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  1. Tan le V, Tuyen NT, Thanh TT, Ngan TT, Van HM, Sabanathan S, et al.
    J Virol Methods, 2015 Apr;215-216:30-6.
    PMID: 25704598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.02.011
    Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) has emerged as the most important cause of large outbreaks of severe and sometimes fatal hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) across the Asia-Pacific region. EV-A71 outbreaks have been associated with (sub)genogroup switches, sometimes accompanied by recombination events. Understanding EV-A71 population dynamics is therefore essential for understanding this emerging infection, and may provide pivotal information for vaccine development. Despite the public health burden of EV-A71, relatively few EV-A71 complete-genome sequences are available for analysis and from limited geographical localities. The availability of an efficient procedure for whole-genome sequencing would stimulate effort to generate more viral sequence data. Herein, we report for the first time the development of a next-generation sequencing based protocol for whole-genome sequencing of EV-A71 directly from clinical specimens. We were able to sequence viruses of subgenogroup C4 and B5, while RNA from culture materials of diverse EV-A71 subgenogroups belonging to both genogroup B and C was successfully amplified. The nature of intra-host genetic diversity was explored in 22 clinical samples, revealing 107 positions carrying minor variants (ranging from 0 to 15 variants per sample). Our analysis of EV-A71 strains sampled in 2013 showed that they all belonged to subgenogroup B5, representing the first report of this subgenogroup in Vietnam. In conclusion, we have successfully developed a high-throughput next-generation sequencing-based assay for whole-genome sequencing of EV-A71 from clinical samples.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  2. Cohen C, Moreira ED, Nañez H, Nachiappan JP, Arvinder-Singh HS, Huoi C, et al.
    Vaccine, 2019 03 22;37(13):1868-1875.
    PMID: 30826144 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.087
    BACKGROUND: The background incidence of viscerotropic- (VLD) and neurotropic-like disease (NLD) unrelated to immunization in dengue-endemic countries is currently unknown.

    METHODS: This retrospective population-based analysis estimated crude and standardized incidences of VLD and NLD in twelve hospitals in Brazil (n = 3), Mexico (n = 3), and Malaysia (n = 6) over a 1-year period before the introduction of the tetravalent dengue vaccine. Catchment areas were estimated using publicly available population census information and administrative data. The denominator population for incidence rates was calculated, and sensitivity analyses assessed the impact of important assumptions.

    RESULTS: Total cases adjudicated as definite VLD were 5, 57, and 56 in Brazil, Mexico, and Malaysia, respectively. Total cases adjudicated as definite NLD were 103, 29, and 26 in Brazil, Mexico, and Malaysia, respectively. Crude incidence rates of cases adjudicated as definite VLD in Brazil, Mexico, and Malaysia were 1.17, 2.60, and 1.48 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. Crude incidence rates of cases adjudicated as definite NLD in Brazil, Mexico, and Malaysia were 4.45, 1.32, and 0.69 per 100,000 person-years, respectively.

    CONCLUSIONS: Background incidence estimates of VLD and NLD obtained in Mexico, Brazil, and Malaysia could provide context for cases occurring after the introduction of the tetravalent dengue vaccine.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  3. Low HM, Zainal MS, Pang JC, Ang Y, de Vries M
    Autism, 2024 Jan;28(1):174-186.
    PMID: 37128140 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231167501
    Most research on autism spectrum conditions is done on young children and not as much on young adults with autism spectrum conditions. Because of this, not much is known about how common autism spectrum conditions are in young adults and how they affect their mental and social health, especially in Southeast Asia. Based on self-reports, 2.8% of the 2732 university students we looked at in Malaysia might have been diagnosed or thought to have an autism spectrum condition. Students who said they had or thought they had autism spectrum conditions had lower self-efficacy, more stress and a lower quality of life than students who said they did not have autism spectrum conditions. The results showed that university students with autism spectrum condition are more likely to have bad psychological and social outcomes than their peers without autism spectrum condition. Also, the link between autistic traits and psychosocial outcomes could depend on the culture.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  4. Alias H, Lau SCD, Schuitema I, de Sonneville LMJ
    Front Psychol, 2018;9:703.
    PMID: 29896137 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00703
    Objective: This study aimed to evaluate neuropsychological consequences in survivors of childhood brain tumor. Method: A case-control study was conducted over a period of 4 months in a tertiary referral center in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Fourteen survivors of childhood brain tumor aged 7-18 years, who were off-treatment for at least 1 year and were in remission, and 31 unrelated healthy controls were recruited. The median age at diagnosis was 8.20 years (range: 0.92-12.96 years). The diagnoses of brain tumors were medulloblastoma, germ cell tumor, pineocytoma, pilocystic astrocytoma, suprasellar germinoma, and ependymoma. Eleven survivors received central nervous system irradiation. Seven tasks were selected from the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks program to evaluate alertness (processing speed), and major aspects of executive functioning, such as working memory capacity, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and sustained attention. Speed, stability and accuracy of responses were the main outcome measures. Results: Survivors of childhood brain tumor showed statistically significant poorer performance on all tasks compared to healthy controls. Both processing speed and accuracy were impaired in the survivors, in particular under more complex task conditions. The survivors demonstrated deficits in alertness, sustained attention, working memory capacity, executive visuomotor control, and cognitive flexibility. Longer duration off treatment appeared to be correlated with poorer alertness, memory capacity, and inhibition. Conclusion: Survivors of childhood brain tumor in our center showed impaired neuropsychological functioning. Development of less toxic treatment protocols is important to prevent late effects of cognitive deficits in survivors of childhood brain tumor.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  5. Rynja SP, Bosch JLHR, de Jong TPVM, van der Werf-Kok ET, de Kort LMO
    J Pediatr Urol, 2019 Dec;15(6):625.e1-625.e8.
    PMID: 31521557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.08.007
    OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the coping styles used by patients with hypospadias. Long-term hypospadias studies generally show satisfying outcomes, but some report a lower quality of life (QoL) or poorer psychosocial adjustment, particularly in patients with proximal hypospadias. A lower QoL or psychosocial adjustment was found to be associated with passive coping styles in other pediatric patient populations. Hypothetically, patients with hypospadias also develop different coping styles due to medical experiences in childhood, leading to the lower QoL outcomes on the long term. However, coping styles of patients with hypospadias have never been analyzed.

    PATIENTS AND METHODS: Adult men with hypospadias repair in childhood were recruited (n = 55; aged 19.9 [IQR 19.2-22.1]). Coping styles were determined with the Utrecht Coping List (UCL) and results compared with a reference group of male students (n = 55, age 20-30 years, no medical history). Sub analysis of coping styles of the hypospadias groups was done based on three items: severity of hypospadias, time of last hypospadias surgery and occurrence of postoperative complications.

    RESULTS: Compared to the reference groups, patients with hypospadias had higher scores on Avoidance (P 

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  6. Shanmugam S, Nathan AM, Zaki R, Tan KE, Eg KP, Thavagnanam S, et al.
    BMC Pediatr, 2016 06 23;16:80.
    PMID: 27339265 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-016-0616-8
    BACKGROUND: Noisy breathing is a common presenting symptom in children. The purpose of this study is to (a) assess parental ability to label wheeze, (b) compare the ability of parents of children with and without asthma to label wheeze and (c) determine factors affecting parental ability to label wheeze correctly.

    METHODS: This cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia involved parents of children with asthma. Parents of children without asthma were the control group. Eleven validated video clips showing wheeze, stridor, transmitted noises, snoring or normal breathing were shown to the parents. Parents were asked, in English or Malay, "What do you call the sound this child is making?" and "Where do you think the sound is coming from?"

    RESULTS: Two hundred parents participated in this study: 100 had children with asthma while 100 did not. Most (71.5 %) answered in Malay. Only 38.5 % of parents correctly labelled wheeze. Parents were significantly better at locating than labelling wheeze (OR 2.4, 95 % CI 1.64-3.73). Parents with asthmatic children were not better at labelling wheeze than those without asthma (OR1.04, 95 % CI 0.59-1.84). Answering in English (OR 3.4, 95 % CI 1.69-7.14) and having older children with asthma (OR 9.09, 95 % CI 3.13-26.32) were associated with correct labelling of wheeze. Other sounds were mislabelled as wheeze by 16.5 % of respondents.

    CONCLUSION: Parental labelling of wheeze was inaccurate especially in the Malay language. Parents were better at identifying the origin of wheeze rather than labelling it. Physicians should be wary about parental reporting of wheeze as it may be inaccurate.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  7. Tan LT, Nathan AM, Jayanath S, Eg KP, Thavagnanam S, Lum LCS, et al.
    Pediatr Pulmonol, 2020 12;55(12):3477-3486.
    PMID: 33002341 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25083
    BACKGROUND: Provision of home mechanical ventilation (HMV) to children with chronic respiratory insufficiency enhances growth and quality of life. The hypothesis was that health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and the development of these children were poorer than in healthy children.

    OBJECTIVES: To determine the HRQoL and developmental outcome of children on HMV.

    METHODS: This cross-sectional study used the TNO-AZL Preschool children's Quality Of Life (TAPQOL; <5 years old) and Health Utilities Index (HUI) 2/3 (≥5 years old) to assess the quality of life and the Schedule of Growing Skills-II to assess development. Instruments were used on children currently or previously on HMV (≥3 months) and compared with age and sex-matched controls.

    RESULTS: Sixty-five patients and 130 controls were recruited. Patients' median (interquartile range) age was 3.12 (1.65, 5.81) years. Patients had significantly lower TAPQOL scores in the domains of lung, liveliness, positive mood, social functioning, motor functioning, and communication, and lower HUI 2/3 scores in hearing, sensation, pain, speech, mobility, ambulatory, dexterity, and self-care domains. The developmental outcome of patients was poorer in all domains. However, patients had fewer behavioral problems. Those with respiratory tract disease and without comorbidities had better HRQoL and developmental scores. Having a parent as the primary caregiver was associated with better speech and language skills.

    CONCLUSIONS: HRQoL and the developmental outcome are lower in children on HMV compared to controls. Children with respiratory tract disease and without comorbidities have a better outcome. Parents play a crucial role in the acquisition of speech.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  8. Nathan AM, Teh CSJ, Eg KP, Jabar KA, Zaki R, Hng SY, et al.
    Pediatr Pulmonol, 2020 02;55(2):407-417.
    PMID: 31846223 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24598
    INTRODUCTION: Respiratory tract infections in children can result in respiratory sequelae. We aimed to determine the prevalence of, and factors associated with persistent respiratory sequelae 1 year after admission for a lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI).

    METHODOLOGY: This prospective cohort study involved children 1 month to 5-years-old admitted with an LRTI. Children with asthma were excluded. Patients were reviewed at 1-, 6-, and 12-months post-hospital discharge. The parent cough-specific quality of life, the depression, anxiety, and stress scale questionnaire and cough diary for 1 month, were administered. Outcomes reviewed were number of unscheduled healthcare visits, respiratory symptoms and final respiratory diagnosis at 6 and/or 12 month-review by pediatric pulmonologists.

    RESULTS: Three hundred patients with a mean ± SD age of 14 ± 15 months old were recruited. After 1 month, 239 (79.7%) returned: 28.5% (n = 68/239) had sought medical advice and 18% (n = 43/239) had cough at clinic review. Children who received antibiotics in hospital had significantly lower total cough scores (P = .005) as per the cough diary. After 1 year, 26% (n = 78/300) had a respiratory problem, predominantly preschool wheezing phenotype (n = 64/78, 82.1%). Three children had bronchiectasis or bronchiolitis obliterans. The parent cough-specific quality of life (PCQOL) was significantly lower in children with respiratory sequelae (P preschool wheeze was the commonest. The use of antibiotics was associated with a lower risk of respiratory sequelae.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  9. Nathan AM, Teh CSJ, Jabar KA, Teoh BT, Tangaperumal A, Westerhout C, et al.
    PLoS One, 2020;15(2):e0228056.
    PMID: 32059033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228056
    INTRODUCTION: Pneumonia in children is a common disease yet determining its aetiology remains elusive.

    OBJECTIVES: To determine the a) aetiology, b) factors associated with bacterial pneumonia and c) association between co-infections (bacteria + virus) and severity of disease, in children admitted with severe pneumonia.

    METHODS: A prospective cohort study involving children aged 1-month to 5-years admitted with very severe pneumonia, as per the WHO definition, over 2 years. Induced sputum and blood obtained within 24 hrs of admission were examined via PCR, immunofluorescence and culture to detect 17 bacteria/viruses. A designated radiologist read the chest radiographs.

    RESULTS: Three hundred patients with a mean (SD) age of 14 (±15) months old were recruited. Significant pathogens were detected in 62% of patients (n = 186). Viruses alone were detected in 23.7% (n = 71) with rhinovirus (31%), human metapneumovirus (HMP) [22.5%] and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [16.9%] being the commonest. Bacteria alone was detected in 25% (n = 75) with Haemophilus influenzae (29.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (24%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (22.7%) being the commonest. Co-infections were seen in 13.3% (n = 40) of patients. Male gender (AdjOR 1.84 [95% CI 1.10, 3.05]) and presence of crepitations (AdjOR 2.27 [95% CI 1.12, 4.60]) were associated with bacterial infection. C-reactive protein (CRP) [p = 0.007]) was significantly higher in patients with co-infections but duration of hospitalization (p = 0.77) and requirement for supplemental respiratory support (p = 0.26) were not associated with co-infection.

    CONCLUSIONS: Bacteria remain an important cause of very severe pneumonia in developing countries with one in four children admitted isolating bacteria alone. Male gender and presence of crepitations were significantly associated with bacterial aetiology. Co-infection was associated with a higher CRP but no other parameters of severe clinical illness.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  10. Thavagnanam S, Cheong SY, Chinna K, Nathan AM, de Bruyne JA
    J Paediatr Child Health, 2018 May;54(5):530-534.
    PMID: 29168911 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13789
    AIM: Adenotonsillectomy is performed in children with recurrent tonsillitis or obstructive sleep apnoea. Children at risk of post-operative respiratory complications are recommended to be monitored in paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The aim of the study is to review the risk factors for post-operative complications and admissions to PICU.

    METHODS: A review of medical records of children who underwent adenotonsillectomy between January 2011 and December 2014 was performed. Association between demographic variables and post-operative complications were examined using chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests.

    RESULTS: A total of 214 children were identified, and of these, 19 (8.8%) experienced post-operative complications. Six children (2.8%) had respiratory complications: hypoxaemia in four and laryngospasm requiring reintubation in a further two. Both of the latter patients were extubated upon arrival to PICU and required no escalation of therapy. A total of 13 (6.1%) children had non-respiratory complications: 8 (3.7%) had infection and 5 (2.3%) had haemorrhage. A total of 26 (12.1%) children were electively admitted to PICU and mean stay was 19.5 (SD ± 13) h. No association between demographic characteristics, comorbid conditions or polysomnographic parameters and post-operative complications were noted. A total of 194 (90.7%) children stayed only one night in hospital (median 1 day, range 1-5 days).

    CONCLUSION: The previously identified risk factors and criteria for PICU admission need revision, and new recommendations are necessary.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  11. Nathan AM, Rani F, Lee RJ, Zaki R, Westerhout C, Sam IC, et al.
    PLoS One, 2014;9(10):e111162.
    PMID: 25360811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111162
    Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in low income countries. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors of life-threatening LRTIs in hospitalised children in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  12. Nathan AM, Muthusamy A, Thavagnanam S, Hashim A, de Bruyne J
    Pediatr Pulmonol, 2014 May;49(5):435-40.
    PMID: 24482322 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23001
    To investigate the impact of chronic suppurative lung disease (CSLD) on growth and lung function in the child as well as quality of life of the child and parent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  13. Nathan AM, Zaki R, Rozario R, Dhania N, Mohd Hamirudin SN, Eg KP, et al.
    PMID: 26338016 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-015-0336-z
    The Canadian Acute Respiratory Illness and Flu Scale (CARIFS) is a parent-proxy questionnaire that assesses severity of acute respiratory infections in children. The aim was to (a) perform a cross-cultural adaptation and (b) prove that the Malay CARIFS is a reliable tool.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  14. de Azevedo JP, Nascimento LR, Cortinovis MC, Oliveira SS, da Costa EV, da Silva EE
    J Clin Virol, 2004 Dec;31(4):248-52.
    PMID: 15494264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.04.007
    BACKGROUND: Human adenoviruses are classified into six species, A-F, and 51 serotypes are recognized. Adenoviruses can cause a broad range of diseases. Serotypes 3, 7 and 21 are most commonly associated with CNS disease. Serotype 21 (specie B) was isolated from brain tissue and CSF of patients with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in Malaysia.
    OBJECTIVES: Characterize, by molecular methods, species B adenoviruses isolated from poliomyelitis-suspected cases and investigate the possible etiological role of adenoviruses in acute flaccid paralysis (AFP).
    STUDY DESIGN: 622 virus isolates, including Sabin-related polioviruses, non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) and adenoviruses, were recovered from fecal specimens in our laboratory during the period of 1997-2002 from AFP cases occurring in Brazil, Peru and Bolivia. Negative controls consisted of 528 fecal specimens collected from healthy children <==5 of age. Of these, 478 were contacts of AFP negative cases and 50 were from a day-care center.
    RESULTS: Sixty-four adenovirus strains isolated in HEp2 (human laryngeal tumor cells) cells were confirmed as such by an adenovirus-group specific PCR. Nucleotide sequencing identified the following adenovirus species: A (3 isolates), B (20 isolates), C (38 isolates), D (2 isolates) and E (1 isolate). The following serotypes belonging to the species B were identified: Ad3 (1 strain), Ad7 (17 strains) and, Ad16 (2 strains).
    CONCLUSION: Other viral agents became more recognized in association with CNS diseases in areas where wild polioviruses have been eradicated. The possible role of species B adenoviruses in the etiology of AFP cases similar to that caused by wild poliovirus is discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  15. Lee CL, binti Che Daud CZ, binti Ismail R
    J Clin Ultrasound, 2014 Jan;42(1):42-4.
    PMID: 23303464 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22029
    We report a rare case of a gastric duplication cyst in the tail of the pancreas in a child presenting with chronic abdominal pain which was cured by excision of the cyst and adjacent pancreas. This case report highlights the role of sonography as an excellent imaging tool for depiction of the bowel wall and, hence, in aiding diagnosis even when clinical picture and findings of other modalities are nonspecific.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  16. Dhabali AA, Awang R, Hamdan Z, Zyoud SH
    Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2012 Dec;50(12):851-61.
    PMID: 23006441 DOI: 10.5414/CP201689
    OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were 1) to obtain information regarding the prescribing pattern of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the primary care setting at a Malaysian university, 2) to determine the prevalence and types of potential NSAID prescription related problems (PRPs), and 3) to identify patient characteristics associated with exposure to these potential PRPs.
    METHODS: We retrospectively collected data from 1 academic year using the electronic medical records of patients in the University Sains Malaysia (USM) primary care system. The defined daily dose (DDD) methodology and the anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) drug classification system were used in the analysis and comparison of the data. Statements representing potential NSAID PRPs were developed from authoritative drug information sources. Then, algorithms were developed to screen the databases for these potential PRPs. Descriptive and comparative statistics were used to characterize DRPs.
    RESULTS: During the study period, 12,470 NSAID prescriptions were prescribed for 6,509 patients (mean ± SD = 1.92 ± 1.83). This represented a prevalence of 35,944 per 100,000 patients, or 36%. Based on their DDDs, mefenamic acid and diclofenac were the most prescribed NSAIDs. 573 potential NSAID-related PRPs were observed in a cohort of 432 patients, representing a prevalence of 6,640 per 100,000 NSAIDs users, or 6.6% of all NSAID users. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that patients with a Malay ethnic background (p < 0.001), members of the staff (p < 0.001), having 4 or more prescribers (p < 0.001) or having 2 - 3 prescribers (p = 0.02), and representing 4 or more long-term therapeutic groups (LTTGs) (p < 0.001) or 2 - 3 LTTGs (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with an increased chance of exposure to potential NSAID related PRPs.
    CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study in Malaysia that presents data on the prescribing pattern of NSAIDs and the characteristics of potential NSAID-related PRPs. The prevalence of potential NSAID-related PRPs is frequent in the primary care setting. Exposure to these PRPs is associated with specific sociodemographic and health status factors. These results should help to raise the awareness of clinicians and patients about serious NSAID PRPs.

    Study site: University Sains Malaysia (USM) primary care system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  17. Hayati IN, Ismail Y, Zurkurnain Y
    Med J Malaysia, 1993 Dec;48(4):416-20.
    PMID: 8183165
    Between January 1990 and December 1991, 100 cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis were identified at the General Hospital Kota Bharu representing 11% of all the newly diagnosed tuberculosis. It was commonest in the third decade of life and the sites involved were the lymph nodes (34%), osteoarticular (14%), miliary (12%) and pleura (10%). Tuberculous lymphadenitis appears to be more common in females and younger patients. Fourteen patients had concurrent active pulmonary tuberculosis and in 36 others the chest X-rays showed satisfactory response to standard chemotherapy. Six patients died and six were lost to follow-up.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  18. Fairuz Mohd Nordin, Khairun Najah binti Hasrin, Mohd Zaki Awg Isa, Amalina Othman, Zurin Firdawani Yacob
    MyJurnal
    This study aims to determine the refractive error status of Orang Asli children and Malay-Jawa children in Kuala Langat, Selangor. Visual acuity was measured using LEA chart, followed by dry static retinoscopy which the testing eye fogged with 2.00D, and the contralateral eye fogged with 6.00D to determine the refractive errors. The inclusion criteria encompassed all children in the selected village. The exclusion criteria included children who were already on ophthalmology follow-up for known ocular conditions and refused visual acuity assessment or eye examination. In total, 103 ‘Orang Asli’ and 107 normal population children aged 3 to 13 years received refractive assessments. Approximately 18% of reported cases were myopia, 43% were hyperopia, while 39% were emmetropia. Results showed that the ‘Orang Asli’ population was more hyperopic than the Malay-Jawa (U = 4893.500, P > 0.05, r = 0.14). However, both groups were found more hyperopic compared to myopic conditions. In conclusion, both Orang Asli and Malay-Jawa in Kuala Langat, Selangor are more hyperopic and less myopic. This study suggests that refractive error screening is important for preventing visual impairment among children in rural areas.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  19. Syahrilfazli AJ, Nursharmizam MB, Azizi AB, Zurin AA
    Pediatr Neurosurg, 2005 Sep-Oct;41(5):283-4.
    PMID: 16195685
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  20. Cardosa MJ, Choo BH, Zuraini I
    PMID: 1667957
    This study describes the status of viral encephalitis in Perak, Malaysia during the year 1990. In addition, 14 cases selected from Penang and Perak during the years 1989 and 1990 are presented, with data showing titers of neutralizing antibodies against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and dengue 2 virus, titers of antibodies against JEV and dengue virus antigens as determined by DEIA, and a comparison of these with the presence of IgM to JEV and dengue virus. These data show that there probably is far more viral encephalitis due to JEV in Malaysia than the national figures reflect.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
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