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  1. Kaliki S, Vempuluru VS, Mohamed A, Al-Jadiry MF, Bowman R, Chawla B, et al.
    Ophthalmology, 2024 Apr;131(4):468-477.
    PMID: 37839559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2023.10.015
    PURPOSE: To describe the clinical presentation and treatment outcomes of children who received a diagnosis of retinoblastoma in 2017 throughout Asia.

    DESIGN: Multinational, prospective study including treatment-naïve patients in Asia who received a diagnosis of retinoblastoma in 2017 and were followed up thereafter.

    PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2112 patients (2797 eyes) from 96 retinoblastoma treatment centers in 33 Asian countries.

    INTERVENTIONS: Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, enucleation, and orbital exenteration.

    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Enucleation and death.

    RESULTS: Within the cohort, 1021 patients (48%) were from South Asia (SA), 503 patients (24%) were from East Asia (EA), 310 patients (15%) were from Southeast Asia (SEA), 218 patients (10%) were from West Asia (WA), and 60 patients (3%) were from Central Asia (CA). Mean age at presentation was 27 months (median, 23 months; range, < 1-261 months). The cohort included 1195 male patients (57%) and 917 female patients (43%). The most common presenting symptoms were leukocoria (72%) and strabismus (13%). Using the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual, Eighth Edition, classification, tumors were staged as cT1 (n = 441 [16%]), cT2 (n = 951 [34%]), cT3 (n = 1136 [41%]), cT4 (n = 267 [10%]), N1 (n = 48 [2%]), and M1 (n = 129 [6%]) at presentation. Retinoblastoma was treated with intravenous chemotherapy in 1450 eyes (52%) and 857 eyes (31%) underwent primary enucleation. Three-year Kaplan-Meier estimates for enucleation and death were 33% and 13% for CA, 18% and 4% for EA, 27% and 15% for SA, 32% and 22% for SEA, and 20% and 11% for WA (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001), respectively.

    CONCLUSIONS: At the conclusion of this study, significant heterogeneity was found in treatment outcomes of retinoblastoma among the regions of Asia. East Asia displayed better outcomes with higher rates of globe and life salvage, whereas Southeast Asia showed poorer outcomes compared with the rest of Asia.

    FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  2. Yock-Corrales A, Lee JH, Domínguez-Rojas JÁ, Caporal P, Roa JD, Fernandez-Sarmiento J, et al.
    J Pediatr Surg, 2024 Mar;59(3):494-499.
    PMID: 37867044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.09.038
    INTRODUCTION: We aimed to identify clinical characteristics, risk factors for diagnosis, and describe outcomes among children with AHT.

    METHODS: We performed an observational cohort study in tertiary care hospitals from 14 countries across Asia and Ibero-America. We included patients <5 years old who were admitted to participating pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). We performed descriptive analysis and multivariable logistic regression for risk factors of AHT.

    RESULTS: 47 (12%) out of 392 patients were diagnosed with AHT. Compared to those with accidental injuries, children with AHT were more frequently < 2 years old (42, 89.4% vs 133, 38.6%, p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  3. Kim SH, Seo J, Kwon SS, Teng LY, Won D, Shin S, et al.
    Epilepsia, 2024 Mar;65(3):766-778.
    PMID: 38073125 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17857
    OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify common genes and recurrent causative variants in a large group of Asian patients with different epilepsy syndromes and subgroups.

    METHODS: Patients with unexplained pediatric-onset epilepsy were identified from the in-house Severance Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Epilepsy Database. All patients underwent either exome sequencing or multigene panels from January 2017 to December 2019, at Severance Children's Hospital in Korea. Clinical data were extracted from the medical records.

    RESULTS: Of the 957 patients studied, 947 (99.0%) were Korean and 570 were male (59.6%). The median age at testing was 4.91 years (interquartile range, 1.53-9.39). The overall diagnostic yield was 32.4% (310/957). Clinical exome sequencing yielded a diagnostic rate of 36.9% (134/363), whereas the epilepsy panel yielded a diagnostic rate of 29.9% (170/569). Diagnostic yield differed across epilepsy syndromes. It was high in Dravet syndrome (87.2%, 41/47) and early infantile developmental epileptic encephalopathy (60.7%, 17/28), but low in West syndrome (21.8%, 34/156) and myoclonic-atonic epilepsy (4.8%, 1/21). The most frequently implicated genes were SCN1A (n = 49), STXBP1 (n = 15), SCN2A (n = 14), KCNQ2 (n = 13), CDKL5 (n = 11), CHD2 (n = 9), SLC2A1 (n = 9), PCDH19 (n = 8), MECP2 (n = 6), SCN8A (n = 6), and PRRT2 (n = 5). The recurrent genetic abnormalities included 15q11.2 deletion/duplication (n = 9), Xq28 duplication (n = 5), PRRT2 deletion (n = 4), MECP2 duplication (n = 3), SCN1A, c.2556+3A>T (n = 3), and 2q24.3 deletion (n = 3).

    SIGNIFICANCE: Here we present the results of a large-scale study conducted in East Asia, where we identified several common genes and recurrent variants that varied depending on specific epilepsy syndromes. The overall genetic landscape of the Asian population aligns with findings from other populations of varying ethnicities.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  4. Chieng ACJ, Wynn CJ, Wong TP, Barrett TS, Borrie SA
    Cogn Sci, 2024 Mar;48(3):e13417.
    PMID: 38478742 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13417
    Lexical alignment, a communication phenomenon where conversational partners adapt their word choices to become more similar, plays an important role in the development of language and social communication skills. While this has been studied extensively in the conversations of preschool-aged children and their parents in Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) communities, research in other pediatric populations is sparse. This study makes significant expansions on the existing literature by focusing on alignment in naturalistic conversations of school-aged children from a non-WEIRD population across multiple conversational tasks and with different types of adult partners. Typically developing children aged 5 to 8 years (n = 45) engaged in four semi-structured conversations that differed by task (problem-solving vs. play-based) and by partner (parent vs. university student), resulting in a corpus of 180 conversations. Lexical alignment scores were calculated and compared to sham conversations, representing alignment occurring at the level of chance. Both children and adults coordinated their conversational utterances by re-using or aligning each other's word choices. This alignment behavior persisted across conversational tasks and partners, although the degree of alignment was moderated by the conversational context. These findings suggest that lexical alignment is a robust phenomenon in conversations between school-age children and adults. Furthermore, this study extends lexical alignment findings to a non-WEIRD culture, suggesting that alignment may be a coordination strategy employed by adults and children across diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  5. Singh JKA, Ling WH, Sivanesom RS, Huay CCS, Lan ACS
    Autism Res, 2024 Mar;17(3):637-649.
    PMID: 38400514 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3106
    Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder. Despite the absence of a cure, early diagnosis and intensive early intervention can improve the outcomes. However, little is known about the median age at ASD diagnosis in Malaysia or the child/family characteristics associated with early diagnosis. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the median age at ASD diagnosis among Malaysian children presenting to the country's largest public tertiary neurodevelopmental center and to investigate the possible demographic, child, and family characteristics associated with an early age at diagnosis. Data were collected between February 2017 and February 2019 from a database maintained by the child development unit of the country's largest publicly funded tertiary hospital, containing data from an ethnically diverse population. Among Malaysian children attending the clinic, the median age at ASD diagnosis was 48 months. Early autism diagnosis (<36 months of age) was associated with increased severity of social communication and interaction impairments, coexisting intellectual impairment, children from high socioeconomic status families, and children who receive joint care from their families and a maid or babysitter. The study findings highlight the socioeconomic inequalities in the country, a lack of parental awareness of early ASD signs, and the presence of cultural influences on the age at diagnosis of ASD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  6. Ooi KM, Saniasiaya J, Kulasegarah J, Ong DL
    BMJ Case Rep, 2024 Jan 12;17(1).
    PMID: 38216171 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-256699
    Bronchogenic cyst is a congenital abnormality arising from the tracheobronchial system. Localisation of such cysts in the head and neck region is rare. We report a girl in her early childhood with a painless enlarging right lateral neck mass diagnosed with a branchial cleft cyst based on clinical and radiological MRI findings. An incidental finding of a cervical bronchogenic cyst was made on the final histopathological specimen. Although rare, bronchogenic cysts should be considered as differential diagnoses for paediatric patients' lateral and midline cervical masses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  7. Lee VW, Kam KQ, Mohamed AR, Musa H, Anandakrishnan P, Shen Q, et al.
    Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 2024 Jan;11(1):e200186.
    PMID: 38086061 DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000200186
    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We characterize clinical and neuroimaging features of SARS-CoV-2-related acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE).

    METHODS: Systematic review of English language publications in PubMed and reference lists between January 1, 2020, and June 30, 2023, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for sporadic and genetic ANE were included.

    RESULTS: From 899 articles, 20 cases (17 single case reports and 3 additional cases) were curated for review (50% female; 8 were children). Associated COVID-19 illnesses were febrile upper respiratory tract infections in children while adults had pneumonia (45.6%) and myocarditis (8.2%). Children had early neurologic deterioration (median day 2 in children vs day 4 in adults), seizures (5 (62.5%) children vs 3 of 9 (33.3%) adults), and motor abnormalities (6 of 7 (85.7%) children vs 3 of 7 (42.9%) adults). Eight of 12 (66.7%) adults and 4 (50.0%) children had high-risk ANE scores. Five (62.5%) children and 12 (66.7%) adults had brain lesions bilaterally and symmetrically in the putamina, external capsules, insula cortex, or medial temporal lobes, in addition to typical thalamic lesions of ANE. Hypotension was only seen in adults (30%). Hematologic derangements were common: lymphopenia (66.7%), coagulopathy (60.0%), or elevated D-dimers (100%), C-reactive protein (91.7%), and ferritin (62.5%). A pathogenic heterozygous c/.1754 C>T variant in RANBP2 was present in 2 children: one known to have this before SARS-CoV-2 infection, and a patient tested because the SARS-CoV-2 infection was the second encephalopathic illness. Three other children with no prior encephalopathy or family history of encephalopathy were negative for this variant. Fifteen (75%) received immunotherapy (with IV methylprednisolone, immunoglobulins, tocilizumab, or plasma exchange): 6 (40.0%) with monotherapy and 9 (60.0%) had combination therapy. Deaths were in 8 of 17 with data (47.1%): a 2-month-old male infant and 7 adults (87.5%) of median age 56 years (33-70 years), 4 of whom did not receive immunotherapy.

    DISCUSSION: Children and adults with SARS-CoV-2 ANE have similar clinical features and neuroimaging characteristics. Mortality is high, predominantly in patients not receiving immunotherapy and at the extremes of age.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  8. Hastuti AP, Sukartini T, Arief YS, Nursalam N, Roesardhyati R, Kurniawan AW, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2024 Jan;79(1):28-33.
    PMID: 38287754
    INTRODUCTION: The role of providing nutrition to children aged 6-24 months who are stunted is related to the mother's ability to provide proper nutrition. Empowerment of mothers based on self-regulated learning is a nursing intervention that can be carried out by using the abilities, belief and individual capacities of mothers in completing tasks, managing and providing nutrition to children aged 6-24 months. Mother's characteristic are motivation, self-esteem, self-efficacy, knowledge, belief and ability to decisionmaking about providing nutrition to children, so it can be a learning process for the mother in using resources which improve the nutrition ability of the mother. This study aims to apply a women's empowerment model based on selfregulated learning in increasing the mother's ability to fulfill nutrition in stunted children aged 6-24 months.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research design used a quasiexperiment. The sampling technique used cluster sampling with 76 respondents in intervention group and 76 respondents in control group. The research was conducted in the working area in Public Health Center, Malang Regency. Data analysis in this study used the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and Mann-Whitney.

    RESULTS: The results of the study found that there were differences in the ability of mothers to fulfill nutrition in stunted children between the intervention group and the control group (p = 0.000). There were mean differences in the ability of mothers to fulfill nutrition for stunted children before and after the intervention in the intervention group with indicators of breastfeeding, food preparation and processing, complementary- feeding and responsive feeding were increased (p = 0.000). However, in the control group, there were no differences in the ability of mothers to fulfill nutrition with indicator breastfeeding (p = 0.462), food preparation and processing (p = 0.721), complementary feeding (p = 0.721), complementary feeding (p = 0.462). (p = 0.054), responsive feeding (p = 0.465) and adherence to stunting therapy (p = 0.722).

    CONCLUSION: The women's empowerment model based on self-regulated learning is formed by individual mother factors, family factors, health service system factors, and child factors so that it can increase the mother's ability to fulfill nutrition in children aged 6-24 months who are stunted. The women's empowerment is a learning process about breastfeeding, food hygiene, infant and young children feeding, and responsive feeding by mothers to fulfill nutrition in children with stunting, with a goal and plan to achieve an improvement in mother's ability and nutritional status in children.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  9. Mukherjee D, Bhavnani S, Lockwood Estrin G, Rao V, Dasgupta J, Irfan H, et al.
    Autism, 2024 Jan;28(1):6-31.
    PMID: 36336996 DOI: 10.1177/13623613221133176
    The challenge of finding autistic children, and finding them early enough to make a difference for them and their families, becomes all the greater in parts of the world where human and material resources are in short supply. Poverty of resources delays interventions, translating into a poverty of outcomes. Digital tools carry potential to lessen this delay because they can be administered by non-specialists in children's homes, schools or other everyday environments, they can measure a wide range of autistic behaviours objectively and they can automate analysis without requiring an expert in computers or statistics. This literature review aimed to identify and describe digital tools for screening children who may be at risk for autism. These tools are predominantly at the 'proof-of-concept' stage. Both portable (laptops, mobile phones, smart toys) and fixed (desktop computers, virtual-reality platforms) technologies are used to present computerised games, or to record children's behaviours or speech. Computerised analysis of children's interactions with these technologies differentiates children with and without autism, with promising results. Tasks assessing social responses and hand and body movements are the most reliable in distinguishing autistic from typically developing children. Such digital tools hold immense potential for early identification of autism spectrum disorder risk at a large scale. Next steps should be to further validate these tools and to evaluate their applicability in a variety of settings. Crucially, stakeholders from underserved communities globally must be involved in this research, lest it fail to capture the issues that these stakeholders are facing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  10. Low HM, Zainal MS, Pang JC, Ang Y, de Vries M
    Autism, 2024 Jan;28(1):174-186.
    PMID: 37128140 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231167501
    Most research on autism spectrum conditions is done on young children and not as much on young adults with autism spectrum conditions. Because of this, not much is known about how common autism spectrum conditions are in young adults and how they affect their mental and social health, especially in Southeast Asia. Based on self-reports, 2.8% of the 2732 university students we looked at in Malaysia might have been diagnosed or thought to have an autism spectrum condition. Students who said they had or thought they had autism spectrum conditions had lower self-efficacy, more stress and a lower quality of life than students who said they did not have autism spectrum conditions. The results showed that university students with autism spectrum condition are more likely to have bad psychological and social outcomes than their peers without autism spectrum condition. Also, the link between autistic traits and psychosocial outcomes could depend on the culture.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  11. Taresh SM, Morett LM, Zaid SM, Roslan S, Taresh Taleb M, Song P, et al.
    Autism, 2024 Jan;28(1):239-253.
    PMID: 37982401 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231211850
    Preschool teachers can play a critical role in early detection of autism. Equipping preschool teachers with prerequisite knowledge and skills would allow them to identify children with probable autism and referral to diagnostic services. This study aimed to investigate the impact of an educational module (EMiASD) that prepared preschool teachers to identify autism symptoms. The sample included 144 preschool teachers, of which 120 were stratified and randomly assigned to an intervention arm receiving training in EMiASD (n = 60) or a comparison arm receiving standard training (n = 60) using a parallel mixed-methods design. Responses to open-ended questions about video case studies revealed improvement in the identification of autism symptoms in preschool teachers in the intervention arm, in contrast to preschool teachers in the comparison arm. Moreover, significant changes in knowledge, belief, and self-efficacy about autism favoured EMiASD. Overall, these results demonstrate the influence of EMiASD in the Yemeni cultural context.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  12. Mat Pozian N, Miller YD, Mays J
    Womens Health (Lond), 2024;20:17455057241233113.
    PMID: 38426373 DOI: 10.1177/17455057241233113
    BACKGROUND: Although participation in paid work improves women's quality of life and well-being, the health benefits decline for women with young children. Implementing family-friendly work conditions is one strategy for improving working women's well-being, especially those with competing unpaid work responsibilities.

    OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the extent to which accessibility and use of 11 specific family-friendly work conditions were associated with physical health, anxiety and depression in Malaysian women with young children.

    DESIGN: A cross-sectional design using a retrospective self-complete, anonymous, online survey was conducted between March and October 2021.

    METHODS: Women with a child aged 5 years or less (N = 190) completed an online survey measuring their exposure (availability and use) to 11 specific family-friendly work conditions, and their physical health, anxiety, and depression. The sample included women who were currently and recently working and with both formal and informal employment.

    RESULTS: After accounting for potential confounders, women who used paid maternity leave have a lower likelihood of having anxiety symptoms.

    CONCLUSION: Future research is needed to extend the findings from this study by over-sampling women who are informally employed and not currently working. Policy creation and development processes, including research and decision-making, should be led by and inclusive of women. For example, research funding could be allocated to 'lived experience' research that privileges the co-design of research with consumers. Based on these findings, the extent to which family-friendly work conditions fulfill their intent to improve the well-being for working women requires further critique.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  13. Muzyka L, Garza HH, Merheb D, Sanchez J, Tyler-Kabara E, Lawson KA
    Pediatr Neurosurg, 2024;59(1):14-19.
    PMID: 37980900 DOI: 10.1159/000535335
    BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Several studies describe traumatic head injuries caused by ceiling fans in Australia, the Middle East, and Malaysia. Some injuries required neurosurgical intervention, especially those caused by metallic ceiling fans. This study describes traumatic head injuries caused by ceiling fans at a single pediatric level 1 trauma center in the Southern USA.

    METHODS: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for patients under 18 years of age who presented with a traumatic injury to the head from a ceiling fan from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2021. The cohort of patients meeting all inclusion criteria was identified by querying multiple free-text fields derived from the electronic medical record, followed by a manual record review.

    RESULTS: Of 60 children treated for traumatic head injury from a ceiling fan, the median age was 5.7 years and 53% were female. Laceration was the most common injury (80%), followed by scalp swelling/hematoma (20%), contusion (8%), and skull fracture (7%). Two patients (3%) with intracranial hemorrhage and fracture underwent neurosurgery. One neurosurgical case involved a metal ceiling fan and the other involved an outdoor ceiling fan. Nearly half of the injuries involved bunk or loft beds (47%) and young children were often injured while being lifted up by a caregiver (18%).

    CONCLUSION: Although most pediatric traumatic head injuries from ceiling fans resulted in minor injuries, our center saw a similar proportion of cases with skull fractures to what has been reported in Australia (5%). The effects of fan construction and blade material on the severity of head injury may warrant further study. Understanding the most common mechanisms for these injuries may guide injury prevention efforts.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  14. Mansor WNW, Abdullah A, See GB, Umat C, Shah SA
    Int Tinnitus J, 2023 Dec 04;27(1):34-39.
    PMID: 38050882 DOI: 10.5935/0946-5448.20230006
    OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe the factors affecting early and late cochlear implantation.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 159 patients from the Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz (HCTM) Cochlear Implant Programme were recruited in this retrospective cross-sectional study. All paediatric Cochlear Implant (CI) recipients with pre-lingual deafness were included in this retrospective study. The study was conducted from January 2019 until December 2020. The pre-lingual cochlear implant recipients' data were analysed based on demographics and interval from diagnosis to hearing aid fitting and implantation. The association between the dependent variables with early and late cochlear implantation was compared.

    RESULTS: A total of 83 (52%) patients were female. Chinese race constituted most of the patients, which was 90/159 (57%). The majority were from middle-income families (M40); 89 (56%). The most common aetiology of Hearing Loss (HL) was idiopathic; 139 (87%), followed by intrauterine infections, which comprised of congenital CMV; 8 (5%) and congenital Rubella; 1 (1%) and nonspecific intrauterine infection 2 (1%). The relationship between the universal neonatal hearing screening and the interval between diagnosis to implantation was significant (p=0.033). Other variables were not significant.

    CONCLUSION: UNHS was a significant factor contributing to early and late implantation. The median age of diagnosis of hearing loss was 18 months (interquartile range; 15); the age of CI was 34 months (interquartile range; 24); the interval from diagnosis to hearing aid was 2 months (interquartile range; 5), and the interval from diagnosis to CI was 16 months (interquartile range; 14).

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  15. Woei TJ, Mazlan R, Tamil AM, Rosli NSM, Hasbi SM, Hashim ND, et al.
    Int Tinnitus J, 2023 Dec 04;27(1):75-81.
    PMID: 38050889 DOI: 10.5935/0946-5448.20230013
    OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the reliability and accuracy of chirp-based Multiple Auditory Steady State Response (MSSR) and Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) in children.

    METHODS: The prospective clinical study was conducted at Selayang Hospital (SH) and Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz (HCTM) within one year. A total of 38 children ranging from 3 to 18 years old underwent hearing evaluation using ABR tests and MSSR under sedation. The duration of both tests were then compared.

    RESULTS: The estimated hearing threshold of frequency specific chirp MSSR showed good correlation with ABR especially in higher frequencies such as 2000 Hz and 4000Hz with the value of cronbach alpha of 0.890, 0.933, 0.970 and 0.969 on 500Hz, 1000Hz, 2000Hz and 4000Hz. The sensitivity of MSSR is 0.786, 0.75, 0.957 and 0.889 and specificity is 0.85, 0.882, 0.979 and 0.966 over 500Hz, 1000Hz, 2000Hz and 4000Hz. The duration of MSSR tests were shorter than ABR tests in normal hearing children with an average of 35.3 minutes for MSSR tests and 46.4 minutes for ABR tests. This can also be seen in children with hearing loss where the average duration for MSSR tests is 40.0 minutes and 52.0 minutes for ABR tests.

    CONCLUSION: MSSR showed good correlation and reliability in comparison with ABR especially on higher frequencies. Hence, MSSR is a good clinical test to diagnose children with hearing loss.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  16. Kow RY, Low CL, Awang MS
    J Invest Surg, 2023 12;36(1):1-2.
    PMID: 36345727 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2022.2136803
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  17. Lye CW, Sivasampu S, Mahmudiono T, Majid HA
    J Public Health (Oxf), 2023 Nov 29;45(4):e677-e691.
    PMID: 37291061 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdad070
    BACKGROUND: This systematic review aims to investigate the association between household food insecurity (HFIS) and undernutrition in children under 5 years old, thereby informing policymakers on the vital factors needed to be considered in tailoring an effective strategy to tackle childhood undernutrition and ultimately HFIS.

    METHODS: We performed a systematic review that examined household food insecurity among the undernourished under-five children. PubMed, Cochrane, EBSCO Host, Web of Science and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were searched from 1 January 2012 to 1 April 2022, for relevant articles. Outcome measures were stunting, underweight or wasting. Of the 2779 abstracts screened, 36 studies that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. A range of tools had been used to measure HFIS, the most common being Household Food Insecurity Access Scale. HFIS has been found to be significantly associated with undernutrition, particularly stunting and underweight. This is observed proportionately across all national income levels.

    CONCLUSIONS: Sustainable and inclusive economic growth, which aims to reduce income, education and gender inequality, should be a key policy goal in the minimizing food insecurity and childhood undernutrition. Multisectoral interventions are needed to address these issues.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  18. Ibrahim NH, Kassim N, Othman S, Omar A, Shaari N, Awiskarni AA, et al.
    J Health Popul Nutr, 2023 Nov 20;42(1):129.
    PMID: 37986125 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00464-5
    BACKGROUND: This study aims to validate two predictive formulas of weight estimating strategies in children with special needs, namely the Cattermole formula and the Mercy formula.

    METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study with a universal sampling of children and adolescents with special needs aged 2-18 years old, diagnosed with cerebral palsy, down syndrome, autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder was conducted at Community-Based Rehabilitation in Central Zone Malaysia. Socio-demographic data were obtained from files, and medical reports and anthropometric measurements (body weight, height, humeral length, and mid-upper arm circumference) were collected using standard procedures. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 26. The accuracy of the formula was determined by intraclass correlation, prediction at 20% of actual body weight, residual error (RE) and root mean square error (RMSE).

    RESULT: A total of 502 children with a median age of 7 (6) years were enrolled in this study. The results showed that the Mercy formula demonstrated a smaller degree of bias than the Cattermole formula (PE = 1.97 ± 15.99% and 21.13 ± 27.76%, respectively). The Mercy formula showed the highest intraclass correlation coefficient (0.936 vs. 0.858) and predicted weight within 20% of the actual value in the largest proportion of participants (84% vs. 48%). The Mercy formula also demonstrated lower RE (0.3 vs. 3.6) and RMSE (3.84 vs. 6.56) compared to the Cattermole formula. Mercy offered the best option for weight estimation in children with special needs in our study population.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  19. Hamzah H, Tan CS, Ramlee F, Zulkifli SS
    BMC Psychol, 2023 Nov 13;11(1):392.
    PMID: 37957763 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01435-5
    BACKGROUND: The original Family Resilience Scale (FRS) is a reliable tool to assess family resilience. However, the FRS is based on the United States and parental context. Thus, the usefulness of the FRS for the adolescent and young adult population in Asian countries, particularly Malaysia remains unknown. This study translated the FRS into the Malay language and validated it on Malaysian adolescents and young adults to identify its potential as a self-report tool to assess the resilience level of their family.

    METHODS: A total of 351 participants (Mage = 19.75, SDage = 3.29) were recruited in the study using purposive sampling. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the factorial structure of the Family Resilience Scale-Malay (FRS-Malay) and measurement invariance between adolescents and young adults. Then, the scale's reliability was investigated using Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega coefficients, and composite reliability index. Finally, we examined the discriminant validity of the FRS-Malay by correlating its score with individual resilience score and examined the incremental validity of the scale using hierarchical multiple regression analysis to test if family resilience can explain individual well-being levels beyond and above individual resilience.

    RESULTS: The findings of the confirmatory factor analysis suggest that a single-factor model is supported for both age groups. Furthermore, the scale exhibited scalar invariance between adolescents and young adults. The scale also exhibited good reliability, as the value of Cronbach's alpha, McDonald omega coefficients, and composite reliability index were above 0.80. Additionally, the Pearson correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between the FRS-Malay and individual resilience scores, which supports the discriminant validity of the scale. Similarly, the incremental validity of the scale is also supported. Specifically, family resilience had a positive correlation with well-being, even after controlling for individual resilience in the regression analysis.

    CONCLUSIONS: The FRS-Malay has demonstrated good reliability and validity. The scale measures the same construct of family resilience across adolescents and young adults, making it suitable for comparisons. Therefore, this unidimensional tool is appropriate for self-reporting their perceived level of family resilience. It is also useful for studying the development and fluctuation of family resilience in the Malaysian context.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  20. Lai CD, Marret MJ, Jayanath S, Azanan MS
    Child Abuse Negl, 2023 Nov;145:106434.
    PMID: 37657172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106434
    BACKGROUND: Abusive head trauma (AHT) is a major cause of traumatic brain injury in infancy. This exploratory study compared standardized developmental assessment versus functional outcome assessment between 18 months and 5 years of age following AHT in infancy.

    METHODS: Observational cross-sectional study after surviving AHT in infancy. Seventeen children between 18 months and 5 years of age underwent clinical examination, developmental assessment using the Schedule of Growing Skills II (SGS II) and functional assessment using the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended Pediatric Revision (GOS-E Peds). Additional clinical information was extracted from medical records.

    RESULTS: Age at assessment ranged from 19 to 53 months (median 26 months). Most (n = 14) were delayed in at least 1 domain, even without neurological or visual impairment or visible cortical injury on neuroimaging, including 8 children with favourable GOS-E Peds scores. The most affected domain was hearing and language. Delay in the manipulative domain (n = 6) was associated with visual and/or neurological impairment and greater severity of delay across multiple domains. Eleven (64.7 %) had GOS-E Peds scores indicating good recovery, with positive correlation between GOS-Peds scores and number of domains delayed (r = 0.805, p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
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