70 mm) and (7.15-13.60 mm), while medium- to high-concentration of CNC levels were calculated for G + ve (0.95 nm, 1.65 mm), respectively. Overall, (4%) Ag/CNC-doped CeO2 revealed significant antimicrobial activity against G-ve relative to G + ve at both concentrations, respectively. Furthermore, in silico molecular docking studies were performed against selected enzyme targets dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), and DNA gyrase belonging to folate and nucleic acid biosynthetic pathway, respectively to rationalize possible mechanism behind bactericidal potential of CNC-CeO2 and Ag/CNC-CeO2.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry*
  17. Sucinda EF, Abdul Majid MS, Ridzuan MJM, Cheng EM, Alshahrani HA, Mamat N
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Sep 30;187:43-53.
    PMID: 34271052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.069
    A packaging material that is environment-friendly with excellent mechanical and physicochemical properties, biodegradable and ultraviolet (UV) protection and thermal stability was prepared to reduce plastic waste. Six different concentrations of Pennisetum purpureum/Napier cellulose nanowhiskers (NWCs) (i.e. 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 wt%) were used to reinforce polylactic acid (PLA) by a solvent casting method. The resulting bionanocomposite film samples were characterised in terms of their morphology, chemical structure, crystallinity, thermal degradation and stability, light transmittance, water absorption, biodegradability, and physical and mechanical properties. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy showed the excellent dispersion of NWC in the PLA matrix occurred with NWC concentrations of 0.5-1.5 wt%. All the bionanocomposite film samples exhibited good thermal stability at approximately 343-359 °C. The highest water absorption was 1.94%. The lowest transparency at λ800 was 16.16% for the PLA/3.0% NWC bionanocomposite film, which also has the lowest UVA and UVB transmittance of 7.49% and 4.02%, respectively, making it suitable for packaging materials. The PLA/1.0% NWC film exhibited the highest crystallinity of 50.09% and high tensile strength and tensile modulus of 21.22 MPa and 11.35 MPa, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry*
  18. Haniffa MACM, Munawar K, Chee CY, Pramanik S, Halilu A, Illias HA, et al.
    Carbohydr Polym, 2021 Sep 01;267:118136.
    PMID: 34119125 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118136
    Cellulose and its forms are widely used in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability and lack of cytotoxicity. It provides ample opportunities for the functionalization of supported magnetic nanohybrids (CSMNs). Because of the abundance of surface hydroxyl groups, they are surface tunable in either homogeneous or heterogeneous solvents and thus act as a substrate or template for the CSMNs' development. The present review emphasizes on the synthesis of various CSMNs, their physicomagnetic properties, and potential applications such as stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems, MRI, enzyme encapsulation, nucleic acid extraction, wound healing and tissue engineering. The impact of CSMNs on cytotoxicity, magnetic hyperthermia, and folate-conjugates is highlighted in particular, based on their structures, cell viability, and stability. Finally, the review also discussed the challenges and prospects of CSMNs' development. This review is expected to provide CSMNs' development roadmap in the context of 21st-century demands for biomedical therapeutics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry*
  19. Ikram M, Mahmood A, Haider A, Naz S, Ul-Hamid A, Nabgan W, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Aug 31;185:153-164.
    PMID: 34157328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.101
    Various concentrations of Mg into fixed amount of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)-doped ZnO were synthesized using facile chemical precipitation. The aim of present study is to remove dye degradation of methylene blue (MB) and bactericidal behavior with synthesized product. Phase constitution, functional group analysis, optical behavior, elemental composition, morphology and microstructure were examined using XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, EDS and HR-TEM. Highly efficient photocatalytic performance was observed in basic medium (98%) relative to neutral (65%), and acidic (83%) was observed upon Mg and CNC co-doping. Significant bactericidal activity of doped ZnO nanoparticles depicted inhibition zones for G -ve and +ve bacteria ranging (2.20 - 4.25 mm) and (5.80-7.25 mm) for E. coli and (1.05 - 2.75 mm) and (2.80 - 4.75 mm) for S. aureus at low and high doses, respectively. Overall, doped nanostructures showed significant (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry*
  20. Soo YT, Ng SW, Tang TK, Ab Karim NA, Phuah ET, Lee YY
    J Sci Food Agric, 2021 Aug 15;101(10):4161-4172.
    PMID: 33428211 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11054
    BACKGROUND: Palm pressed fibre (PPF) is a cellulose-rich biomass residue produced during palm oil extraction. Its high cellulose content allows the isolation of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). CNC has attracted scientific interest due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility and low cost. The present study isolated CNC from PPF using a cation exchange resin, which is an environmentally friendly and less harsh hydrolysis method than conventional mineral acid hydrolysis. Isolated CNC was used to stabilise an oil-in-water emulsion and the emulsion stability was evaluated in terms of droplet size, morphology and physical stability.

    RESULTS: PPF was subjected to alkali and bleach treatment prior to hydrolysis, which successfully removed 54% and 75% of non-cellulosic components (hemicellulose and lignin, respectively). Hydrolysis conditions of 5 h, 15:1 (w/w) resin-to-pulp ratio and 50 °C produced CNC particles of 50-100 nm in length. CNC had a crystallinity index of 42% and appeared rod-like morphologically. CNC-stabilised emulsion had better stability when used in combination with soy lecithin (SL), a well-established, commonly used food stabiliser. Emulsion stabilised by the binary mixture of CNC and SL had droplet size, morphology and physical stability comparable to those of emulsion stabilised using SL.

    CONCLUSIONS: CNC was successfully isolated from PPF through a cation exchange resin. This offers an alternative usage for the underutilised PPF to be converted into value-added products. Isolated CNC was also found to have promising potential in the stabilisation of Pickering emulsions. These results provide useful information indicating CNC as a natural and sustainable stabiliser for food, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical applications. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry*
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